Acids Carboxylic guryaha jireed. Cusbada ee acids carboxylic

Ku dhowaad dhammaan guryaha ay leeyihiin oo khal. Oo dadka intooda badan la ogaado in waxa uu ku salaysan acetic acid. Laakiin waa ka barta kiimikada ee aragtida ah? Maxaa kale oo xeryahooda organic ee taxanahan waxaa jira iyo waxa ay tahay sifooyinka ay? Isku day inaad si ay u fahmaan arrintan iyo in la baaro in yarna carboxylic acid monobasic. Gaar ahaan ee guriga waxaa loo isticmaalaa acetic ma aha oo kaliya, laakiin sidoo kale dhowr kale, oo kaliya taagayo oo ka mid ah acids guud ahaan waa Martidaydii ee soo noqnoqda ee guriga kasta.

fasalka ee acids carboxylic: dulmar guud

Eegaysana ee kimistari sayniska, fasalka this xeryahooda ka mid ah u taagoo oxygen in ay leeyihiin isutagga gaar ah oo atamka - group functional carboxyl ah. Waxay leedahay qaab -COOH ah. Sayidka, formula guud kaas oo ay leeyihiin xad dhan monobasic carboxylic acid, waa sida soo socota: R-COOH, kuna waari dhexdeeda R - waa qayb a xagjirka ah, taas oo ka mid noqon kara tiro ka mid ah atamka carbon.

Sida laga soo xigtay this, qeexidda of class this xeryahooda la siin karaa in. Carboxylic acid - waxaa oxygenated taagoo organic oo ay ku jiraan mid ama ka badan functional kooxaha -COOH - kooxaha carboxyl.

Xaqiiqada ah in walxahan waxay si hufan waa in acids, sharxayaa dhaqdhaqaaqa eb hydrogen in carboxyl ah. cufnaanta electron waxaa u di'in, tan iyo oksijiin ka - kooxda ugu electronegative. Laga soo xiriir this ka-O H si adag u kala fog iyo hydrogen noqdo mid aad u nugul. Waxa si fudud loo kala dillaaci kartaa off, laga galo falgalka kiimikada. Sidaa darteed tilmaamayaasha u dhigma acid siin reaction la mid ah:

• phenolphthalein - Biyuhu;
• buxo - cas,
• universal - cas,
• Methyl ah - cas iyo kuwa kale.

Sababo la eb hydrogen ah, soo bandhigid acid carboxylic oksidheeyeyaal ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, joogitaanka atamka kale u ogolaanaya inay ka soo kabsadaan iyo ka qayb isdhexgalka kale oo badan.

kala soocidda

Waxaa jira sifooyin ugu weyn dhowr, kaas oo u qaybsan yihiin kooxo carboxylic acid. The ugu horeysay oo ka mid ah - waa nooca xagjirka ah. Sida laga soo xigtay factor this kala duwanaayeen:

• Alicyclic acid. Tusaale: quinic.
• Udgoon. Tusaale: Benzosyrene.
• Aliphatic. Tusaale: acetic acid, looxa acid, oxalic acid, iyo kuwa kale.
• Heterocyclic. Tusaale: nicotine.

Haddii aan ka hadlo links ee Britain ee, labada kooxood ee acids la cayimi karo:

• xad - oo dhan xiriir oo kaliya, hal;
• roodhida - in joogitaanka double, hal ama dhowr ah.

Sidoo kale waa calaamad ka mid ah kala soocidda shaqayn karo kooxaha sida functional. Sidaas, waxaa jira qaybaha soo socda.

1. Monobasic - kaliya hal koox -COOH. Tusaale: formic, stearic, butyric, valeric, iyo kuwa kale.
2. Dibasic - siday u kala horreeyaan, labada kooxood COOH. Tusaale: oxalic acid, malonic acid, iyo kuwa kale.
3. Multibasic - qaarna, jėrto, iyo kuwa kale.

Later in this article aan xadidi doonaa oo kaliya acids carboxylic monobasic, aliphatic.

History of daahfurka

Winery soo halgamay la wakhtiyadii hore. Sida la og yahay, mid ka mid ah waxyaabaha ay - acetic acid. Sidaa darteed taariikhda of fame of class this xeryahooda leedahay xididdadiisa laga bilaabo wakhtiga Robert Boyle iyo Ioganna Glaubera. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxa aan suurto gal ahayd in ay ogaato muddo dheer la nooca kiimikada ee u taagoo, kuwaas oo ah.

