Taas oo qayb ka helay by Rutherford? waayo-aragnimo hore iyo circuit Rutherford

Ernest Rutherford - Saynisyahan cajiib ah oo uu ka dhigay qaar ka mid ah helay run ahaantii weyn ee chemistry iyo physics. Waa maxay guusha ah u soo jeestay physics Jid cusub oo horumarineed? Taas oo qayb ka helay by Rutherford? Details oo ka mid ah taariikh nololeedka iyo waxqabadka scientific ah cilmibaadhayaasha ka helay ka dib in this article.

Bilowgii safar nolosha

Biography Rutherford bilaabmaa magaalada yar ee Spring Grove ee New Zealand. Waxaa in 1871 oo qoyska ka mid ah soo galootiga iyo ku dhashay ee jirka dadka iyo cilmiga. Aabbihiis, tababaraha reer Scotland u dhashay, waxay ahayd sayidkayga ah qoryo iyo wuxuu lahaa oo uu shirkad gaar ah. Rutherford waxaa waxtar u leh xirfadaha shaqada dhismaha ku xiga ka faa'iiday.

The guulaha ugu horeysay horeba ka dhacaya dugsiga, halkaas oo ay tababar ku fiican uu ka helay deeq waxbarasho kulliyad. Ernest Rutherford marka hore ka diiwaan gashan kuliyadaha, Nelson, markaas aado Canterbury. Haysashada xasuusta wanaagsan iyo aqoonta cajiib ah, waa sicad uga duwan ardayda kale.

Rutherford heshay abaalmarinta ah ee xisaabta, sayniska qoray warqad ugu horeeyay ee ku physics ee "bir magnetised at Jannooyinka sare." In la xidhiidha shaqada, ayuu abuurtay mid ka mid ah aaladaha ugu horeysay ee lagu ogaan karo hirarka magnetic.

In 1895, jirka, farmashiyaha, Rutherford ku dooday la Maclaurin hanti of scholarships magacaabay ka dib markii Exhibition Adduunka. By soo beegay, soo horjeeda diido abaalmarinta, iyo Rutherford siiyaa fursad fiican oo aan horyaalka dunida sayniska. Wuxuu u tegey inuu England ee shaybaadhka Kavendishevskuyu iyo helitaanka PhD ka yar jihada Dzhozefa Tomsona.

shuqullada Sayniska iyo guulihii

Imaanshaha ee England, ardayga oo kali ah ka maqan deeqo waxbarasho siiyay. Waxa uu bilaabo si ay u helaan macalin. Agaasimaha Sayniska ee Rutherford mar waxa uu sheegay in fursad wayn, oo qalad lahayn. Daraasad physics Thomson jeediyay ionization gaaska dhallinyarada by X-rays. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, saynisyahano waxay soo ogaadeen in marka ay taasi dhacdo ugub robab hadda.

Ka dib markii si guul leh Thomson ka shaqeeya, ayuu bogasho waxbarasho ee rays Becquerel, taasi oo markii dambe Marie Curie wac shucaaca. Inta lagu jiro wakhtigan wuxuu ka sameeyey daahfurka ugu horeysay shaaca ka qaaday muhiim jiritaanka qayb hore oo aan la garaneyn, waxbarashada sifooyinka uranium iyo thorium.

Later uu noqday professor a at the University of Montreal. Oo ay la socdaan Frederikom Soddi saynisyahan a dhigeysa weeraryahanka fikradda ah ekaysiinaya canaasiirta ee geedi socodka ee bololka. Isla mar ahaantaana, Rutherford qoray waraaqaha sayniska "shucaaca" iyo "transformations shucaacyada" in keeni waayo isaga oo warkiisiina wuxuu gaadhay. Wuxuu noqonayaa xubin ka mid ah Society Royal ah, kii ayaa loo horyaalka ah ku abtirsan.

Inta lagu guda jiro daraasadda suuska ee canaasiirta radioactive ee 1908, Ernest Rutherford waxaa la guddoonsiiyey abaalmarinta Nobel Prize. Sayniska furay thorium burqadaan transmutation element faux by bililiqaysanaya nuclei nitrogen qoraal ah saddex muda shuqullada. Mid ka mid ah guulihii ugu muhiimsan ee ay uu abuuray ee model ah xuduntii qaaradda.

Taas oo qayb ka helay by Rutherford?

