Xisbiga Liberal ahaa waa maxay? Aasaasidda xisbiyada siyaasadda

In Saarka Russia ahaa xisbiga Libaraalka ee xisbiga Dastuurka, ama, foomka loo soo gaabiyo, arday ah. In State Duma qarnigii XX hore waxaa la soo bandhigay iyo ururo kale oo siyaasadeed oo leh barnaamij la mid ah. Tusaale ahaan, sida uu ahaa "Midowga of October 17".

ah ee xisbiyada

In 1905, ka dib guuldaradii of Russia ee dagaalka ka dhanka ah Japan, waxaa jiray kacaanka ugu horeysay Ruush. Nicholas II ma u awoodin inuu u jebin xoog, oo wuxuu lahaa oo in la siiyo oo uu soo horjeeda. October 17, 1905 ayuu siiyey manifesto ah, sida laga soo xigtay oo Empire Ruush dhisay Duma Gobolka.

Ciidamada Siyaasadda, mucaaradka in ay ka dibna Boqortooyada ugu danbeyn helay fursad ay ku dhaqmaan oo duurka ku sharciyeed. Waxa ay ahayd in 1905, waxaa jiray ururka dimuqraadiyadda dhabta ah.

arday

Waxaa ka mid ah labada dhinac soo baxday ahaa xisbiga deeqsi Dastuurka Democratic (sida la odhan jiray xisbiga Xoriyadda Dadka). Go'aanka ku saabsan muuqaalka kore ee ururka waxaa lagu qabtay July 1905 at shirweynaha soo socda ee zemstvos. Sayidka, xisbiga ka mid ahaa dadka hore uga soo shaqeeyay ee degmooyinka gobolka. Waxay, in ka badan qof, waxay ahaayeen in ku dhow nolosha dadka caadiga ahayd ee degganayd magaalooyinka reer Empire Ruush ah.

Shirweynaha ayaa aasaasay lagu qabtay Moscow bishii October 1905. Carshiga First The waqtiga waxaa jiray weeraro mass, weerarada shaqaalaha adeegyada gaadiidka iyo xataa dagaallo. Meelahaas waxaa xaaladaha adag ee ay bilaabeen hawlo arday ay. Hogaamiyaha xisbiga Paul Miliukov loo doortay - yaqaan publicist iyo taariikhyahan.

codbixiyayaasha Democratic Dastuurka

Tan iyo xisbiga Liberal ahaa arday ah, ay codbixiyayaashu ka koobnaa aqoonyahano iyo dadkii ku abtirsan Zemsky, lagu gartaa views horusocod pro-Western. ururka laftiisa ka kooban wakiillo ka bourgeoisie reer magaalka, macalimiinta, dhakhaatiirta iyo dadka dhulka leh qaar ka mid ah. Haddii xisbiyada siyaasadda deeqsi ah waa SR ah, waxa uu noqon lahaa xulafo la ah xisbiga Dastuuriga ah. Laakiin-Social kacaan is khilaafeen bidix. In ay soo biiray by shaqaalaha. Iyada oo ay taasi ayaa lala caan hoose ee arday ee deegaanka proletarian.

Intaa waxaa dheer, xisbiga Milyukov ayaa tan iyo bilowgii aad u of jiritaankeeda, ayaa qarka u saaran in ay wax, si ay u gaaraan hadafkooda marayo habab baarlamaanka iyo tanaasul maamulka. Haddii qayb ka mid ah shaqaalaha ee 1905, oo ay taageerayaan ururka, in waqtiga u tagtay inay hantiwadaagnimadu ama Bolsheviks ah.

