Weyn Church ee Russia: Tusaalooyinka

High, la arki karo oo ka macbudyo fog hipped ahaayeen qaabka ugu haboon ee dhismaha ee Russia. taxadiri badan ayaa ka badbaaday ilaa maantadan la joogo oo wali yaabiyo dalxiisayaasha la quruxdiisa. Xitaa degaanka ee gudaha ma ka ciyaaraan door ku saabsan teendhada jir ah iyo kuwo macbudyo dhaca aan lagu abuuray urursanyahay. Qarnigii lix iyo toddoba ahaayeen ugu wax soo saar leh, waayo ah ee taxadiri xiiso leh. Tusaale ahaan, Vasiliya Blazhennogo Cathedral (Cathedral ee shafeeco on Moat) ee Moscow on Red Square, waxaa la dhisay 1552 oo saftay qabashada Kazan calaamadeeyay. teendhadii kale kaniisadaha Russia si dhib la tartami karin iyaga la quruxda iyo warkiisii.

naqshadaha

At muhiimka ah oo dhan oo iyaga ka mid ah ayaa la dhisay oo ku saabsan la mid ah. geliyo weel Joogto, kaas oo la dhigay waa octagon yar - taageero teendhada octagonal, ka go'neyd in uu samada. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, naqshada kasta oo la keenay in la dhiso wax ka duwan, sababta aan laba macbudyo isku mid. Xariif waxaa inta badan ka muujiyeen in noocyo kala duwan oo kala duwanaansho ah ee qaybo ka mid ah ee lagu qurxiyo.

Feature in xajisto oo dhan macbudyo hipped - maqnaanshaha tiir, in uu yahay, qaab-dhismeedka oo dhan ku dul derbiyada, sidaas oo kale ayaa teendhooyin ballaaran tahay mid aan suurta galayn. Sidaas daraaddeed, sababtan awgeed, waxa uu ku guuldareystay aad u ballaadhan teendhada dhagax Cathedral Yeruusaalem New keniisad. Markaas waxaa la bedelay qoryo fudud iyo Fiido birta, iyo macbudka taagan, dadka ku faraxsan yahay ku dhawaad.

Mamnuucidda?

In ka badan qarni macbudyo hipped faafin ballaaran ee dalka. Laakiin yimid dib u habaynta kiniisadda of Wadaad Nikon ee 1653, ka dib markii taas style ahaa sida laga hadlin a. weyn Church ee Russia joojiyeen in allabaryo la dhisay. Waxaa laga yaabaa in ganaax Cade on dhismaha ma ahaa. Laakiin ma xaqiiqada ah waxaa ka taagay ka dib markii dib u habaynta of Nikon weyn kaniisad dhagax. Waqooyiga, waxay sii waday in ay teendhooyin ka taagaan kaniisadaha yaryar iyo munaarado dawan alwaax sida dhamaystirka hadhay caan ka hor dhalashada of classicism.

Nasiib darro, tusaalooyin nool aad u yar oo ka mid ah naqshadda dhismaha alwaax, teendhooyin kaniisadaha alwaax lagu daro in ay xirtaan iyo jeexi oo baxsi ah post-kacaan maray dhibaatooyin badan oo ku dhowaad waayay. Waxaa jira, si kastaba ha ahaatee, jasiiradaha ilaaliyo in wadan ay dukaanka oo qaraami ah. Markii aan dib ugu caanka ah ee style Ruush yimid (ka leexatay, si kastaba ha ahaatee, dacayadeed), naqshadaha hip sidii lagu soo noolaaday goor dambe oo qarnigii sagaal iyo tobnaad. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, qaab-dhismeedka, kuwaas oo aad u kala duwan ka horreeyay, waxay. kaniisadaha teendhada qarnigii 17aad soo baxday in wax aan macquul aheyn ay uga faa'ideysan, iyo gaar ahaan ugu horeysay, kaas oo u muuqday at Warega of qarniyadii shan iyo lix.

dhaqanka

muuqaalka kore ee pommel hipped waxa sababay xaqiiqada ah in kaniisadaha Ruush la dhisay sida taxadiri inta badan ku kooban tahay dhacdooyinka qaarkood. kaniisadaha teendhada ee qarnigii 16aad iyo aad u badan ka sii weyn u fidiyey. naqshadaha kaniisad Ruush u horumariyo ka booska isbedelka. xiqiijiyay in dhaqanka naqshadda dhismaha dhagaxa ah, iyo ka hor - qoryo - ayaa ku hadhay daah furin iyo ma arrin sax ah. Tan waxaa lagu ogaan karaa waxbarashada oo ka mid ah dhismayaasha ugu horeysay - Church of loosoo ee Kolomenskoye (1532 Vasily III) iyo kiniisadda of male ah ee Poseda Vologda ah (1493). Waxaa tusaalooyinka ugu hadalyaqaan ah ee waxqabadka kiniisadaha teendhada dhagax.

