Yak-40. Diyaaradaha Rakaabka ee USSR. Yakovlev Design Bureau

Sida caadiga ah marka aan maqlo oo ku saabsan diyaaradda Duulista, waxaan ku soo bandhigaynaa jet ah Jumbo in duuli karaan kun oo kilomitir oo ah waddooyinka. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, in ka badan afartan boqolkiiba hawada waa la fuliyay by khadadka hawada maxaliga ah, oo dhererkiisu dhan yahay 200-500 kiiloomitir, iyo mararka qaarkood waxaa ay ku qiyaasay oo kaliya in tobanaan kiiloomitir. Waa ujeedo sida iyo-Yak 40 waxaa laga abuuray. diyaarad Tani waxay u gaar ah oo laga wada hadli doonaa maqaalka.

si joogta ah ugu horeysay

Yak-40 (photo siiyey ee maqaalka muujinaysaa in diyaarad) ahaa kii ugu horeeyay ee Midowga Soofiyeeti iyo rakaabka ee adduunka ee jet, ayaa loogu talagalay in ay ku shaqeeyaan on diyaaradaha maxaliga ah. Waxa uu noqday diyaaradaha ugu horeeyay ee USSR, kaas oo helay shahaadada airworthiness ee West ilaa shahaado la mid ah ee dalkeenna. The Yak-40 ahaa Airbus ugu horeysay gudaha helay shahaadada ee Germany iyo Italy. Waxa uu sidoo kale ahaa kii ugu horeeyay diyaaradaha Soviet maray oo dhan heerarka airworthiness BCAR England iyo United States - FAR-25. Work on shahaado ee diyaaradda ayaa ka caawiyay si loo dardar-urur ee diiwaanka diyaarad ay Midowga Soofiyeeti, ansaxinta ee heerarka airworthiness, iyo sidoo kale horumarinta our warshadaha, tiro ka mid ah unugyada iyo qalab in la kulmo heerarka "West ah." Intaa waxaa dheer, wuxuu noqday diyaaradii ugu horeysay ee rakaabka in Design Bureau Yakovlev ah.

iibsadaha hore iyo comments ka khubarada

Italy ayaa noqday dalkii ugu horeeyay ee dunida, ayaa helay ku-Yak 40. Waxay sidoo kale soo abaabulay soo bandhigeen ee waxqabadka sare ee mishiinka. Wado pilot imtixaanka M. G. Zavyalov iyo duuliye Talyaani, diyaaradda dhigay diyaarad ka dhisan caasimada Talyaaniga in Australia. Wadadan ayaa waxaa Adkaan oo aan wax fashilaad iyo burburka. Bishii Abriil 1970 ee magazine Faransiis Aviation Magazine xusay in-Yak 40 waa asalka ah ee design, size iyo duulimaadka sifooyinka. In West ah, waxaa ficil ahaan waa diyaarad kuma jiro in la soo horjeeda ayaa laga yaabaa in ay ku cusub Ruush. In Maraykanka, kaliya horumariyo mashaariic sida, hirgelinta taas oo ahayd meel qaado oo kaliya dhowr sano.

khubarada dunida oo dhan siiyey rating ugu sareeya iyo diyaarad Ruush Yakovlev Design Bureau.

diyaarad Abuuritaanka

By horumarinta Yak-40 ah, injineerada bilaabay bishii April ee sanadkii 65aad ee qarnigii la soo dhaafay. Ujeedada diyaarad cusub wuxuu ahaa inuu bedeli doono lagu daydo dhacsan of qalab Il-12, Il-14 oo Li-2, kuwaas oo ka shaqeeyey on diyaaradaha maxaliga ah. saarayaasha diyaaradaha Soviet qaatay kaliya hal sano design iyo dhismaha noocooda ah. Sidaas daraaddeed, October 21, 1966 pilot imtixaanka Arseniem Kolosovym ugu horeeyay ayaa la sara kiciyey ee noocooda hawada - Yak-40 ah. Muuqaalka gaar ah waa awooda of diyaarad si ka airfields kaga dagnaa qaadan off. Waxaa la dallacsiiyey by margin xad dhaaf ah ee qaab-dhismeedka diyaaradda, dhigay injineerada Yakovlev Design Bureau.