In daraasadda ee shucaaca, Rutherford aha kii ugu horreeyey ee. oo isaga ka horreeyey, goobtan waxaa si firfircoon uga guuleysto jirka Becquerel iyo Curies ah. Markaasaa arrin ku shucaaca la helay dhawaan kaliya, iyo tamar waxaa loo tixgeliyaa ilo dibadda. Si taxaddar leh waxbarashada cusbada uranium ah, iyo xoolahoodii, Rutherford ogaaday in rays ku helay by Becquerel waa Nuurre Aw.

Tijaabada bireed Rutherford muujisay in ray shucaaca waxaa loo qaybiyaa dhowr socodka walxaha. Mid ka mid ah durdur awoodo si uu u nuugo aliminiyum ah, mid kalena ma dhex mari laga yaabaa. Mid kasta oo iyaga ka mid ah - hannaanka ka mid ah xubno ka yar oo lagu magacaabo Alfa aqoonyahan iyo Qurub beta ama rays. Laba sano ka dib, Villard France helay nooc ka mid saddexaad ee rays in soo socda tusaale ahaan ka mid ah Rutherford yeedhay rays gamma.

Taas oo qayb ka helay by Rutherford, saamayn aad u weyn oo ku saabsan horumarinta physics nuclear. Waxaa horumar degdeg ah oo cadeeyay in tamarta ka timaada ee atamka uranium aad waxaa la sameeyaa. Qurub Alpha waxaa lagu qeexaa atamka helium sida wanaagsan lagu eedeeyay, Qurub beta waa electrons. Fur qayb gamma dambe - waa shucaaca electromagnetic.

suuska radioactive

daahfurka Rutherford ayaa siiyey kici ma aha oo kaliya in ay sayniska jirka, laakiin sidoo kale isaga qudhiisu in. Wuxuu sii wadaan in ay wax ka barato shucaaca ee Jaamacadda Montreal ee Kanada. At farmashiyaha Soddy ay sameeyaa taxane ah oo tijaabo taasi oo ka kaas oo la ogaado in isbedelka la eb inta lagu guda jiro warshadu hawada ku of Qurub ay.

Like alchemists Dr Makumbe, saynisyahano badalo uranium galay hogaanka, faham soo socda. Sayidka waxaa la ogaadey suuska shucaaca. Sharciga sida uu taas oo ay jirto suuska, Rezerfor iyo Soddy tilmaamay in qoraalladii "transformations shucaaca" iyo "Daraasad la barbar dhigo shucaaca ee radium iyo thorium."

Cilmi ogaado tiirsanaanta ee heerka suuska of tirada atamka radioactive ee tijaabada ah, iyo sidoo kale markii ugu tagey. Waxaa la xusay in muddo hawlaha suuska aheyn hoos. Waayo, walax kasta, waqtiga loo baahan yahay. Iyada oo ku saleysan heerka of suuska Rutherford ahaa awoodaan in ay habeeyaan mabda'a bar-nolosha.

Habka Planetary eb ah

Bilowga ee qarnigii XX ee uu sameeyay tijaabo badan inaad wax ka barato nooca atamka iyo shucaaca. Rutherford iyo Alfa furan, beta iyo gamma rays Villars, iyo Dzhozef Tomson, markeeda, fureysaa electron ah. Waxaa cabiraya saamiga la'aan in mass of electron ah, oo Xaqiijiyay in walxaha waa la eb qayb ka mid ah.

Iyadoo uu sal u furay Thomson abuuraa model ah oo la eb ee. saynisyahan waxay aaminsan tahay in dambaysta ah uu leeyahay qaab goobaabin, dusha oo dhan ka qayb caadi ah si togan ku amray. Inside kubada waxaa si xun u eedeeyay electrons.

A dhowr sano ka dib, Rutherford ku gacansaydhay aragti ah ee uu macalinka. Waxa uu ku dooday in la eb leeyahay xuduntii ah, kaas oo si wanaagsan lagu soo eedeeyay. Oo waxaa ku wareegsan sida meerayaasha ku wareegsan qorraxda, electrons mareeg ka yar tallaabada ciidamada Coulomb.

waayo-aragnimo Wadista Rutherford

Rutherford ahaa experimenter aad u fiican. Sidaa darteed, su'aalo model Thomson ka, wuxuu go'aansaday inuu u siman diidaan. Thomson eb waa in ay eegaan sida daruur spherical ee electrons. Markaas qurubyada alfa waa in si xor ah ku dhex mareen bireed.