naqshad xiiso leh iyo Church of shafeeco ee Medvedkovo halkaas oo si cad loogu dhawaaqaa style naqshadda la teendho halkii qubbad. macbudka Tani waa arrin aad la mid ah a badan-madax St. Basil ee Cathedral Vasiliya Blazhennogo iyo istaahilaa sharaxaad dheeraad ah oo gaar ah. Waxaa sidoo kale waa mid aad u dabeecad ka mid ah kuwo macbudyo dhaca hipped Ruush caanka: shafeeco (oo horay Trinity) Church of dejinta Alexander ee (1510), ee Church of Uglich "yaab badan" (1628), Moscow ee Putinki dhalatay kiniisadda Virgin.

Medvedkovo

macbudka Tani waxaa loo dhisay dabaqa sare dhulka (halkaas Znamenskaya kaniisad jiilaalka), kaas oo xajiya mugga oo dhan afar geesle ah, geesood ah oo ay dhammaystirmaan by domes yar. On geesle waa octagon fudud si caddaalad ah u hooseeya sida ku saleysan a teendhada dhagax aan wadno. The Joogaba, ee idinkoo Goodin oo ka quadrangular iyo octagonal, dhismaha adag oo teendhada ku siinayaa noolaanshaha gaar ah iyo ku dhawaad duulaya, maxaa yeelay, sarajooggiisuna teendhada ku dhawaad in ka badan qayb ka mid ah dhammaan hoose ee macbudka. Basement, oo colal ku galleries iyo leedahay laba siman-cibaadaysiga - Sagaal Korkoda iyo Sergiya Radonezhskogo.

By habka, saqafka quadrangular hipped markii ugu horeysay ee Russia hal-madax ayaa halkan siiyey. On meesha allabariga ee dhismaha, kaalinta cutubka gaar ah, oo ay dhif multi-Halabuurka sabab u apse bari dheer kaniisadda hoose. Kokoshniki, meeleeyay saf guud ahaan dusha sare ee derbiyada geesle ah, oo ku salaysan teendhada, iyo cutubka koraysa xoogga saaraan dhismaha pyramidal ee dhismaha, ay iid, rajo gelin samada iyo sare u qurux nafta. macbudka A xagga galbeed sida jimbaar a taageertaa munaaraddii dawan style Empire, dhisay ee 1840s ah.

story

Dhibaatooyin ka iman waqti dhammaan noocyada kala duwan ee masiibooyinka dabiiciga ah, waxqabadyada ay ka polish ah iyo kuwa iswiidhishka ah calaamadeeyay, sidaas oo kale ayaa dowladda, xaaladda siyaasadeed iyo dhaqaale ee gobolka ahaa ugu adag. kaniisadaha teendhada ee Moscow, iyo dalka oo dhan si ay u dhisaan shiidaa joogsadeen. dhismaha Stone, sida, wadajir joogsadeen. Kaliya shan iyo labaatan sannadood, Russia ayaa gaadhay heer ku filan dib Isboortiga dhagax. Asal ahaan, ka dib markii ay 1620 macbudyo soo noqnoqda noocyada hore ee dhismayaasha.

Oo aad iyo aad ugu dhakhsaha badan raaceen by dib u habaynta ee Wadaad Nikon, markuu teendhada kaniisadaha mar dambe "ku haboon darajooyin." Nikon jeclaa qubbad saddex ama shan cutub. In 1655, in Vishnyaky dhismaha macbudka amarka ka mid ah Wadaad ka mid ah labada chapels dhammaadeen madaxdii ma halkii iyo hareeraheeda, inkasta oo mashruuca ku lug ugu horreeyey.

Stolpoobraznoe sida horseed

Halkan, ugu horreeya oo dhan waxaan u dhaqmeen failure inta lagu guda jiro dib u habaynta kaniisad la jirka oo dhan iyo doorashada oo dhan awowe Byzantine, oo ay ku jiraan design cross-qubbad. Inkastoo weyn kaniisad in Russia waa ka garabaka Western Gothic, dhaqdhaqaaqa, dadaalaya sii weynaydba, naqshadaha munaaraddii tiir-kaniisadaha.