"Fighter la shito" ama "baadkiisa bir ah"

Yak-40 (photo kor ku xusan shows) waa mishiinka ugu fudud loogu talagalay duulimaadka iyo dhulka shaqaalaha la aqoon sare. isaga Behind ayaa ku lifaaqan laba naanays - "baadkiisa bir ah" (size yar iyo unugyada awood dymlenie badan) oo "dagaalka ee la shito" (isticmaalka shidaalka ee sare). Airbus waxa uu leeyahay isku halaynta ah mid aad u sarreeya iyo ammaanka hawl. Yak-40 waxay qaadan kartaa off, haddii mid ka mid ah saddex matoorada, oo waxaad ka samaysaa horyaalka on mid ka mid ah unugyada xoogga. On airfields ku ceebownaaye midiidinnadiisa shaqo fududeeyo qalabka keebka goboleedka, sallaan baad, controllability sare ee gaariga. Saarid matoorada ee gadaalka dambe ee sooctey ayaa hoos u gariirka iyo buuq.

guulaha shaqada

Total warshadaha diyaaradaha Soviet soo saaray 1011 cutubyo Yak-40 model. Issue la joojiyay 1981, laakiin taasi ma soo afjaro nolosha diyaaradda. In ka badan afartan sannadood on marinnada hawadu ee adduunka ee - ma aha caddayn ugu fiican ee isku halaynta of mishiinka, xal farsamo sax ah in dhibaatooyinka adag in kac inta lagu jiro abuurista model this! Oo samaynta iyo farsamoyaqaanno Minsk Diyaaradaha Plant Repair ma aha oo kaliya versions cusub oo nolosha labaad ee diyaaradda, laakiin sidoo kale lala takhasus Yakovlev Design Bureau ayaa la siiyey ayaa la abuuray - laboratories duulaya, kuwaas oo dhawaan helay muhiimadda ay leedahay in dhaqaalaha dalka. Diyaaradda Ruush helay codsiga aad u ballaaran. Sidaas daraaddeed, by bartamihii-todobaatanaadkii ah ee Yak 40 buuxda u bedelay veterans Il-12 ah, Il-14 oo Li-2 la diyaaradaha maxaliga ah. Markuu guuleysto horyaalka ah saddex boqol ka badan meelo ka mid ah dalka, kuwaas oo ka shaqeeya adag by 1988 gaadiid ka badan siddeetan milyan oo rakaab ah. Iyo taariikhda diyaaradaha this aan weli la dhameystiray. waayo-aragnimo ka hawlgala of model this ee dalkeenna iyo siddeed iyo toban dal shisheeye hubaal tusay reer xamarku ee go'aanka ku saabsan ka bixitaanka of saarka Yak-40. Sayidka, bedelka ee matoorada shidaal dheeraad ah matoorada casriga hufan loo ogolaan lahaa in la kordhiyo wax soo saarka iyo dhoofinta diyaaradda.

dhoofinta

Delivery of Yak-40 diyaaradaha ugu horeeyay ee loo dhoofiyo waxaa bilaabay sanadkii 1970, sano kaliya afar ka dib markii model duuliyaha qaadataan-off ah. Muddo toban sanadood ah ee Asia, Europe iyo Republic of Cuba waxa uu ka iibiyey 125 cutub oo kala duwanaansho kala duwan oo Layouts iyo hab doorinta. daydo dhoofinta marka loo eego taxanaha ah ku lahaa dhowr ah oo kala duwan ee ka kooban qalabka guriga iyo navigation. Kuwani rakaabka diyaaradaha USSR bixisey in siddeed iyo toban dal: Afghanistan, Angola, Bulgaria, Hungary, Vietnam, Zambia, Italy, Cambodia, Cuba, Laos, Republic Malagasy ah, Poland, Suuriya, Germany, Equatorial Guinea, Itoobiya, Yugoslavia. In 2000, airline Kamchatka iibiyey hal diyaarad si Honduras. Tan iyo 1967, ka-Yak 40 ahayd ka qaybgale ah oo dhan lagu qurxiyo duulista England, Germany, Japan, Italy, France, Sweden iyo dalalka kale. Tani diyaaradaha halyeeyga la bandhig diyaarad, ayaa in ka badan shan boqol oo kun oo kilomitir oo booqday dalal badan, ma aha oo kaliya in Europe laakiin sidoo kale Asia, America, Africa iyo Australia. Waa in la ogaadaa in-Yak 40 waa diyaarad ugu horeysay ee Soviet, taas oo lagu iibiyey ee wadamada ay warshadaha duulista horumaray gaar ah. diyaarad Kuwanu waa maanta ku shaqeeya by diyaaradaha ee dalalka lix iyo toban.