Liberal Party arday ahaa, si ay u taageerto Revolution February ah. Waxa ay ahayd sanadkii 1917, waxa ay la kulmeen ay ka talinaysay. Tirada dadka si ay ugu biiraan ururka, kordhay dhowr jeer. Miliukov loo magacaabay Wasiirka Arrimaha Dibadda ee Ruush-meelgaarka ah dowladda.

barnaamijka arday

Barnaamijka Democratic Dastuurka ka mid xisbiyada classical alaabta. Waxay ku dooday in sinaanta ee muwaadiniinta oo dhan Ruush eegin diin, dhalasho iyo jinsiga. Milyukov iyo taageerayaashiisa waxaa dareemay jiritaanka loo baahan yahay xoriyadda ka mid ah hadalka, damiirka, saxaafadda, ururrada iyo kiniisadda. Inta badan shuruudahaas la sameeyey ka dib 1905 kacaanka. Isla mar ahaantaana, sababta oo ah meel taageerayaasha Milyukova cabsho ka reaction dowladda yimid inta lagu guda jiro ra'iisul wasaaraha Petra Stolypina.

Dhab ahaantii, xisbiga arday ah - Xisbiga Liberal Democratic. fikirka ah ee ururka this, gaar ahaan, waxaa ka mid ah fikirka ah xilldhibaan. Intaa waxaa dheer, xisbiga Dastuuriga ah ahaayeen ay guushu ku xoriyadda qeexidda qaranka oo ka mid ah kooxaha kala duwan qowmiyadaha ee boqortooyada. Waxa ay ahayd arin aad u af badan oo ka mid ah barnaamijka, sababta oo ah waxa wali aan la degeen su'aasha Polish. Kasta Liberal Democratic Party waa laga yaabaa in looga baahan yahay ugu horrayn waxa weeyi ee cadaaladda oo madax banaan. Arday badan xirfadlayaasha sharci iyo kuwii sharciga yiqiin. Tani waxay xaqiijineysaa in dhammaan dhinacyada biilasha soo jeediyay khilaafeen faahfaahsan oo ka fikirina.

Tilmaamo Socialist barnaamijka xisbiga Dastuuriga ah ayaa muujiyey cutubka on hordhaca ah ee shaqada 8-saac ah. Ku dhowaad dhammaan ururada ee Duma State waxay ahaayeen in heshiis la shuruudan. Sidaa darteed, sharci shaqada cusub ayaa dhab ahaan dib qaaday markii xoogga Imperial.

End of xisbiga

Habeenkii ee Kacaanka Oktoobar, ee arday, a wasiirkii hore ee dowladda ku meelgaarka ah, ayaa la xiray. Later xabsiga ku jiray oo dhan tirooyinka xisbiga caan ah oo kale, kuwa u suurtagashay in ay dalka ka cararaan marka laga reebo. Qaar ka mid ah dadka la qabtay ku jireen safka hore ee tallaalka socday dagaalkii sokeeye ee.

Laakiin bishii November 1917, arday ku lahaa inay ka qayb qaataan doorashooyinka si ay Golaha Ansixinta Dastuurka. Waxay helay codad badan, sidii ay ahaayeen ciidamada anti-Bolshevik halis ah oo kaliya. Democrats Dastuurka taageeray xataa soo horjeeda hore (marka laga reebo bidix ee xagjirka ah). Si kastaba ha ahaatee, December 12, 1917 Golaha Commissars Dadka aqoonsan cadaawayaashiinna xisbiga arday 'dadka. " Ururka ayaa waxaa lagu mamnuucay. Hogaamiyaha arday Milyukov ahaa awoodaan in ay ka soo Russia baxsadaan. Wuxuu ku geeriyooday France ee 1943.

xisbiga Octo

urur kale oo muhiim ah inta kale ee xisbiyada garabka midig dhexdhexaad ah waa Democratic Liberal Octo Party. Her taageero ahaayeen ganacsato qaniga ah iyo dadka dhulka leh oo waaweyn. Magaca xisbiga wuxuu ahaa inay marjic u October 17, 1905 - taariikhda saxiixa Bayaanka ah, ayaa la siiyey badan ee xorriyadda markii kacaanka ugu horeysay Ruush.

