UralZIS- 355M: caddaymaha. Gaari xamuul ah. Ural Automobile Plant magacaabay ka dib markii Stalin

Taariikhyahanadu technology guriga rumaysan yahay in maalinta marka conveyor Miass gaari ka yimid ee la soo dhaafay UralZIS- 355M, dhammaaday xilligii of zis-5 trehtonki. Waxa uu "Zakhar Ivanovich," sida uu naaneeso by dadka. Taas oo inta lagu guda jiro dagaalka uu noqday halyeey. Haddaba maxaad? Xaqiiqada ah in 355M ahaa beddelid ugu dambeeyey ee caanka ah "Sahra" ah. Laakiin mishiinka, iyadoo jidka ag fadhida, waxa uu noqday horumarka aad loogu guulaystay oo si buuxda u madax banaan, cadaalad riixay in ay dib taariikhda baabuurta Soviet.

prehistory

In dayrta ee 1941, shirkadaha difaaca ee Moscow, waxaa ku dhex jirtay Factory Stalin ee (zis), ayaa la daadgureeyay bari ee dalka magaaladii: Ulyanovsk, Chabrovsk, Miass. November 30 sano oo isku mid, go'aanka waxaa loo sameeyey si degdeg ah Miass Factory №316 ee Guddiga Difaaca State (GKO), ku hawlan soo saarka ee bambooyin, diinta, iyo isticmaalaan qalabka wax soo saarka ee caasimadda ah ee dhismayaasha iyo dhismayaasha, in uu abaabulo wax soo saarka ee matoorada for baabuurta iyo isbaarooyinka gaashaaman.

Bishii Abriil 1942, hawlaha ay fuliyeen - warshad kasbadeen. Sannad ka dib, go'aanka ku saabsan T-biilasha, warshad Isbadal dib-u-sugayay - in cidhiidhi ah-inkii ee baabuurta soo saara. Wixii dhirta shirkan ka Ulyanovsk halkaas oo laga soo ururiyey trehtonki zis-5B lagu wareejiyay Miass. Laga soo bilaabo wixii ka dambeeyey, xoogga warshad cusub baabuur oo dhan diiradda on saarka ee baabuurta.

Ural "Zahar"

July 8, 1944 irdaha Warshadda yimid Ural ugu horeysay "Sahra" ah, laakiin magiciisa hoos - UralZIS- 5B.

peculiarity trehtonki Miass ahaa in marka la barbardhigo model Moscow ee gaariga fududaado oo ka jabnaado ilaa iyo xad. Si arrintan loo sameeyo, baalashooda ku tuntay leh qaab fekrado laga saaray qaabka adigoo meel ka mid ah welded T-qaabeeya. Inside qol Fiido clapboard. looxyada orodka Birta iyo qar wheel lagu badalay qoryo, qaybood dhoobo bir ah - on plywood, labada iftiin ee tagay oo kaliya bidix (darawalnimada). habka kuleyliyaha qol iyo daaqadaha albaabka hadda ma lagu rakibay. Nidaamka Biriigu wuu shaqeeyay keliya on dariiq dhexaad ka gadaal.

tallaabooyinka noocan oo kale ah u ogolaan mashiinka kasta si loo badbaadiyo 124 kg ee sheet bir in dagaal aad u muhiim ahaa. Intaa waxaa dheer, gargaarka ee mashiinka, wada jir ah ula ah 77-hooras engine zis-5m, kordhay dhaqdhaqaaqa ay 35%, iyo sidoo kale gaarigii Ural noqday dhaqaale in 10-16% la ZiSami Moscow ee marka la barbar dhigo.

Ma ilaa taariikhda

Ka dib markii soo laabtay Plant magacaabay ka dib markii Stalin ka qaxaan guryahooda, waaxda magaalada in uu sii horumariyo "Zakhar Ivanovich," laba siyaabood oo kala duwan tegey, ee Moscow zis-5 waxaa marka hore loo beddelaa zis-150, ka dibna si zis-164, iyo iyada oo loo marayo zis-164A (model dhexe ) ee zis-130. In uu yahay, horumarka socdo ahaa. In Miass aan weli soo ururiyey shinka zis-5B.

