Alleles - sharaxaad of fikradaha ah, hababka dhexgalka

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Genotype waxaa ka mid ah noocyo kala duwan oo hiddo, taas oo fal jeedo sidii hal unug. Aasaasihii of genetics, Mendel, ee wuxuu qoray, ayaa ku tilmaamay waxa uu helay mid ka fursad oo kaliya si ay ula falgalaan alleles - marka ay jirto awood buuxda (baahsanaanta) ee mid ka mid ah alleles ah, halka kii labaad weli si buuxda recessive (dadban, ie aan ku lug leh .. dhexgalka). Si kastaba ha ahaatee, mar nidhaahno muujinta phenotypic ah hiddo-(external, view dareemi) laga yaabaa in aanay ku xirnaan keliya hal ama labo ka mid ah hiddo sababtoo ah waa natiijo ah oo is dhexgalka nidaamka oo dhan.

Sida xaqiiqda ah lalana borotiinada iyo ensaymes, laakiin aan hiddo.

The saldhig hidde waxaa kala duwanaayeen kaliya labo nooc oo dhexgalka hiddo - marka hore uu ka kooban yahay ee dhexgalka ah ee hiddo allelic, labaad, siday u kala horreeyaan, non-allelic. Keliya in la gartaa oo dhinaca wax ka mid ah arrinta, sababta oo ah ma ula falgalaan wax fikradaha ka soo buugga, iyo borotiinka la dhexsameeysmo Barnaamij khaas ah cytoplasm unugyada, iyo lacagta oo ka mid ah borotiinka ku jira malaayiin ah. barnaamijka laftiisa, kuwaas oo la dhexsameeysmo doonaa by borotiinada iyo sida natiijo ah, horumarin doonaan wada hadalka sii been hiddo u adeega amarrada dibadda in ay ku koromosoomyada ee gacanta (organelles ultraskopcheskie unugyada).

Maxaa hiddo waxaa lagu magacaabaa alleles?

hiddo-Allelic - hidda in mashquulin "meesha" isku mid ah (ama loci) ee koromosoomyada ah. shaqeeyo wax kasta oo nool ayaa alleles ee labada. The dhexgalka ee hiddo allelic dhici karaa siyaabo dhowr ah, kuwaas oo la odhan jiray: kodominirovanie, superdominance, Lagaga dhamaystiran oo aan dhamaystirnayn.

hiddo-Allelic falgalaan ku saleysan dhamaystiran Lagaga haddii ay jirto ficil hiddo xukuma gebi sambolagen recessive. Lagaga dhamaystirnayn xiriir la odhan karaa, at taas oo hidda recessive u dhigan ma aha si buuxda oo uu helo, in kastoo ugu yaraan, ka qayb formation of sifooyin phenotypic.

Kodominirovanie dhacdaa haddii hiddo-allelic isticmaali guryaha ay ka madax banaan kasta oo kale. Waxaa laga yaabaa in tusaale ugu darey waa nidaam dhiig AB0 kodominirovaniya kaas oo si madax-bannaan u shaqeeyaan labada hiddo-A iyo B.

Superdominance - Waa in la kordhiyo tayada daliilka phenotypic of hiddo xukuma haddii ay tahay "in lala" la recessive. Taasi waa, haddii mid ka mid allele 2 hiddo xukuma, waxay u muuqataa ka xun hiddo xukuma, oo ku yaalla "in lala" la recessive.

allelism badan

Sida hore loo sheegay, qof kasta oo ku nool waxaa laga yaabaa in 2 keliya alleles hiddo allelic laakiin waxay noqon kartaa wax badan ka badan laba - this ifafaale waxaa lagu magacaabaa allelism badan. Just sheegaya in sifooyin phenotypic soo bandhigid noqon kartaa labada nin ka mid ah oo kaliya of alleles, in uu yahay, halka qaar ka mid ah shaqada, kuwa kale nasan.

Ku dhawaad mar kasta homologous (isku) allele masuul ka ah horumarinta iyo muujinta calaamad ka mid ah, laakiin ku kala duwan yihiin oo tayo leh ee ay soo bandhigay. Sidoo kale allelism badan soo jireenka ah ee qaababka kala duwan ee is dhexgalka hiddo. Taasi waa, in kastoo ay ka masuul ah calaamad muujinaysa isku jira, laakiin, marka hore, waxa ay u muujiyaan in siyaabo kala duwan, iyo marka labaad, iyada oo loo marayo habab kala duwan (full, Lagaga qayb ahaan, iyo wixii la mid ah).

Waxaa u muuqan lahaa, sababta wareer this? Waa wax iska fudud - in gacanta jeermiga ahaansho nool a a ka heli kartaa mid ka mid ah labada nin ee alleles homologous, laakiin taas oo ka mid ah oo dhan ee jira, hore u furfuraya kiiska kaliya. Waa this iyo gaari tirayn ee noocyada taas oo door weyn ka horumar ah ee u khuduuca nool.