Qashinka heerka halista 1-4: hoy iyo isticmaalka

Qashinka 1 - 4 fasal khatarta si ay u ilaaliyaan labada deegaanka iyo dadka iyo xoolaha waa in si fiican loo kaydiyaa iyo amro. Dhammaan alaabta in ay leeyihiin saamayn taban ku leh hannaanka deegaameed, qaybsan yihiin 5 fasalada, laakiin ugu khatarsan yihiin afarta ugu horeysay, sida shanaad ka kooban tahay qalabka in mar kale dib loo isticmaali karaa.

fasalka 5

fasalka waxa uu heerka ugu hooseeya ee halista. Inta badan, waxaan ka hadleynaa ah qashinka guriga weyn yimaa-: alaabta jir iyo wax, wax soo saarka ee caag ama dhalooyinka, warqadaha iyo qashinka cuntada sameeyey.

fasalka 4

Qashinka 1 - 4 fasal khatar waxaa loo kala saaraa sida uu heerka uu gaadhista. Fasalka 4 kaliya waxaa ka mid ah waxyaabaha in ay yihiin khatar yar yahay deegaanka. dhaawac Repair ka dhib sida noqon kartaa in saddex sannadood. Marka laga reebo qashinka weyn, kooxdan ayaa sidoo kale ka mid ah qashinka dhismaha: hadhaagii leben, burbur, bir, dhalooyinka jabay, qoryo loo baahnayn.

fasalka waxaa ka mid ah, iyo cuntooyinka dufan leh muuqda oo sabab u ah dhismaha ceelasha iyo horumarinta duurka. Asturidda qashinka heerka halista 4, gaar ahaan kuwa taas oo ay jirto saliid, waa inay u hoggaansamaan qawaaniinta sharciga ah.

fasalka 3

heerka halista Tan waxaa loo xilsaaray in ay wax soo saarka iyo qalabka waxyeeli deegaanka. Recovery ahaataa oo ku saabsan 10 sano. class Tani waa la aqbalaa in qashinka dhismaha, qashinka-soo-saarka ee foomka of qalab khaldan, rays caag, saliidaha ujeedooyin kala duwan, acids iyo alkalis. source of wasakhda kiiskan yihiin goobaha dhismaha, oo ay ku jiraan goobaha dhismaha taalo, dhirta warshadaha.

2 fasalka

Qashinka halista ah 1 - 4 fasalada faa'iideysan wakhti dheer - ugu yaraan saddex sano. khatarta sare ee loo xilsaaray in ay alaabta, waxyaabaha ay leeyihiin fasalka labaad. qashinka Kuwanu waa inuu bedelo hoganaya ee hannaanka awood, iyo qaadan lahaa ugu yaraan 30 sano oo dib u soo celinta dhulalka wasakhaysan. Si fasalka this iska leh wax soo saarka ee dhirta waxyeello, qalab ayaa la dumiyey, walxuhu kiimikada - saliid, alkalis, acids. source of faddarayn waa shirkadaha warshadaha. In fasalka labaad ee khatar iyo waxaa ka mid ah baytariyada, taas oo keeni dhaawac la hagaajin deegaanka sabab u ah sumowga acid iyo waxa rasaasta. ururinta qashinka, sida ay xeerarka, waa in la dili weel u gaar ah.

fasalka 1

Tani waa walxaha ah waxyeelo aad u halis badan, joogitaanka kaas ee dabiiciga ah waxay keeni kartaa cawaaqib naxdin iyo baabba 'waa macquul inuu ka soo kabsado. Kooxdan waxaa ka mid ah qashinka warshadaha. unugyada Galvanic, heerkulka, laambad mercury ama dhaadheer ku salaysan alaabtii kala duwan - oo dhan sidan 1 fasalka halis. Liiska waxa ku jira ugu horreeya oo dhan alaabta mercury-ka kooban, maxaa yeelay, biraha la shubay waa si degdeg ah lagu sii daayo deegaanka oo keeni karo dhib hagaajin karin in hannaanka deegaameed.