Tusaale ahaan, kaniisada Ioanna Predtechi tuulada of Djakovo (Moscow) iyo Church of isbeddelid sida ku jirta tuulada of Ostrov (gobolka Moscow). Labada la dhisay ee qeybtii labaad ee qarnigii lix, oo waxaa ka hormarey teendhada laba dhisme nooca-tiir. Sidoo kale uma shaqayn karo sidii tusaale iyo mid ka mid ah kaniisadaha ugu caansan, munaaradaha dawan "Ivan Veliky", ka dhisay sharaf of Ioanna Lestvichnika ee Kremlin ee 1505.

tusaalooyin

Podkolokolny Function la belfry tier, taagay kaliya kor ku xusan macbudka, macbudyo teendho loogu tala galay ma u dhigma. Waxa ay ahayd in koorsada of tiro ka mid ah xal naqshadda kala duwan, xoriyad weyn oo dhise, oo weli had iyo jeer macbudyo stolpoobraznye caato ah.

Tusaale ahaan, macbudka Ruuxa Quduuska haybta (1476, Trinity-taliye Sergiyos Bawlos Lavra), Kolomna St. George Bell Tower (hore - macbudka Arhangela Gavriila, 1530 sano), kaniisada St. Simecoon-Stylites (Danilovsky keniisad, Moscow, in 1732, dhisay badan Gate Quduuska ah), laba sidoo kale waa iriddii macbudkii in keniisad Donskoy ah, kiniisadda St. taliye Sergiyos Bawlos oo ah Radonezh (Novospassky munaaraddii dawan keniisad), kiniisadda Feodora Stratilata Quduuska Warrior (Menshikov munaarad, Moscow, qarnigii sagaal iyo tobnaad) iyo kuwo kale.

calaamadaha

Stone naqshadaha sinta waa isku mid qoryo qaabka, style this ku baahday wakhtiga hore ilaa maantadan la joogo. Waxa muuqatay, sida ay taariikhda, si cad on noocyo ka mid ah qoryo. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, haddii sababo dhismaha Xamar teendho lagu badalay dhismaha macbudyo oo qoryo laga sameeyeyba, dhismaha dhagax aan la xiriirin karo design ka. Saas ma aha, waxay ahayd doonayaan, si uu u gudbiyo gaar image - conviviality, dadaalaya intii ka sii weynayd. Ma aha oo kaliya in gobolka laakiin sidoo kale magaalada, shiiska elongated macbudyo alwaax ahaayeen ugu soo dhaweyn iyo mar walba door hoggaamineed.

Naqshadaha misigta bixisaa load ugu qotada dheer semantic: tani waa jidka boqortooyada jannada, iyo xidhiidhka ka mid ah laba jibbaaran (dunida ku uumay) la goobada (calaamad of daa'in). Geliyo weel - square ah, turjumaya dhulka, octagon - dhammaan meelaha bannaan ku dhinac ee dunida, oo lagu daray xidiga siddeed-dhuuban sida calaamad u ah Virgin iyo maalintii Sideedaad - Tirada Xurmaysan ee qarnigii mustaqbalka. Teendhada macbudka taajajka - aabbe sallaan koorta image a Yacquub, jidka Ilaah.

Kolomenskoye iyo Alexander Sloboda

Trinity Church of dejinta Alexander ah (hadda - shafeeco) - qasriga macbudka Prince Vasily III. Qaraabo taariikhda dhismaha muddo dheer waxaa jiray khilaaf, laakiin cilmi baaris ugu dambeeyey waxaa taariikhaha 1510. Ka hor this, kiniisadda teendhadii ugu horeysay waxaa loo tixgeliyaa inay loosoo in Kolomenskoye (1532), waxa kale oo la dhisay isla amiirka weyn oo.

Sida xaqiiqada ah tanu waa masterpiece ugu weyn, laakiin ma aha kii ugu horreeyey ee. Labada macbudyo laga dhisay manors bannaan ee ka timi sida yar. Oo loosoo noqday taallo oo lagu sharfayo dhalashada walad - ka Ivana Groznogo weyn. Abuuraha reer galidoonaan la yaab leh in dejinta Alexander waxaa loo arkaa dhise ee Italy - New Aleviz, author of Church male ah, sidoo kale, ha ahaataba waa Talyaani - Petroc Yar.