sawirka farsamo

Waxaan hadda ka fiirsan sooc. Yak-40, sida ku cad xogta baasaboorka, loogu talagalay dherer ah iyo badh kun oo kiiloomitir. garabka wuxuu leeyahay meel caddaalad ah oo waaweyn - 70 mitir oo laba jibbaaran, kaas oo ka dhigtay in ay suurto gal ah in ay dayacaan nidaamka qaybood multislit aadka u adag iyo dhul-. xawaaraha ka saaciday inay waa 510 km / h. Fikradda asaasiga ah ee qaab-dhismeedka diyaarad ahaa daacad, isku-dar ah saddex matoorada diyaaradaha iyo garabka waaweyn, duushay sare iyo waxqabadka degtey. Jiidaya xoogga unit awood waa tan oo badh. Faa'iidada kale waa engine celceliska powerplant, kaas oo la qabanqaabiyaa sooctey, waxa ay leedahay riixdaan a dambe - qalab gaar ah oo kuu ogolaanaya in la beddelo jihada of il qiiqa gaaska lagu jiro Fariin ee diyaaradda. Cutubkani waxa uu hoos u masaafada ay gaariga ee kor u caga ilaa 400 mitir. Markaasaa ilaaladii waxay yihiin si loo beddelo xubnaha ma aha engine iyo diyaaradda. Tani waa mid aad muhiim u ah midoobidda ee warshadda xoogga iyo si loo fududeeyo bedelka of unit dhexe. jiifku ee mishiinka ku qalabeysan yahay nidaamka Esplanaden jilicsan, waxay yaraynaysaa cadaadiska uu saaran yahay ee ku ordaana. Waxaas oo dhan waxa uu u ogolaaday diyaaradda qaadan off iyo dalka si ammaan ah dhulka ku ded ciidda ah.

qol uu ku habboonyahay laba qof, oo taliyaha iyo co-pilot, laakiin waxa aad sameyn kartaa kursiga saddexaad, haddii loo baahdo. galaas Cab yihiin kulaylinta korontada gaarka ah. Shop Yak-40 waa sida in awoodda ka mid ah 27 ilaa 32 rakaab ah. Diyaaradda ayaa waxaa lagu qalabeeyay qalabka navigation ciyaarta dabaasha hage casri ah oo kuu ogolaanaya in aad habeen iyo maalin u soo duulaan, in xaaladaha cimilada ah halkii loo kasin. Qalabka waxaa ka mid ah: autopilot, kaabiga macmal ah, nidaamyada jiho, wareegtaan magnetic, laba jiheeyaha si toos ah, habka soo degtey kursoglissadnuyu, altimeter radio for Joogga hooseeyo. Diyaarad ku qalabeysan yahay nidaamka hawada-kulaylka aadka u hufan si looga hortago midda of guryaha. radar cimilada Radio caawiyaa in lagu ogaado jiritaanka Lugbuur duufaan Jid horyaalka. Sida laga soo xigtay xogta baasaboorka, khayraadka diyaarad waa soddon kun saacadood, iyo nolosha adeeg - ilaa 25 sano.

dhalinyarada labaad

Sanadkii 1999, injineerada Yakovlev Design Bureau ayaa soo saaray waxbarashada iyo xisaabaha, taas oo muujisay in nolosha diyaaradaha hawl loo Laab laabi karo in lagu xoojiyo qaabaynta iyo Hadba of airframe ah. adeega barnaamijka kordhin wuxuu kuu ogolaan doonaa shirkadaha in dib loo dhigo baahida loo qabo in ay iibsato diyaaradaha cusub, kaas oo lagu badbaadin doonaa lacag badan. Barnaamijka casriyaynta ka mid ah matoorada bedelka powertrains raqiis ah.

shilalka

Dad badan, iyo xataa kuwa si joogto ah u isticmaalaan adeegyada sidayaal hawada, ka baqaysid inaad ku duusho. Oo shil diyaaradeed oo si joogto ah ay gacan horumarinta cuqdadeedka kuwan. dadka noocan oo kale ah waa faa'iido lahayn si ay u muujiyaan statistics, sida ay taas, in Shil gaari ka badan shilalka dilaan. Fikirkan si fudud loo sharxay, maxaa yeelay, markaan shilka, inkastoo ay aad dhif u yihiin, halka daraasiin dad ah lagu dilay. Waa mar walba lama filaan ah, ma aha oo kaliya qaraabada dhibanayaasha, laakiin sidoo kale waayo, shisheeyayaal. Sida muuqata, cabsida lagu sharaxay by xaqiiqada ah in rakaabka waxba ma beddeli karaan, waxaa jiray waxba ku xiran, wuxuu isaga iyo nolosha siiya in gacmihii pilot iyo mashiinada soulless.