Waayo, a views vitalists muddo dheer heysatay, kaasoo beeniyay suurtagalnimada of formation of organic oo aan u khuduuca nool. Laakiin sannadkii 1670 AD Ray suurtagashay in ay hesho wakiil aad ugu horreeyey - methane ama formic acid. Oo isna wuxuu sameeyey this by kulaylinta sibraar ee ku nooli ay nool.

shaqada Later ah aqoonyahaniinta iyo Kolbe Berzelius muujiyey suurtagalnimada ee synthesizing xeryahooda ka walxaha imanba (dhuxusha muxaadaro). Sidaas darteed acetic acid helay. Sayidka acid ee carboxylic lagu bartay (guryaha jirka ah, qaab-dhismeedka) iyo bilowgii furitaanka dhammaan xubnaha kale ee taxanaha ah ee xeryahooda aliphatic.

guryaha jirka

Maanta, waxbarasho faahfaahsan wakiilada oo dhan. Waayo, mid kasta oo ka mid ah astaamahaan waxaa laga heli karaa in kasta oo lagu cabbiro, oo ay ku jiraan isticmaalka warshadaha iyo in ee dabiiciga ah. Waxaan baari doonaa waxa ku acids carboxylic, guryaha jirka argument kale.

Sidaas, waxaa jira dhowr beegyada uu sifo ee aasaasiga ah.

1. Haddii tirada atamka carbon ee silsiladda kama badna shan, waxaa jir- uraya, dareere dhaqaajin karo oo kacsan. Kor shantii - culus, walxaha saliid leh, more - adag, waxy.
2. cufnaanta oo ka mid ah laba xubnood oo marka hore waa ka weyn yahay mid ka mid ah. All kale xumbo biyaha.
3. dhibic karaya: sare silsiladda, sare u dhaliyay. The qaab-dhismeedka dheeraad ah jahaysteen, si hoos.
4. MILMA dhibic: waxay ku xiran tahay sinnaanta ee tirada atamka carbon ee silsiladda. Y waa ka sii sareeya ee kisi hoos.
5. In biyaha, waxa u kala diray si aad u wanaagsan.
6. Awood u sameynta bonds hydrogen xoog leh.

Astaamahani waa lagu sharaxay by dhismeedka dhabanada, iyo halkan dhismeedka daaqaddii, ay xoog. The Britain more fudud iyo habeysan, tilmaamayaasha kor ku xusan in la siiyo acid ah carboxylic. guryaha Physical xeryahooda, kuwaas oo u ogolaan in la qeexo oo ah berrinka iyo hababka isticmaalka warshadaha ay.

kiimikaad

Sida aan kor ku qoondeeyey, xogta acid muujin kartaa guryaha kala duwan. Dareen-celinta waxay muhiim u yihiin Avv warshadaha ee xeryahooda badan. Yeero guryaha kiimikada ugu muhiimsan kaas oo noqon kara monobasic carboxylic acid.

1. ^{Dissociation: R-COOH = RCOO - +} H +.
   
2. Soo bandhigaa guryaha acidic, i.e. macaamila oxides aasaasiga ah iyo hydroxides ay. Iyadoo Biraha fudud jawaabay by nidaamka caadiga ah (i.e., oo kaliya kuwa ay tahay in hydrogen ee taxanahan electrochemical).
3. Iyada oo acids xoog badan (imanba) u dhaqmo sida saldhig.
4. Awood u dhimay khamriga aasaasiga ah.
5. dareen-celin gaar ah - esterification. Tani waxay la dhexgalo alcohols si ay u sameeyaan wax soo saarka adag - Ester.
6. reaction decarboxylation, sida tirtiridda Britain xarunta carbon dioxide ah.
7. Oo awood u leh ficil la halides xubno sida fosfooraska, iyo baaruud.

Sida iska cad, sida wajiyo badan carboxylic acid. guryaha jirka, iyo sidoo kale kiimikada, waa kuwo kala duwan. Intaa waxaa dheer, waa in la sheegay in xoog guud sida acids, oo dhan u taagoo organic waa halkii daciif ah marka loo eego dhigooda imanba. geysid ay dissociation aan ka badnayn qiimaha 4.8.

Hababka diyaarinta

Waxaa jira dhowr siyaabood oo aasaasi ah in ka heli kartaa in yarna carboxylic acid.

1. In shaybaarka waxaa la sameeyaa by qayilo:

• alcohols;
• aldehydes;
• alkyne;
• shaybaadhka,
• burburinta alkenes.

2. Hydrolysis:

• esters;
• nitrites;
• amides;
• trigalogenalkanov.

3. Decarboxylation - reebay oo ka mid ah CO ₂ Britain.

4. In Avv warshadaha waxaa lagu fuliyaa by qayilo ee Consort la atamka carbon dheeraad ah ee silsiladda. Geedi socodka waa la fuliyay in dhowr marxaladood in ay dhali hannaanka a of-burka.

5. Qaar ka mid ah acids gaar ah (formic, acetic, butyric, valeric, iwm) diyaariyey habab u gaar ah oo isticmaalaya waxyaabaha dabiiciga ah.

xadka xarunta acids carboxylic aasaasiga ah: cusbada

Cusbada ee acids carboxylic - xeryahooda muhiim ah loo isticmaalo warshadaha. Waxana ay ka dhashaan dhexgalka ee dambe oo la:

• biraha;
• oxides aasaasiga ah,
• oxides amphoteric ;
• alkalis;
• hydroxides amphoteric.