Waxa ay noqon doontaa cadaalad darro in la yidhaahdo in UralZIS- aan isku dayay in la hagaajiyo "Sahra". In 1947 Urals bilaabay horumarinta UralZIS- 353 - trehtonki la casriyeeyay. Shaqada sii waday ilaa 1951, laakiin waxaa jiray dhibaato beelaya: isku dayaya in ay ka takhalusaan, cab ah beryihii hore ee angular, samaynta ayaa la timaado doorasho ah in u muuqataa mid ah zis-150 ee, si kastaba ha ahaatee, si ay u sameeyaan wasakhahaasi ay wax soo saarka serial in xaaladaha hadda jira ay ahayd mid aad u adag. Sidaas darteed, shaqo mashruuc la hakiyey.

qiyaas ku meel gaar ah

Tan iyo mashiinka cusub ma shaqeeyaan si ay u dhamaystiraan, iyo zis-5 on oogay oo dhan waa dhacsan, waxaa la go'aamiyay in ay bilaabaan wax soo saarka si ku meelgaar ah, gaari xamuul ah oo ku calaamadsan UralZIS- 5m.

Dibadda, waxaa ficil ahaan kama duwana ah "Sahra", maxaa yeelay, gaariga ayaa weli la aasaasay qol jir-style, kaliya baalasheeda ayaa hadda soo koobay, qaabka fududeeyey, oo la mid ah ka mid ah in uu ahaa on baabuurta pre-dagaal. Laakiin gudaha gaari aan wax badan ka bedelay.

"Walxaha" New for gaari jir

First of dhan, ka dib u habaynta "Zahar" ayaa engine cusub, kaas oo la soo hagaagtay, kumbyuutarradeedu iyo madaxa dhululubo, pistons aluminium ku rakiban iyo carburetor cusub. Wadajir, taasi ka dhigtay in ay suurto gal tahay in la beddelo ratio riixo adoo ku kor inay 5.7 (hore waxa uu ahaa 4.6), ay sabab u tahay awood this kordhay engine ah (ka 76 85 l. C.) Oo hoos 7% ah ee ay gacanta ku isticmaalka shidaalka. xawaaraha sare ee mishiinka kordhay 10 km / h, oo hadda ahaa 70 km / h.

Sidoo kale gaari ay design fulin socodka miira saliid, kululeeyaha block engine, bixinta ugu horeysay engine bilaabi-up industry ee, xataa marka uu baraf hoos 20 digrii, marsho isteerinka cusub; taangiga shidaalka 110 litir; at 12 qulqul koranto, iyo tiro ka mid ah hagaajinta yar oo kale. By habka, ugu of tabo cusub ayaa loo qaaday la "353rd" khibrad leh.

Wax ka qabashada "353rd"

In 1956 wuxuu lahaa fursad ay kula UralZIS- 353 ka qaban in ay u guuraan, ugu dambeyntii, ka hal dhibic ka dhintay. Wakhtigan, Automobile Gorky ee Plant ayaa ka shaqeeya on the-GAZ 62. Markii hore, samaynta qorsheeyay this qaabka goofo gaari xamuul ah. Sidaa darteed, qol laftiisa uu ahaa version yar uqaabaynta of model ah ee GAZ 51. Laakiin ugu dhakhsaha badan la dayacay. Gorky go'aansaday in ay isticmaalaan qol ah, oo waxaa lagu qori lahaa on engine ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waayo, kolka hore, version ay diideen, stamps ay diyaar, iyo hadda, ma ay joogaan in baahida loo qabo.

AA Lipgart - Bauman University macallin, oo horay naqshadeeye sare ee gaaska, oo injineer Warshadda in Miass, ogyahay dhibaatooyinka Urals ah. Waxa uu ahaa kii kula taliyey horeba aan loo baahnayn ee stamps GAZ gudbiyo asxaabta at UralZIS-, wixii la sameeyey.

Car UralZIS- 355M

Iyada oo afku rubuciis cusub UralZIS- 353 oo helay Calaamadayn kale tiriyey - "355M". In kasta oo baabuur this waxaa loo tixgeliyaa inay horumar ah oo duq ah "Zakhar Ivanovich," dhab ahaantii taasuna waxay ahayd ficil model ah gaari xamuul ah oo cusub. Wheelbase hadhay dhowaad beddelin, i.e. la mid ah sida in of zis-5 (3842 mm), laakiin dhinacyada aasaasiga ah UralZIS- bedelay 355M, inta badan sabab u dheeraado jidhka madal 470 mm. Tan iyo Isbadal this waxaa sabab u ah awoodda kordhay load-sidday of mishiinka (ilaa 3-5 tons), iyo jidhka laftiisa, iyo sii kordhaya jiifku ay la xoojiyey waayo, sababtan aawadeed in la isticmaalo soo saaridda adag, iyo sidoo kale god oo ka adag. By habka, sida muuqata UralZIS- 355M, qol taas oo version yar loo beddeli of GAZ-51 ah, si wadajir ah ula jidhka cusub wuxuu u ekaa a koray ee size, "Lawn."