Sidaas darteed, waxaanu ka fiirsan tirakoobka of diyaaradaha khasaare Yak-40. Musiibada iyo khasaaraha ka mid ah diyaaradaha sababo kale, waayo, taariikhda ka badan afartan sano ee model this dhaafto caqabad toban boqolkiiba. Sidaas daraaddeed, 117 diyaaradood ayaa laga badiyay tan iyo bilowgii hawlgalka. Kuwaas oo kala ah 46 mashiinada waxaa loo jebiyey sababo kala duwan, inta badan, sababtoo ah qaladaad doonniyawadayaashaada iyo ilaaliyaal gaadiidka hawada. 71 Yak-40 ee soo hadhay ayaa burburay, sabab kasta ha, halkan waxaa ka mid ah iyo diyaaradaha burburiyay intii howlgallada military ee dhibco kulul kala duwan. Waana mid ka, mashiinka la soo dhaafay sida in la khasaaray - waa diyaarad, waxyeello intii uu socday dagaal ee garoonka Donetsk May 26, 2014.

Yakovlev Diyaaradaha

At Design Bureau Yakovlev ku leedahay taariikh hodan ah. From derbiyada yimid badan oo mishiinada kala duwan, diyaarad military in Diyaaradaha Jumbo ka. Waxaa laga heli karaa sida ciyaaraha iyo daydo ujeedada gaarka ah, tusaale ahaan, si ay u tababaraan duuliye. Ka fiirso qaar ka mid ah iyaga ka mid ah, sida ku-Yak 42. model waxa loo sameeyay bartamihii-70s ee qarnigii la soo dhaafay, waayo, duulimaad ay ku marinnada ugu muhiimsan ee u dhow Midowga Soofiyeeti. ganacsi diyaarad this bilaabay sannaddii 80aad. Intii uu diyaarad soo saarka 194 taxane ah ayaa la dhisay 1980-2002. Kuwaas oo kala ah, 42 Yak-64 saldhig unit dhamaystiran iyo 130 - beddelid la hagaajiyey ee Yak 42D - kordhay miisaan qaadan-off oo kala duwan. Xawaaraha ka saaciday inay of 700 km / h. Diyaaradda ayaa waxaa loogu talagalay kala duwan duulimaadka ugu badnaan afar kun oo kiiloomitir. qol rakaabka waxaa loogu talagalay 120 kursi. Diyaarad Tani ma u baahan tahay advertising, guulaha uu isu hadleen. Ka dib oo dhan, waxay ka dhigeen sagaal diiwaanka dunida! Sidaas darteed, mid ka mid ah Yak-42 ah, oo loogu talagalay khadadka dhow, isuguma iman karaan meel fog ka soo caasimadda ah ee Russia in Khabarovsk. La yaab leh weli waa xaqiiqada ah in ka hor inta abuurka lagu daydo oo ka mid ah-Yak 40 iyo Yak-42 Yakovlev Design Bureau yeesho dayuuradood multi-rakaabka guud ahaan ma ku hawlan. Ay takhasuska ugu weyn - waa waxbarasho, isboortiga iyo diyaaradaha dagaalka ee ciidamada.

Yak-18 Diyaarad

diyaarad Tani waa farac ka mid ah-ut 2L sii daayo 44aad ee qarnigii la soo dhaafay. Waxaa loogu talagalay tababarka hore ee duuliye. In ka sano guudahaan, ka-Yak 18 ahaa qalab ugu horeysay ee weyn ee waxbarasho. In uu fikradda, qalabka, iyo design ka muujiyay fikradda ah duulimaadka ee cimilada xun iyo habeenkii. Diyaaradda ayaa ku qalabeysan yahay unit xoog ah oo qaadi kara 160 litir. sec., variable aeromechanical rafaasad garoonka. Qaab dhismeedka sooctey waa nooc ka mid ah lahaansho ee tuubooyinka steel. sanka oo ka mid ah dabool xiran qaab godobihii, iyo badhidii la daboolay maro. Xasiliya oo ay guushu ku leeyihiin jir bir leh suulasha u qaabeysan si aad u adag ah. Wing - dvulonzheronnoe, fullaaci kara, qaybta xarunta. Console fullaaci kara iyo qaybta dhexe oo dhan xubin ugu horeeyay ee kooxda uu leeyahay sanduuqa battariga ee adag, halka inta soo hartay waa la daboolay maro. The model Yak-18, oo dhan ayaa haddana ceebaha ay horreeyay ayaa lagu reebay, waxaa aad u deggan oo si fudud gacanta ku diyaaradda, iyo waxay leedahay astaamo u maaraysay wanaagsan. xawaaraha ugu badan ee diyaaradaha waa 257 km / h, fuuli 4 m / s, sare ugu badan afar kun oo mitir, kala duwan - a kun oo kiiloomitir, xawaaraha degtey 85 km / h. Yak-18 ayaa waxaa la siiyaa tiro ka mid ah alaabtii kala duwan suurtagalinaysaa habeen iyo "indha la '" duulaya.