Shuruudaha sharciga ay sheegayaan in fasalka koowaad ee qashinka waa in la si gooni gooni ah laga soo ururiyey waxyaabaha kale ee baakada gaar ah. Sida caadiga ah, waxaa la abuuray biraha galvanized, tan iyo qashinka aan dib loo isticmaali karo. Asturidda qashinka halista fasalka 1, gaar ahaan mercury iyo walxaha iyo sunta shucaaca waa la fuliyay oo kaliya iyadoo la isticmaalayo qalab gaar ah. Geedi socodka laftiisa waa la fuliyay by hab oo kala duwan: keenidda, tamarta microwave ama lagu badbaadinayo in meelha gaarka ah. A hab dhaqameed ku gubanayso, tusaale ahaan, kaliya sii sadhayn deegaanka.

Sida loo yareeyo khatarta arrimo?

Sida aan ku sheegay, qashinka 1 - 4 fasal ee khatarta keeni karaa dhaawac la hagaajin ku ah deegaanka. nidaamka xakamaynta gaar ah A this si looga hortago in ka dhacaya, qotomiyey, jidaynayey ugu badnaan si loo farsameeyo qashinka iyo sii wadaan in ay u isticmaalaan. Inta badan wadamada, iyo in Russia gaar ahaan, ayaa ansixiyay sharciga, sida laga soo xigtay oo qashinka waa in la hoos geliyey in ay:

• warshadaynta,
• processing,
• isticmaali.

Hababka loo qubo: gubista

Qashinka 1 - 4 fasalka inta badan waxa lagu sameeyaa by kaydinta ama gubasho. Habka koowaad waa qub caadiga ah, si kastaba ha ahaatee, si loo yareeyo waxyeellada dabeecadda waxaa lagu abaabulay on ciidda dhoobo in engejiyaa geosynthetics kala duwan ah. Ay hawl - si looga hortago baxsiga walxaha halista ah deegaanka.

Gubista - waa inay awoodaan inay yareeyaan tirada in meelha, laakiin habka tani waa qiiqa khatar ah waxyaabo waxyeello leh. Haddii aad rabto in aad si loo yareeyo khasaaraha deegaanka, waxyaabaha la dumiyo in dhirta la gubaayo, kuwaas oo ku qalabaysan nidaamka saabsanaa isdaahirinta hawada multi-yada ah.

Qashinka 1 - 4 fasal halis in aan dib loo isticmaali karo iyo sida loo isticmaalo mustaqbalka, taas oo aan la gubay karo waa in la aasay. Marka aad la abuuro repositories ah qaababka dhulka loo isticmaalo taangiyada - dhagax adag, basalt, gypsum, laakiin ay dhacdo in this waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in la xasuusto xaaladaha qaar ka mid ah.

1. Lakab waa in ay ahaadaan biyuhu, iyo qaybaha biyo-dhalista waa in la hoose kaalinta.
2. Waa waajib lahayo ku kaas oo laga yaabo inuu keenay xiirid sarkhaansan yihiin arrimo kala duwan.

Haddii aad isticmaasho qashin dhulka hoostiisa qashinka, ka dibna waxaa la sameeyaa iyadoo la isticmaalayo weelal gaar ah.

Qubo alaabta halista ah

Asturidda qashinka halista fasalka 1 - qiyaas halis ah. Tusaale ahaan, waxaa idiin roon tahay in ay ku kaydiso walxaha qarxa ee taangiyada dhulka hoostiisa gaar ah u leeyihiin in ay buuxiyaan shuruudaha sare.

1. Qashinka kaalinta at Tarah, kuwaas oo ay u adkeysan load kala duwan awood u yeelan doonaan - hadda lama filaan ah si farsamaysan.
2. walxaha Saarid ka khadadka korontada iska roona.
3. Waa dhaqmayo khasab ah ee kaydinta heerkulka hooseeya iyo sadha in qashinka laga isdhexgalka kiimikada leh qaybaha haray ilaaliyo.

Ama waxaa dib?

maareynta qashinka ah mid qasan oo keliya u baahan tahay inaad xalliso iyo ururinta gaar ah. Laakiin waa xal ugu buuxa dhibaatada. Qaar badan oo qashinka 1 - 3 fasal oo ah khatar arrin habboon dib u isticmaal. Waxaan ka hadleynaa balaastigga, batariyo, saxarka in nooc kasta oo ay. Dabcan, habkan u baahan tahay maalgelin dhaqaale oo weyn, taas oo aan samayn joogay dalalka Yurub, laakiin in Russia habkan looma isticmaalo sidii ay marar badan ma shirkad kasta ka heli kartaa habka qashin-saarka.

