"Midowga Saddex boqorada ah": rasmi ahaan ama u baahan tahay siyaasadda dibadda?

Dhammaadkii qarnigii sagaal iyo tobnaad ee Europe ayaa lagu calaamadeeyay by isbeddel gobolka-dhuleed iyo geopolitical weyn, iyadoo ay sabab u guuldaradii ee France by Prussia kacay ballaaran iyo awood Jarmal Empire, taagta daran noqday Boqortooyadii Cismaaniyadda, oo weli heysatay ka haystaa dalka badan. Dhammaan cunsurradan waxa ay ku dhiiri Russia si ay u raadiyaan sidii ay ku xoojiso booska saaxadda caalamka. Mid ka mid ah cawaaqibkii ay cilmi ahaa abuuridda oo ka mid ah "Midowga boqorada Saddex ka".

Europe by dhammaadkii qarnigii XIX ah

Dhacdooyinka of saddexaad ee la soo dhaafay qarnigii sagaal iyo tobnaad, keenay in siyaasadda dibadda ee Empire Ruush ah, walwal waxaa si joogto ah si ay u nabadgalaan iyo saamaynta. Ka dib guuldaradii in dagaalkii Crimean ah, dalkuba fogeeyay a siyaasadda weyn Yurub oo diiradda lagu saaray xalinta dhibaatooyinka qoyska. Waxaa iminka natiijooyin - si tartiib ah kor u kacay ay muruqa dhaqaale iyo military. Laakiin horjeeda ma aha hurda. Sidaas darteed of Franco-Prussian War deg deg ah, France ku meel gaar ah iska daayeen inay jiraan sidii gobolka ee xoog iyo saameyn, iyo Russia ahaa on xuduudaha galbeedka ay waxbarashada awood iyo dagaal - Empire Jarmal ah. Xaqiiqda tilmaamay suurtagalnimada of formation of isbahaysiga Austro-Jarmal, taas oo sii murjin kara xaaladda dalka. Xukuumadda Alexander II ahaa ogyahay hanjabaad this. Isku dayga in ay ka fogaadaan, diblomaasiyadda Ruush ayaa sameeyay hawl xumad. la-talinta Active-geesoodka ah ee wasiirada arimaha dibada iyo ciqaab isu tusay dunida ah "Midowga boqorada Saddex ka", 1873.

Shuruudaha heshiiska iyo nuxurka

Sidaas daraaddeed, si rasmi ah Russia, Germany iyo Empire Austro-Hungarian galay isbahaysi, laakiin haddii aad eegto si dhow si faahfaahsan in qodobo heshiiska, waxa uu noqonayaa mid si cad u iyada oo inta badan declarative. Indeed, isbahaysiga this bixisaa dhinac kaliya seddex ballan qaaday in la baabi'iyo khilaafkooda iyadoo la kaashanayo la-talin, halka halista kooxda afaraad ee gardarada in ay ka shaqeeyaan map wadada. Sida laga arki karo, ma jiro ee dhinacyada uu ahaa ma xidhnayn. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, dhinac kasta, waxayna u socdeen ay samaynayaan tanaasulaad qaarkood, eryan gool ay. Russia heli lahaa nastey ah saaxiibkeed weyn ee Europe - France, iyo in aan la haystayaal u noqday isbahaysiga Austria-Jarmal, Austria-Hungary rajaynayo by yahay heshiiskan in ay xoojiso booska ee Peninsula Balkan. Germany qorsheeyey by heshiiskan si loo sugo tallaabo meel ka dhanka France. Koorsada dheeraad ah ee taariikhda tusay ephemerality oo dhan laga filayo. In 1875, waxaa jiray sii xumaanaysa ee Franco-German xiriirka, Germany ahaa oo ku saabsan in ay ciqaabi deriskiisa isla weynida ah, laakiin Russia ayaa sheegay in aysan u ogolaan doonaa dib-u-soo gaartay ee France. Tani waxay awood u BISMARCK in chagrin ee loo yaqaan "Midowga mid ah Saddex boqorada" gabal madhan oo aan waxtar lahayn warqad.

