Alexander 2: Education Reform (kooban). Sababaha, qiimaha pros iyo khasaaraha of dib u habaynta waxbarashada ee Alexander 2

Fuliyay inta lagu guda jiro boqortooyada Alexander 2 diinta ka lahaa cawaaqib muhiim u ah Russia ee waayahaas. Ma aha oo kaliya ee carruurta, laakiin sidoo kale saffarro gooyo xusay sida dib u habaynta wanaagsan ee Alexander 2 ee horumarka ah ee gobolka iyo kuwa taban.

go'an ee dib u habaynta

Isla markii goysiga ah oo carshiga ku bishii Febraayo 1855 - maalinta dhimasho aabbihiis Emperor Nicholas 2 ka dib markii - 2 Alexander cadeeyay in maadooyinka uu, in fahamsan, kaas oo waqti uu yeelan doonaan in ay xukumaan, iyo xaaladda dalka u yimid si ay u. Waxa uu sheegay in this in uu hadalka ugu horeysay gooyo hore ee xubno ka mid ah Golaha Gobolka. xaaladda bulsho iyo siyaasadeed ee Russia wakhtigaas ahaa fog ka deggan oo isa soo taraysa u soo taraysa. Waxa daruuri ahayd in si deg deg ah u xaliyaan arrimo dhowr ah oo siyaasadeed si cadaalad ah oo adag, labada gudaha iyo dibadda, si ay dalka ka soo bixinayo dalka dhibaatada.

failure A Crimean War keentay in burburka ee habka dhaqaale oo dhamaystiran go'doomin caalamiga ah ee Russia. qanacsanayn Koraaya ka mid ah dadkii ku abtirsan iyo guddiga isku duba riday mas'uuliyiinta sare iyo soo magacawday gooyo ee gobollada ku. Dadku waxa ay garoowsadeen in loo baahan yahay isbeddel, oo diyaar u ahayd inay raacaan hoggaamiye kasta, haddii uu u ballanqaaday inuu iyaga siinayo. faafidda dhaqdhaqaaqa argagixisada ah waxaa loo oggolaaday in bulshada sida dibad ka dhan ah oo ay Boqortooyada huriye. dib u habaynta waxbarashada ee Alexander 2, bilowgii taas oo Waxaa la dhigay in sannadaha hore ee boqornimadiisa, markii qaar ka mid ah si ay u dejiyaan kacsada maskaxda dadka dhalinyarada ah horumar maskax, laakiin ma aha, waayo muddo dheer. In dhamaadka, boqor ku dhaceen dhibanaha in ay shirqool Shacabka, in kasta oo ay ujeedkooda wanaagsan.

xasillooni Student dib u habaynta

Sanadihii la soo dhaafay, boqortooyada Nicholas 2 ee beesha ardayga, daal ka taliskii tababar adag oo jidka nolosha, mar hore waxay ahayd on calaamadaha ugu horreeya ee caasinnimada mass mustaqbalka. Laakiin isbeddel taliyaha, raaceen by qaar ka mid ah nasashada in nolosha ardayda, maamulka cusub ee jaamacadaha ka mid ah labada caasimadaha qayb oofin gunuuskiinna ahaynba. Sababaha habaynta of Alexander 2, oo ay ku jiraan waxbarasho, ma aha oo kaliya in tan ama taas dhacdo degna baxay - waxaa jiray tiro badan ee xaaladaha.

xasillooni darrada ardayga Small, taas oo astaan u Moscow ee 1858, ayaa sababa Jaahil ah oo tactlessness booliska si adag Ninowna on deggan iyo daalid, halka dhalinyarada si degdeg ah horumar bakhtiistay mustaqbalka firfircoon. By isku dhacyo siyaasadeed booliska wakhtigaas lahaa waxba kuma laha oo lagu waayay by gooyo - dhib iyaga, Alexander aaminay si haynta, laakiin by the 60s hore mucaaradka qabsadeen niyadda bulshada Ruush iyo jaamacadaha. jawaab Student in hayn ee dib u habaynta deegaanka iyo waxbarashada noqday Alexander 2. Si kooban waxaa lagu tilmaami karaa sidan: qaynuun hore, in ciidamada tan iyo 1835, ayaa waxaa bedelay mid cusub, casaabadiisa Nicholas simbiriirixan kursiga Birmingham ee jaamacadaha fadhiistay magacawday Alexander.