Casriyaynta of motor "355 th"

engine Updated of gaari xamuul ah uu ahaa sidoo kale dib u eegis weyn, samaynta ayaa waxa uu u adeegsaday in madaxa dhululubo qoyay furan maris kor u kacay, iyo hawo crankcase. Intaa waxaa dheer, profile a modified Cam ee Cam ah, hagaagtay nidaamka sifaynta iyo geliyo block dhululubo dalaka anti-daxalka ah. Dhajinta on seal saliid xaggiisa dambe crankshaft saarayso baxsiga oo saliid ah ka crankcase ku dhex dhalista ah in zis-5 lahaa dhibaato soo jireenka ah. hababka drive siyaada Horumarinta si weyn u dhimay qaylada inta lagu jiro hawlgalka engine. Guud ahaan, Update powertrain UralZIS- 355M hoos culeyska 30 kg.

isbedel kale oo lagu sameeyey design ee gaariga

gudbinta ayaa si weyn u soo hagaagtay packings sanduuqa walxahaas, loo isticmaalo xoojiyeen xafidaada clips, kaas oo waqti dheer-joojin marsho saddexaad, sida inta badan waa kiiska ee "Sohar". Intaas waxaa sii dheer, CPT ka badan si hufan xuddun marka la eego crankshaft engine ah.

Tudhin diinta iyo dhismaha buundooyinka UralZIS- 355M. Ka hor waxaa la xoojiyay unit pivot, iyo sidoo kale isticmaali dufan shopping ah. Sababo la xaqiiqada ah in gaari cusub ayaa kor u kacay track wheel hore, dogobka ishaada dariiq dhexaad cross ayaa sidoo kale noqon mar dambe. At dariiq dhexaad ka gadaal, waa constructors ah taasoo keentay dhigay reducer faa'iidada iyo maqaarka hoostiisa geerka dhinaca iyo beddelo koob oo kala duwan in lays.

ganaax hore la sameeyo qaab ah ilo caleen elongated la absorber lama filaan ah, taas oo ka dhigtay in ay soo jiidasho leh oo jilicsan. Rear, on lid ku ah, ayaa noqday adag ay sabab u tahay tirada korodhay go'yaal cross-qaybta podressornikov.

Si loo hagaajiyo dhaqaajinta ee gaariga, waxaa dhigaya hab cusub shukaanta la kinematics fududeeyey iyo ratio marsho ah 20.5: 1 (v zis-5, waxay ahayd 15.9: 1).

Intaa waxaa dheer, UralZIS- 355M isticmaalo hal silig nidaamka 12-volt casriga ah, dhigay Front iyo button biiro foot-baydalka iftiinka (fog-dhow), xakamaysada Relay la tilmaamayaasha jihada. Waayo, serviceability habeenkii hoos laambad Dhuunta rakiban. Intaa waxaa dheer, guddiga qalab ayaa la casriyeeyay, oo waxaa jiray nalal saqafka qol ka.

A gaari patency wanaagsan bixisaa ansixin soo kordha, kaas oo la isku aadiyo xaglo entry-bixidda (44 digrii - hore, 27.5 - gadaal), iyo sifooyinka kala jar ah engine wanaagsanaaday.

UralZIS- 355M: farsamada khaaska

Oo waxay ahaayeen sida soo socota:

• Wheel formula - 4x2.
• Cabirka - 6290 mm x 2280 mm x 2095 mm.
• Ground Safeeynta - 26.2 mm.
• Wheelbase: gadaal - 1.675 mm, Front - 1611 mm.
• gacan ka mid ah rogista cajaladda (external) - 8.3 mitir.
• miisaanka Gross - 7050 kg.
• Xakameeyo miisaanka - 3400 kg.
• Payload UralZIS- 355M - 3500 kg.
• awood Engine - 95 l / s.
• awoodda taangiga shidaalka - 110 litir.
• Isticmaalka baatrool - 24 litir / 100 km.
• xawaaraha ugu badan - 75 km / h.

wax soo saarka Serial gaariga cusub

In kasta oo xaqiiqda ah in UralZIS- 355M dheer isku dayay in lagu rido-soo-saarka, asal ahaan waxaa la qorsheeyey in la sii daayo hal sano oo keliya (1959), ka dibna kaliya si ay qiil oo dhan hore maalgeliyeen ay kukacayaan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, model ah uma uu dayn line kiniisadda muddo toddobo sano ah, sababta ugu weynina qiimeynta macaamiisha sare.

Intaa waxaa dheer, design ee gaariga xilliyo ku daray xoogaa horumar ah, sannadkii 1959 - darafta cardan birta qiime lagu bedelay la dhalista ah irbad, 1960 - in ganaax hore halkii ka absorbers lama filaan ah lever dhacsan ku adkeeyey fiican - telescopic, 1961 - hawo crankcase Waxa uu noqday xiran.