St. Vasiliya Blazhennogo

Tan iyo markii ay tani tahay soo jiidashada weyn dalxiis ma aha oo kaliya in Moscow, laakiin dalka oo dhan, taas teendhada kaniisadaha u baahan tahay inaad u sheegto si faahfaahsan ugu badan ee suurtogalka ah. Kazan Khanate ka adkaadeen, oo waxaa la abuuray oo lagu sharfayo Taalladaas, ilaa maantadan la joogo waa calaamad u ah Russia, iyo Taalladaas ah unsurpassed ee naqshadaha. Cathedral ee shafeeco on Moat la dhisay lix sano (tan iyo 1555) ayaa si aan caadi ahayn u soo jeestay, xitaa ma on dunida u qurux badan. Markii hore, waxa ay ku yaaliin Church Trinity iyo jidad daafaca weheliyaan Kremlin, oo waxaa ka buuxsamay kaliya ee 1813. In ay meesha hadda waa necropolis iyo Gorod.

Kuwaas oo ahaa Vasiliy Blazhenny, aasay xaq u socda si ay Trinity Church on Square Cas? Moscow Tani whacky, cilmiga la siiyey hadiyadda ah clairvoyance, kaasoo saadaaliyay masiibooyinka badan, oo ay ku jiraan dab weyn ee 1547, markii la gubay ku dhowaad oo dhan Moscow. Xaggiisa Ivan Grozny qadarin iyo soo jiidasho badan ka baqay Vasiliya Blazhennogo, taas oo ah sababta ay isaga lagu aasay sharaf iyo kaalinta cas. Waxaa intaa dheer, tiro ka mid ah ugu dhakhsaha badan la dhigay macbudka, kuwaasi oo ay ka dib wareejiyo xoogga nacas clairvoyant, maxaa yeelay qabrigiisa, isla markiiba ka dib aaska bilaabay mucjisooyinka - qof ayaa ku bogsiiyey, arki, curyaanka ahaa oo socda, istaag curyaanka.

Oo ka mid ah sideedii guul

Kazan bilaabay ololaha, kaas oo ku dhamaaday guul markii ugu horeysay, sida caadiga Ruush ee ku yaala goobahan ayaa guuldarro ka dib markii guuldarro. Ivan Xun u sameeyey nidar - haddii Kazan dhici doonaan, gashaday Square Red waa macbudka grand ee xasuusta of guusha. Oo isna wuxuu Yaboohii gebi ahaanba.

dagaalku wuxuu ka dheer, iyo ka dib guul kasta oo hubka Ruush soo socda si Trinity Church waxaa la dhisay kaniisad yar yar oo lagu sharfayo weli kee maalintii ayaa ku soo beegantay iyadoo ay jaceeylka. Ka dib markii soo laabtay guul of Ivan Grozny, halkii sideed kaniisadaha cusub alwaax go'aansaday inuu ku riday dhagax weyn - ugu caansan in qarniyo fara badan.

warkii

oo kuwii ku dhisayna macbudka Beautiful kasbadeen sida tiro badan oo kala duwan oo ka mid ah sheekooyinka in la keeno wax kasta oo halkan waa uun suurto gal ahayn. Dhaqan ahaan, boqorka Ivan Xun ee laba sayid Barma iyo Postnik Yakovlev kiraystay. Dhab ahaantii waxa uu ahaa hal qof - Ivan Yakovlevich Barma by magaca, laakiin naaneeso si dhakhso ah. Waxaa jira legend ah in ka dib markii dhismaha oo ka mid ah injineero Qaranimo tiray si ay marnaba oo meel waa wax qurux badan Macbudkan ma dhisna. shuqullada Imisa of art of Sheeko this waa qoran tahay! Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ma aha.

Waxaa jira dokumentiyo, iyo ilaa xad tiro badan, ka dib markii Cathedral ee shafeeco ugu dhakhso dhisay Kremlin Kazan ah. Too waxay noqon kartaa qurux badan, laga yaabee, laakiin meel kale. Dabcan, ma sida St. Vasiliya Blazhennogo, oo waa mid gaar ah, laakiin sidoo kale shuqul weyn oo naqshadda dhismaha. Intaa waxaa dheer, waxaa la dareemay in gacanta dhismaha si dhakhso ah Cathedral ee Annunciation (Moscow Kremlin), waseeqeeyay Cathedral, St. Nicholas Church (Sviyazhsk - labadaba), kaasoo ah Church of St. Yooxanaa Baabtiisaha in Dyakovo. All macbudyo ka mid ah ayaa abuuray badan ka dib.