Waxbarashada oo dhan

Bilowga ee 1861 waxaa jiray qaar ka mid ah ay dhacdo asaasiga ah ee dalka, taas oo inta badan lagu go'aamiyaa Dabcan boqornimadii gooyo cusub: bezdnenskaya musiibo, goosato ah ardayga cusub ee yaroow in la dilo, iyo xanaaqii booliska, murugga ka, taas oo loo arko by bulshada, kaasoo ah dhacdooyinka ugu Fudud ee dalka. bilaabaha ee dib u habaynta ugu, kuwaas oo bilaabay in sannadaha hore ee 60 ka, ahaa Alexander qudhiisu 2. habeynta Waxbarashada ahaayeen muhiimad beddelo xeerarka waxbarasho ee jaamacadaha, dugsiyada gaarka ah, carruurta ridayeen awood si ay u bartaan akhriska iyo qorista. dib u habaynta Waxbarashada ayaa si farxad aqbalay iyo badh dumar ah oo dadweynaha ahi - waxa uu noqday cad in hay'adaha ugu dhakhsaha badan oo waxbarasho u furnaan doonaa iyaga. Ilaa boqornimadii Alexander 2 gabdhood oo ka soo jeeda qoysaska sharaf helay waxbarashada lagama maarmaanka ah si ay xaaladda guriga, ee baayacmushtariyaasha, burghers iyo guryaha yaroow 'on kuwa tiimbashada xumaanta sida kartida carruurta wax akhriska iyo qorista oo kaliya a daryeelka waalidka yar.

Horumarinta charter mashruuca mustaqbalka

By dayrta ee 1861 ay ansixiyeen in Alexander dhigi dhowr bilood ka hor xeerarka jaamacadda. Iyadoo mustaqbalka ee Axdiga, waxay lahaayeen waxba ma wadaagno, iyo Waxaa la soo saaray for hordhaca ah ee ku meel gaar ah, weli shaqeeyay on mashaariic la filayaa habaynta baaxad weyn ee Wasaaradda Waxbarashada.

Public Education Reform Alexander 2 ayaa waxaa si taxadar leh oo ka fikirayno sameeyay. professor Ruush dersayay hab iyo qaab tababarka ee jaamacadaha ugu wanaagsan Yurub, kuwaas oo loo qoondeeyey, taas aawadeed. All of horumar ay muddo bilo ah kala hadlay saraakiisha, saynisyahano qudbad iyo siyaasiyiin caan ah. Dastuurka qabyada ah ayaa waxaa loo diray in ay hay'adaha waxbarashada, ma aha oo kaliya Russia, laakiin sidoo kale in qaar ka mid ah dalalka reer galbeedka. dood ballaaran oo lagu qabtay saxaafadda inuu si raxmad leh aqbalay dib u habaynta Alexander 2. Waxbarashada, faa'iidada iyo khasaaraha of taas oo sababtay dood kulul, weli la qaatay oo fuliyey guud ahaan dalka. Ciyaaryahankeena dhacay on 18 June 1863.

Features of the Charter of University iyo cawaaqibka hirgelintiisa

Waayo, waxay doonayaan waa in ay keenaan sida beddel xagjirka ah si baahiyaha iyo ashtakooday boqorka, iyo gudbiyay waqti isku mid ah, qodobada qaar ka mid ah Axdiga kaliya loogu tala galay dimuqraadiyaynta ee beesha ardayga. Professor aasaasay Corporation iyaga leh goleyaasha dawladda hoose goboleedka iyo waaxaha, sidaas ardayda loo diiday fursad ay ku abuuro iskaashi sharci u gaar ah, kaas oo kala jaamacadaha Western. dib u habaynta waxbarashada ee Alexander 2 waxaa loogu talagalay in Xaamid image Yurub oo u eg, laakiin waxba ku saabsan ma u eg.

Waxaa sugan, faa'iidooyinka u adeegi jireen muxaadarooyinka xorsan dhigata, helitaanka iyaga iskaa wax u qabso, kormeerka guud ee guddiga ee jaamacadaha. Si weyn loo dallacsiiyey ma aha oo kaliya waxbarasho, laakiin sidoo kale qayb ka ah waxbarashada ee waxbaridda. Laakiin la'aanta ah ee ardayga is-xukuumadda, soo qulqulaya ee iskaa wax u qabso ah, kuwaas oo si fudud ku dhex tacsida afjarno laga yaabaa ma aha had iyo mabaadi'da volnodumskie waxtar leh inta badan noqdo marmarsiinyo for xasillooni cusub. Sababaha habaynta of Alexander 2, kaas oo ku salaysan dowladda hawlqabad la'aan, dhab ahaantii, oo aan lagu saxo, oo waxay khuseysaa oo keliya ma aha inay qaynuun jaamacadda.

dib u habaynta waxbarashada dugsiga

Ballaarinta network ee dugsiyada dadweynaha ee Russia ayaa sidoo kale la xisaabay in 60 sano ee qarnigii XIX. Waxa intaa dheer in isbedel in ay saameeyeen deegaanka jaamacadda, waxbarashada dib u habaynta Alexander 2 saameeyeen oo dhan la heli karo waqti in dugsiyada ay carruurta ku lugta ka soo dhammaan qaybaha nolosha ahaayeen. waxbarashada dugsiga hadda la heli kari lahaa ma aha oo kaliya in dugsiyada classical, laakiin sidoo kale dugsiyada dhab ah oo dheeraad ah oo culus baray xisaabta iyo sayniska. saffarro Qaar ka mid ah la rumeysan yahay dugsiga takoorka kuwaas nidaamka waxbarashada, abuuray oo keliya dadka ka soo fasalada hoose iyo kuwa dhexe, sida iyagu ma ay tababar af badan ee gymnasium ah classical. Ka dibna, dugsiyada dhabta qalin ayaa dhab ahaan loo diiday in ay galaan jaamacadaha ay sabab u tahay iyada oo aan aqoon luqadaha.