Sidee si ay ula sunta yeeleysaa?

Qashinka halista ah 1 - 4 fasal, kuwaas oo ka kooban sunta, inta badan Kipury by hababka kaamerada. Waxay waxaa jiray wax badan.

• qayilo Liquid-waji waxaa loo isticmaalaa asturidda qashinka in wajiga dareere ah iyo precipitates oo ku jira biyaha daata ee. Habka ay ku lug leedahay ka shaqeeya heerkulka gaar ah iyo cadaadis, lagu gartaa khasaaraha tamarta laga samri karo, laakiin inta lagu jiro geedi socodka on kululaynta miridhkeeda dusha laga sameeyey, oo tanuna waa khasaare ugu weyn.
• catalysis Nuurre Aw. Waxaa la isticmaali karaa marka loo baahan yahay in ay uga takhalusi lahaayeen qashinka warshadaha ee waji gaseous ama dareere.
• Pyrolysis, taas oo oksidheeyeyaal ah ama qalalan. pyrolysis murqo - waa kala daatay ee kaamerada mid ah waxyaabaha kiimikada waxyeello, marka la gubaa ama qayb ahaan, ama xiriir la waxyaabaha ka dhalanaya ka sari ee shidaalka. Waa hab fiican ee uu daaalo wado, bacyaal, saliidaha, nijaasta ahaa shidaalka. Marka alaabta pyrolysis qalalan cawisa thermally laakiin aan ogsijiin. Sababo la xiriira tayada sare iyo non-qashinka, technology waa in baahida weyn.
• Gasification - hab kale ee dib u warshadaynta. Faa'iidada ee habkan waa in la sameeyey intii lagu guda jiray gaasas guban loo isticmaali karaa sida shidaalka, oo dumin kara - sida feedstock kiimikada.
• plasma-kulka Low. Farsamadan waa muhiim marka aad rabto in aad ku tuurin qashin sun ah.

qashinka kiimikada

Si ka mid ah qashinka kiimikada waxyeello halis fasalka 1, liiska oo ay ku jiraan sulfate magnesium, xeryahooda zinc, phosphates. Guud ahaan, meelaha cidlada ah, kuwaas oo dhab ahaan ku natiijo ahaan geedi socodka sabeynta ee ka mid ah kobcinta macdanta la amines. Haddii ciidda this helo galay jidhka, waxaa jiri kara dhibaatooyin la xiriira weelashii hawomareenno iyo dhiig.

The ugu waxyeelada ka kooban qashinka, kuwaas oo ka kooban mercury iyo xeryahooda ay, chloride mercuric, midabyo cyanide potassium. Haddii qof uu si lama filaan ah ku sumoobay walxaha kuwan, nidaamka oo dhan neerfaha, kelyaha dhici karta in uu la dhacay qaab ciyaareedka, sida natiijo ah - dhimashada. Taasi waa sababta qashinka (4 fasal khatar ku jiraan) - habka masuul ka.

Maxay tahay sababta aan u baahan tahay baasaboor?

Qashinka fasalka kasta oo halis loo baahan yahay horumarinta baasaboor, kaas oo ku salaysan yahay tiro ka mid ah waraaqaha. Haddii baasaboor tani ma aha, shirkadda ayaa wajahaya ganaax badan, marka lagu daro, hawlihiisa waa la hakin kara. Xaqiiqada ah in maqnaanshaha dokumentigan waxaa loo tixgeliyaa sida xadgudub ku ah amniga deegaanka deegaanka. Dejinta baasaboor ku lug leedahay dhowr marxaladood - ka gocashada dhaqdhaqaaqyada dhaqaale in laboratories cilmi iyo xisaab gaar ah oo heerka halista qashinka.

natiijooyinka

Recycling qashinka - arrin walwal saynisyahano adduunka oo dhan in ka badan hal Qarni. Dhibatooyinka in aan la horumariyo hab midaysan si ay wax soo saarka warshadaha, weliba ma dal kasta oo ogaaday in qashinka warshadaha dib loo isticmaali karaa. Dabcan, waxaa jira qalab cusub, habab iyo qalab ogolaada in ugu yaraan wax yar si loo hagaajiyo xaaladda lafaguro oo casri ah, laakiin la'aanta ah ee lacag hirgelinta mashaariicda sida abuurtaa halis ku ah aadanaha.