Head of ururka ahaa Alexander Guchkov. In 1910-1911 GG. Waxa uu xitaa waxay ahayd guddoomiyaha Duma Gobolka III. In ku meelgaarka Dowladda hogaamiyaha Octo uu helay faylalka tacliimeed ee Wasiirka War iyo Navy. Xilligii kacaankii of 1905-1906. xisbiga ka koobnaa 75 kun oo qof. The Union of October 17 lahaa wargeys u gaar ah "Voice of Moscow".

xulafadooda dowladda

In ugu horeysay ee laba State Dumas octo waxaa wax yar ka ahayd (16 iyo 43 siday u kala horreeyaan). horumar degdeg ah u yimid xisbiga ka dib markii June 3, 1907 beddelay sharciga doorashada. Dibuhabaynta ayaa hoos u dhigtay tirada of hantiwadaagnimadu baarlamaanka. In ay meesha yimid badan oo Octo, kuwaas oo tiradoodu ay gaadheen 154. caan weyn ee xisbiga ay sabab u tahay xaqiiqada ah in ay qaadato meel dhexdhexaad ah oo noqday shay ee tanaasul bulshada.

Octo ahayd in nidaamkii hore, xitaa ka Dhawyahay arday ah. At taliyayaashii Guchkov isku halleeyeen Pyotr Stolypin, markii dawladda isku dayay inuu qasbado habaynta qabyo Duma nacaayo laakiin loo baahan yahay. Labada shirar ugu horeysay ee Duma Gobolka ayaa si qasab ah kala diray oo kaliya sababtoo ah Xildhibaanada kuwa inta badan ahaayeen hantiwadaagnimadu iyo joojiyay in la sameeyo sharciyo.

Haddii deeqsi ah waa xisbi siyaasadeed ee RSDLP ah, iyadu lahaa la soo bandhigay iyo sidoo. Laakiin Bolsheviks bilowgii uga ma ay hantiwadaagnimadu oo keliya, laakiin sidoo kale loo isticmaalaa hababka kacaan halganka dowladda. Octo sidoo kale doonayay in ay u keento isbeddelka hab nabadeed, by doonaya heshiis la gobolka.

kala Octo

In 1913, waxaa jiray kala ka mid ah taageerayaasha Guchkov. Tan iyo Liberal waa xisbi siyaasadeed ee Octobrists ah, ka qaybgalayaasha in ay uu ahaa mid aad u muhiim ah in ay ixtiraamaan xuquuqda madaniga ah ee Russia. Laakiin ka dib markii kacaanka ugu horeysay ee Russian, gobolka soo martay oo ku saabsan tallaabooyinka socodnimo diriraan cadaawayaashooda oo ay naaneys. Octo ka mid ah kooxda in soo saaray qaraar mucaaradka ah muuqday. Dukumiintigaas ayaa saxiixay baxay xukuumadda lagu eedeeyay inuu ku xadgudbay xuquuqda muwaadiniinta Ruushka.

Sidaas darteed, xisbiga kala qaybiyey saddex kooxood ee Duma Gobolka. Waxaa jiray garabka bidix madax Guchkov iyo xaq Zemstvo-Octobrists, kuwaas oo hoggaamiye ahaa Mikhail Rodzianko. Sidoo kale kala koox yar oo ku xigeenadiisa madax banaan. dhibaatada xisbiga bilaabay. Waxa uu xiran wargeyska "Voice of Moscow" ee 1915. joojiyeen in allabaryo la isugu Guddiga Dhexe. Sayidka, Octo waayay beertii siyaasadeed ee dalka ka hor kacaanka iyo kacaanka Bolshevik ah. garabka bidix ee xisbiga galeen garabka Progressive ah. Qaar ka mid ah madaxda hore ee Octo ahaayeen siyaasiyiinta caanka ah ee Russia uu ku egyahay xagaaga 1917.