Ma loo arkaa muhiim ah Alexander 2? dib u habaynta waxbarashada ee dowladda, siin fursad ay ku helaan waxbarasho sare si weyn carruur badan waxa ay hore u ahayd, oo waxay inta badan ahayd waqti.

waxbarashada Haweenka u habaynta of Alexander

Qaab daran oo ku filan, laakiin kaliya dhamaadka qarnigii XIX ee markii ugu horeysay ka hadlay samaynta dugsiyada dawladdu leedahay ee gabdhaha ee Russia. Hay'adaha, halkaas oo ay fursad u helay inaan la baro gabdhaha reer noblemen, marka hore u muuqday in Catherine 2, laakiin waxay ahaayeen dhawr, aad loo jecel yahay, iyagu ma ay isticmaali sababtoo ah si fiican-la aasaasay waqti of mabaadi'da sinnaan la'aanta jinsiga taas oo dumarka waxaa u laabatay si ay kaalin qoyska iyo hooyada oo kaliya.

xaaladda in beddelay dimuqraadi Alexander 2 - habaynta waxbarashada, oo uu tixgeliyaa in aan ka yarayn muhiim badan la baabiiyo of serfdom, kordhiyay gabdhaha. The more Mudanayaal in arrinta haweenka, kuwaas oo sanadihii kuwa sii caadi ah ay bulshadu, si adag u taageerto ma xuroobey keliya - dareemaan ay dadweynaha muhiim u ah sida badan oo ka mid ah qeybtii cadaalad ah. In 1859, dhammaan magaalooyinka Ruush dugsiyada dumar la furay. Waxay nafteeda patronized Empress Maria Alexandrovna.

From la baabiiyo of serfdom tababarka carruurta ridayeen

Alexander 2 The Emperor hoos ugu tegey, taariikhda sida "Liberator The." baabiiyo of serfdom, kaas oo la fuliyaa isaga, xoogaa hadhaysay inta kale ee isbedelka ee boqornimadiisa, oo waxaa jiray kuwo badan. waxbarasho la mid ah dib u habaynta dadweynaha Alexandra 2 - ma aha sabab ay isaga u siiyaan magaca "Illuminator"?

Ka mid ah intelligentsia ah, marka lagu daro arrimaha dumarka, kala hadlay saameynta natiijada yaroow ay mulkiilayaasha iyo qaddar dheeraad ah. Fikradaha ku saabsan baahida ururka waxbarashada aasaasiga ah ee carruurta soo ridayeen muran shiidaa waa - baahida loo qabo in la tababaro, waxay ka fikiraan gobolka iftiimiyey shuruud la'aan qirtay. tusaalooyin badan waxaa lagu bixiyaa sidii hanad ah Mikhail Lomonosov sayniska Ruush, qaddar kaas oo ahaa sidaas u cajiib ah oo u gaar ah. ixtiraam A qoto dheer isaga, iyo dareemay dib u habaynta Alexander 2. Waxbarashada ayaa u furan yahay carruur badan ridayeen si adduunka ka mid ah aqoonta. taageere weyn ee waxbarashada ee dadka u ahayd Turgenev, kuwaas oo soo jeediyey inuu mashruuca si loo abuuro guddiga qorista ah, taas oo lagu ansixiyay gooyo.

muhiimadda taariikhiga ah ee isbedel bandhigay boqortooyada Alexander

Intaa waxaa dheer, Alexander 2 baajiyay ka serfdom, aqbalay oo saxiixay Statutes waxbarasho cusub, ku qaatay dib u habaynta waxbarashada buuxda ka mid ah guulaha uu, waxaa jira isbedel kale oo muhiim ah in taabto bulshada oo dhan Ruush. On sano ee 1862-1863 xisaabaha in la meelmariyo isbedel maamulka khayraadka maaliyadeed ee State ee 1865-th - sharciga saxaafadda. Reform - Dowladda, garsoorka, ciidamada - leeyihiin la aqbalay by bulshada siyaabo kala duwan, laakiin waa in ay la aqoonsan yahay oo dhan. ma ha oo dhan laga fuliyo sidii loogu talagalay, laakiin xaqiiqda ah ee isbedelka iyo dib u habaynta wanaagsan ee Alexander 2 u ah horumar kale ee dalka waa ay adag tahay in la aqoonsado. Qaar iyaga ka mid ah la siiyo qiimayn kala duwan maanta, laakiin gudaha waxaa sidoo kale saaxadda caalamka Russia ee xilligii of Alexander 2 waa ka itaal.