dhinacyada is khilaafsan heshiiska

Lid ku ah oo dhan laga filayo, ururka this ayaa ka jiray muddo dheer, siinta xitaa iyo ghostly, laakiin weli nabad Central Europe. In dabayaaqadii 70-mada ay qarnigii sagaal iyo tobnaad, xiriirka ka dhaxeeya Germany iyo Russia waxa ay noqonayaan kordhayso colaaddu. hubsashada Dibadda oo saaxiibtinnimo iyo naxariis inay dalka ka Jarmalka u arkayo mid dhab, waxa keena cuncun iyo cadaawad ee St. Petersburg ka dhanka ah Berlin. Alexander III waqtiga goysiga carshiga waxa ay soo martay dareenka anti-German joogto ah. Inkastoo views kuwan, boqor cusub u tageen inay heshiis cusub ka. The dhibcood heshiiska cusub wuxuu ahaa Boos in ay dhacdo in dagaalka la Boqortooyadii Cismaaniyadda 's dhexdhexaadnimada waxaa lagu go'aamiyaa heshiis gaar ah, isbedel khiyaali ah ee xuduudaha Porte waynna waa in ay dhacaan oo keliya oggolaasho dhammaan xisbiyada isbahaysiga. "Midowga Saddex boqorada ah" 1881-1894 sano ka hooseeyeen fikrad aasaasiga ah ee xasilin oo ka mid ah Jarmalka iyo Austrians, waayo, la joogo in Russia siyaabo kale oo wax ku ool ah oo kaliya ma ahaa

isbedelka ku dhacay xaaladda geopolitical

Dhanka kale, dheelitirka awoodda wax iska beddeleen. In 1882, Germany, Italy iyo Austria-Hungary gabagabeeyay gaashaanbuur militari-siyaasadeed, hoos ugu tegey, sida "Triple Alliance" taariikhda. Isbahaysiga Tan waxaa si cad u baahan yahay labada dhinac ayaa waxaa lagu soo gabagabeeyay in ay taageero military si walba. Isbahaysiga hore waxaa loo soo horjeeda Faransiis ah, ee labaad ah - ka dhanka Russia, Balkans, xafiiltanka la Austria-Hungary noqday iyo aad u badan oo ba'an. In St. Petersburg, waxaa sidoo kale la fahamsan yahay, sidaa darteed in 1887, dalka u tegey inuu soo gabagabeeyo heshiis qarsoodi ah la Germany. Waxa loogu yeero "Reinsuring Treaty" maleeyeen dhexdhexaadnimada ay dhacdo in dagaalka la dal saddexaad, laakiin waxa la isku raacay in tani looma adeegsan karo xaaladaha dagaalka Franco-Jarmal iyo Ruush-Austria. Sidaas darteed, "ayuu Midowga boqorada Saddex ka" maaanka khayraadka wanaagsan.

Habeeynimadii of dagaal weyn

heshiisyada Kuwaasu waxay ahaayeen for Empire Ruush ah ku meel gaar ah. In hore 90-mada ay qarnigii XIX waxay ahayd fakari karin dhacdo Europe - Russia ee absolutist sameeyey isbahaysi la Jamhuuriga France. waaxda diblomaasiyadeed sii baadhayo siyaabaha suurtogalka ah ee isku daya in la Britain. In intooda badan "waxay sayidaddeedii ku ah ee badaha," si fiican u ogaadaan in siyaasadda ee go'doomin qurxoon uu dhamaado iyo in ay leeyihiin dano badan oo Russia, halkii la garabka Austro-German. wadahadalada diblomaasiyadeed dheer ku fashilmay, sidaa darteed waxaa uu ahaa garabka labaad ee military-siyaasadeed "Entente", oo ay ku jiraan Russia, England iyo France. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ku "Midowga Saddex boqorada ah" ayaa kaalin taariikhi ah in uu dhowro nabadda ee Europe, kii saddexaad ee ugu danbeysay ee qarnigii XIX ah