Si gaar ah muhiim ka mid ah kuwaas oo loo sameeyay inta u dhexeysa Biraha alkali sodium iyo potassium iyo acids xadka sare - gaaska dhirta, stearic. Ka dib oo dhan wax soo saarka ee dhexgalka this - saabuun, dareere ah oo adag.

saabuun

Sidaas darteed, in ay dhacdo reaction noocan oo kale ah: 2C ₁₇ H ₃₅ -COOH + 2Na = 2C ₁₇ H ₃₅ COONa + H _2,

taasoo keentay wax soo saarka - milmahayn sodium - waa saabuun caadi ah loo isticmaalo dharka ay dabiicadda.

Haddii gaaska dhirta lagu bedelay, iyo bir potassium waxay ku soo celin doonaa palmitate potassium - saabuunta gacmaha lagu dhaqo. Sidaa darteed, waxaan si kalsooni leh u odhan karaan in ay cusbada ee acids carboxylic - tani run ahaantii waa xeryahooda muhiim ah dabiiciga ah organic. Waxay soo saarta iyo isticmaalka waaaweyn ah ee miisaanka. Haddii aad qiyaaso sida saabuun qof kasta on Earth kharash gareeya, waa ay fududahay in la damacsan iyo qolfo waa kuwan.

Esters ee acids carboxylic

Koox gaar ah oo xeryahooda, taas oo uu leeyahay meeshiisii in lagu calaamadiyey xeryahooda organic. Tani class of esters. Waxay waxaa la aasaasay by falcelinta ee acids carboxylic la alcohols. Title of isdhexgalka sida - cadaanyo esterification ah. view General matali karaan by isla'egta:

^{R, -COOH + R "-OH =} R, -COOR" + H ₂ O.

Product la laba xag waa Ester ah. Sida iska cad, iyadoo ay sabab u falcelinta a acid carboxylic, khamriga, Ester iyo biyo soo maray isbedel la taaban karo. Sayidka, hydrogen ka baxo ka taagoo acid ee foomka of waxbarashada iyo la kulmay koox hydroxy ka khamri ah lagu kala jabeen off. Sidaas darteed, Britain biyaha waxaa la aasaasay. Kooxaynta harsan xagjirka ah ee acid qaadataa in ka badan ka khamriga la xirrira Britain Ester ah.

Waa maxay celintan oo muhiim u ah iyo waxa qiimaha ganacsiga ee alaabta ay? Waxa ugu waa in esters waxaa loo isticmaalaa sida:

• supplements nafaqada;
• dhadhan;
• qayb kooban oo foox,
• qase,
• varnishes qayb, rinjiga, bacyaal;
• dawooyinka iyo wixii la mid ah.

Waxaa cad in duurka ku of isticmaalka balaadhan oo ku filan si ay ugu qiil-soo-saarka warshadaha ay yihiin.

acid Ethanoic (acetic)

xadka Tani monocarboxylic aliphatic acid, taas oo ah mid ka mid ah kuwa ugu caansan ee la eego wax soo saarka adduunka oo dhan. Its formula - CH ₃ COOH. baahsanaanta noocan oo kale ah waxa ay ku leedahay hantida. Ka dib oo dhan, berrinkii isticmaalka waa mid aad u ballaaran.

1. Waa daro cuntada ka yar code E-260.
2. Waxa loo isticmaalaa warshadaha cuntada loogu talagalay ilaalinta.
3. Waxa loo isticmaalaa in daawada ereygu wuxuu ahaa ee medicaments.
4. Qeybta diyaarinta xeryahooda odoriferous.
5. Dareeraha.
6. Ka-qaybqaataha in geeddi-socodka daabacaadda, difaan dyeing.
7. Qaybaha lagama maarmaan in reactions syntheses kiimikada hannaanka walxaha.

In nolosha ka mid ah ay xal 80-boqolkiiba yeedhay nuxurka acetic, iyo haddii ay milo ilaa 15%, waxaad ka heli kaliya khal. 100% Net glacial acid acetic waxaa loo yaqaan.

formic acid

Wakiilka hore iyo ugu fudud ee fasalka. Formula - HCOOH. Sidoo kale daro cuntada ka yar code E-236. ilaha dabiiciga ah:

• quraanjada iyo shinni oo kale,
• maraboob,
• cirbadaha,
• midhaha.

Meelaha ugu muhiimsan ee la isticmaalo:

• waayo, ilaalinta iyo diyaarinta feed xayawaanka;
• Waxa loo isticmaalaa xakamaynta dulin;
• waayo, dyeing difaan qaybo etchant;
• sida dareeraha ah,
• bleach;
• in dawada - waayo-dilista oo ah alaabta iyo qalabka;
• si loo soo saaro carbon monoxide ee shaybaarka.

Sidoo kale in qaliin of xal this acid waxaa loo isticmaalaa sida antiseptics.