The Yak-18T - beddelid ah mishiinka ah ee Yak 18. Tani waa diyaarad a badan loo iftiinka. Wuxuu ka mid ahaa diyaarad ugu nabdoon ee loo isticmaalo in dugsiyada duulimaadka waa. Waxaa si rasmi ah u sheegay mid ka mid ah shirarka farsamada diyaaradaha, 650 mashiinada Yak-18T ayaa u duulay in ka badan nus milyan oo saacadood oo aan qalad kasta oo halis ah farsamo. In version casriga ah, diyaaradaha this xoojinaayo, waxay noqon kartaa a rakaabka, waxbaridda iyo tababarka, caafimaadka, gaadiidka. Intaa waxaa dheer, waxaa loo isticmaalaa si ay u gaaf dhuumaha saliidda iyo gaaska, fiilooyinka korantada, waddooyinka qaali ah iyo dhul-dhireed, iyo sidoo kale in la qaado saddex rakaab ah si ay meel fog ka mid ah shan boqol oo kiilomitir.

Diyaarad Sports ka Design Bureau Yakovlev ah

May 8, 1979 Samada dhow Airporka Tushino waxaa jiray diyaarad yar oo leh baalal guduudan. Diyaarad la sahlan xiinka aerobatics caanka sameeyaa: fuusto, oo siddooyinkuna, flips. Il khibrad lahaa isla markiiba xusay in aanay caado ah in dadka deegaanka ciyaaraha hal Yak-50, model ah oo kala duwan. siraad Large qol sare tilmaamay in mishiinka double. Inta lagu guda jiro caga kala saari kari kala duwanaanshaha kale: sacadda degtey iyo marsho degtey sanka. Waxa ay ahayd abuuridda cusub ka bureau design injineernimada Yakovlev - diyaaradaha Yak-52 ah oo awood u qanciyo baahida ugu kala duwan oo is khilaafsan. Tani waa la fahmi karo, maxaa yeelay tababarka ciyaaraha qalab u baahan yahay xadad xasilooni yar, dadaal yar, taas oo ka dhigi lahaa duuliyaha si loo xakameeyo gacanta mishiinka. Waa in dhaqso ah si fudud u qabtaan aerobatics. Oo diyaaradda tababarka bilowga ah, waxaa la, on lid ku ah, waa in uu noqdaa mid aad u deggan oo ay adag tahay si ay u maareeyaan iyo ma aad hoos u soo galla in tailspin ah.

mashiinka ee qalabka tababarka duulimaadka waa in la dhiso go'an si cadaalad adag qalabka navigation iyo navigation, iyo version isboortiga waxaa ka mid ah noqon doona kaliya culays dheeraad ah. Iyada oo dhibaato oo dhan iyo wajahday koox ka mid ah injineerada iyo samaynta. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, samaynta diyaarad saxiirtaas hawshan sida "fiican" iyo sida ugu dhakhsaha badan ee suurtogalka ah: the-Yak 52 waxaa la dhisay in ka yar lix bilood. Tani waa monoplane double-birta ah. sooctey - semi-monocoque, waxa ay leedahay dahaarka ah biraha ka shaqeeya. Waxaa isku xira in qaab dhismeedka countersunk riveted. Wing --hal Spar, qalabaysan qaybood dhulka, ku deldesheen oo loop shompolnye oo ay gacanta ku dhululubo hawada. unit dabada Cantilever. fin The stabilizer iyo fulinayaan qorshaha dvulonzheronnoy. Yak-sagaal qalab 52 waxaa la siiyaa awood unit drive radial of 360 litir. a. iyadoo si toos ah rafaasad garoonka variable. Navigation iyo qalabka duulimaadka kuu ogolaanaya inaad si duuli in xaaladaha cimilada aad u xun. Waxa intaa dheer in la ballamay caadiga ah ee qalabka, model this dhigay nidaamka sarrifka, radio VHF iyo jiheeyaha automatic. Marka doonaa fulinta waddo aerobatic, wax navigation dheeraad ah iyo qalab duulimaadka waxaa kala dhantaashay.