Waayo, tijaabo ah, Rutherford dhisay qalab ka sanduuq hogaanka la god yar, taas oo waxaa jiray wax shucaac ah. Box nuuga qurubyada alfa jiho kasta, marka laga reebo meesha godka waa. Sayidka abuuray socodka walxaha jiho. Ka hor ahaayeen dhowr screens hogaanka la furan haadiyo soo baxay qayb ka ah in laga daayo koorsada loo dejiyay.

Waxaa cad diiradda ray Alfa dhex caqabadaha oo dhan in uu joogsadey, cinwaanka in warqad aad u dhuuban ee bireed dahab. iyada Behind ahaa screen phosphor ah. la xiriir kasta oo qayb ka ah waxaa la diiwaan geliyay oo ah qaab flash. Sidaas waxa uu ahaa suurto gal ah inuu xukumo weecasho ee qayb ka ah ka dib markii uu marayay bireed.

Waxa la yaab leh oo aad u Rutherford, Qurub badan ayaa kubad xagal weyn, qaar ka mid ah xitaa 180 digrii. Tani waxay awood u saynisyahan ah in loo qaato in miisaanka koowaad qaaradda ee arrinta adag dhexdeeda taas oo markii dambe waxaa la odhan jiray xabbad yaruna.

Wadista khibrad Rutherford:

model dhaleeceyn

model nuclear Rutherford ee hore dhaleeceeyey, maxaa yeelay, aan waafaqsanayn shuruucda electrodynamics classical. Fur, electrons waa badbaadin tamarta iyo dhaadheer hirarka electromagnetic, laakiin tani ma dhici karto, oo halkan ay ku nastaan. Xaaladdan oo kale, electrons waa dhici on xudunta u ah, oo aan iilan isaga ku wareegsan.

Si loo fahmo this ifafaale in Niels Bohr dhacay. Wuxuu sidoo kale dhigayaa in electron kasta wuxuu leeyahay idiinna gaar ah. Iyadoo electron waxaa ku, waxa aanu radiate tamarta, laakiin waxa uu la dedejiyey. Sayniska soo bandhigay fikradda ah quanta - qaybo ka mid ah tamarta kaas oo la sii daayay markii electrons waxaa lagu wareejiyay falagiisuu kale.

Sayidka, Niels Bohr ahaa mid ka mid ah aasaasayaasha laan cusub ee sayniska - physics galmada. saxnimada of model Rutherford ayaa cadeeyay. Sidaas darteed, fikradda guud ee arrinta iyo dhaqdhaqaaq ayaa gabi ahaanba beddelay. model A waxaa mararka qaarkood loo yaqaan boron ku eb-Rutherford.

xaqiiqooyinka Interesting ku saabsan cilmiga

Nobel Prize Ernest Rutherford ayaa la hor dhigay guusha ugu muhiimsan ee uu noloshiisa - ban xuduntii qaaradda iyo aasaasay model ah Planetary eb ah.

daahfurka cajiib Rutherford keentay in soo bixitaanka of laan cusub oo daraasad dhismeedka xuduntii qaaradda. Waxaa la odhan jiray physics ee nuclear ama nuclear.

jirka yeelan lahayd cilmi ma aha oo kaliya, laakiin sidoo kale wax ku barayay talent. Laba iyo toban ka mid ah ardayda waxay ahaayeen guuleysatay ee physics iyo kimistari Nobel Prize. iyaga ka mid ah, Frederick Soddy, Genri Mozli, Otto Hahn, iyo shakhsiyaad kale oo si fiican u yaqaan.

Waxbarashada inta badan u sabab ah helitaanka nitrogen waa khalad ahaa. Ka dib oo dhan, taasi oo caan ah Rutherford kala yara duwan yihiin. Gas furay botanist iyo farmashiyaha Daniel Rutherford, kuwaas oo ku noolaa qarnigii ka hor jirka ka Gaalowday.

gunaanad

saynisyahan British Ernest Rutherford noqday ka mid asxaabta ka dhaxleen waayo tijaabo caan ah. In ka badan Meyeydaan, saynisyahan a ayaa wax badan oo waayo-aragnimo uu marayo taas oo ahayd awood u furo qayb ka Alfa iyo beta, si loo qorsheeyo sharciga suuska iyo badh-nolosha, horumarinta model ah Planetary eb ah. oo isaga ka horreeyey, waxa la rumeysan yahay in il tamar waa dibadda. Laakiin ka dib markii dunida sayniska bartay waxa qayb ka helay by Rutherford, physicists fikirradoodii beddeleen. saynisyahan guulaha caawiyay dhigi guulo waawayn ka horumarinta physics iyo kimistari, iyo sidoo kale qeyb ka ah ee warshadaha sida physics nuclear.