Inkastoo tiro badan horumar loo qasdin, muuqaalka kore ee mashiinka ku hadhay isku mid, marka laga reebo in la beddelo Looxii waayay gaabiyay "zis", oo haatan waxaa iyada u ekaa - "UralAZ". In kasta oo ka mid ah darawallada taraagyada weli "Zahar," haddii kale waxaa la odhan jiray "Urals".

Beddelka "Urals"

Warshadda ayaa soo saaray cusub, inkasta oo ay run tahay in la yidhaahdo, a "Sahra" cusub, in laba nooc: UralZIS- 355M - guddiga, iyo tan labaad - kaliya jiifku ah, kaas oo inta badan la isticmaalo hoos taangiga.

Tan iyo "Uralets" asiibi mass flatbed semi-ka rasmiga ah noqon karaa shan tons, iyo dakhliga dhabta ah iyo sagaal, ka dibna baabuur this waxaa badanaa loo isticmaalaa sida cagaf is a.

Sidoo kale in dalabka sidoo kale wuxuu ahaa UralZIS- 355M - alwaax, trailer - diridda. Waxa intaa dheer in dhammaan ee kor ku xusan, jiifku ay 'Sahra' waxaa loo isticmaalay sida mashiinada ah waraabinta, basaska, taangiyada assenizatorskaya, saldhigyada kombaresarada. In 1958 Urals la sii daayay taasoo ah kulli-wheel version drive ee xamuul ah, si kastaba ha ahaatee, mashiinada xisbiga ahaa mid aad u yar yar oo inta badan version Tipper ah.

In 1960 ee Kazakhstan ku saleysan ururiyay baska UralZIS- 355M leh 40 kursi, iyo nooca baabuur-ka. Marka la soo koobo, baabuur ka miasstsev soo baxday in aad u guulaystay, inkastoo xaqiiqda ah in ay jirto keliya wax ka beddelid ka mid ah da 'zis-5 trehtonki.

Si meesha aad rabto

wax soo saarka 355 sano serial kowaad beegantay horumarinta dalalka bikrad iyo dibtaagta, sidaas gaariga inta badan u diray inay Siberia, Bariga Fog, iyo sidoo kale in Kazakhstan. In qayb ka mid ah bartamaha iyo galbeedka USSR ee gaariga loo dhiibay tiro yar. In 1962, xisbiga ee baabuurta ee version dhoofinta loo diray Afghanistan iyo Finland.

Total warshad gaari soo saaray 192 kun oo ka mid ah mashiinada kuwan. By heerarka wax soo saarka mass of tiro yar, si kastaba ha ahaatee gaariga ayaa laftiisa la aasaasay sida dayactirka yar yahay a, mashiinka heer sare ah oo lagu kalsoonaan karo iyo mid xoogan, iyadoo weyn, sida ay heerarka, capacity ah. Inkastoo qoraalka ee TTX 3.5 tons, gaar ahaan iyada oo aan soo riixdo, oo iyana waxay ahayd siday, iyo shan tan oo xamuul. Drivers iyada iyo horumar la barbardhigo jecel yahay, maxaa yeelay, mar in yar oo xamuul ah oo ku faani karta joogitaanka kululeeyaha cab ah. ganaax Haa, oo si guul ah laga soo ururiyey iyo engine la jar wanaagsan ogolaan darawalka si ay u dareemaan kalsooni xad, xataa waddada aad u xun.

Guud ahaan, UralZIS- 355M, in kastoo aan halyeey ka noqday ee warshadaha ee baabuurka Soviet, si kastaba ha ahaatee, doorka istareexsan ee tixraaca, isku halaynta iyo xog si fiican u qalmi kartaa. Aan waxba maxaa yeelay, mishiinka loo diray in ay ka shaqeeyaan ugu adag ee la isugu shabahay gobolada dalka.

baabuurta la soo dhaafay xariiqda shirka shirkadu 16 October ka, 1965 ka. On maanta, Zaman ee "Zakhar Ivanovich" dhamaaday.

Illaa iyo hadda xaalad badan ama ka yar u wanaagsan hadhay oo kaliya oo ku saabsan labaatan baabuur, ka dibna, wax badan oo ka mid ah ay awood u gaar ah in ay u guuraan ma aha ee gobolka, iyo in la dayactiro iyaga suurtogal ma aha. Oo dadkii oo dhammu, waayo, qaybo ka mid ah aan la heli karin on engine ah. Dabcan, rag saaniciin ah qaar ka mid ah ay weli u suurtagashay in ay ku rakibi daboosho of ZIL engine laakiin asalnimada iyo qiimaha gaariga lumay.