Marka nabad Gulistan waxaa laga sameeyey?

History of Caucasus waa hodan ku dhacdooyin aad u waaweyn iyo isbedelka ay keento ballaarinta Arab-Iran, ujeedada taas oo ahayd qabashada xoog dhulalka gobolka this badan. End waxaa lagu calaamadeeyay saxiixa nabad Gulistan ah - heshiis gabagabeeyey u dhexeeya Dowladda of Russia iyo dalka Faaris (Iiraan) ee 1813. Waxa uu bilaabay muddo cusub ee nolosha ka mid ah dadyowga Caddaan, oo sannado badan si ay u ka isfurnaashaha deriska dagaal samatabbixiyo.

qalcaddayda Ruush on Terek ah

Si aad si buuxda u fahmaan muhiimadda ay leedahay in dadka dunida ku lahaa Gulistan (1813), waxaa lagu sameeyey waa in si loo raad raaco taariikhda iyo wareegga ah ee gudaha dalka Iran iyo Turkish galay territory ee Caucasus. waxaa Bilowgii waxaa ka mid ah dib qarnigii XVI ka, markii Russia, ka dib markii ay oggaadaan jaaket iyo Kazan Khanate, dhameystirtay habka of formation of dawlad dhexe.

In kasta oo dhammaan dhibaatooyinka muddada in, in 1567, Tsar Ivan Grozny helay fursad ay ku dhisi dhowr Terek qalcadaha, gudbanaa jidka duulay Turkish iyo reer Faaris. Waxay ahayd bilowgii geedi socodka ee aasaaska xiriirka saaxiibtinimo ee u dhexeeya Russia iyo dadyowga of Caucasus, mid ka mid ah links ee kaas oo lagu saxiixay by qarniyadii labo iyo bar ah ka dib, dunida Gulistan.

Dhanka kale, dhismaha qalcaddii on River Terek ayaa sababay xiisad ayaa ka dhalatey in xiriirka u dhexeeya Russia, Iran iyo gaar ahaan dalka Turkiga, kaas oo qorsheyneysa inay faafin ballaarinta dhulka oo dhan North Caucasus. Russia, markeeda, sidoo kale wuxuu ahaa ee danaynaya in ay xoojiso booska in this gobolka istaraatiiji ah oo muhiim ah, oo si joogta ah ka muuqataa weerar oo ka mid ah ciidamada urub.

Kayd deris waqooyiga

In ka dibna soo socda qarnigii XVIII ka, xiisadda ka sii xoojiyey, noqoto natiijo ah oo tartan adag oo u dhaxeeya Iiraan iyo Turkey, isku dayayaan si walba inay ku guuleystaan ka badan Khan maxaliga ah iyo sidaas heli mudnaanta.

Xaaladahan oo kale, dadka of Caucasus, iyo gaar ahaan dhuyac lahaa aad u adag, oo ay si joogta ah inta lagu guda jiro XVIII iyo qarnigii XIX in raacay, ka codsaday in ay maamulka Ruush inay u yimaadaan si ay gargaar. In mustaqbalka, tani waxay ahayd arrin ah by kaas oo uu u saxiixay nabad Gulustan.

waxay doonayaan oo ka mid ah taliyayaasha Caucasian hoos usha Tsars Ruushka

Iyada oo ku saleysan rabitaanka dadka degan Dagestan naftooda, aasaasihii qoyskii Romanov ah, Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich, sannad ka dib markii uu goysiga oo carshiga ku hoos timaad maamulka Ruush Avar, erpelinskogo, Kazikumukh qaaday iyo kumykskogo Khan addoommadii dhulalka ay wada.

Later, inta lagu guda jiro qarnigii XVII ah, a yar oo Khan joog raacay, qayb xoojinta dheeraad ah booska Russia ee Caucasus. All taliyayaasha maxalliga ah kuwaas oo si iskood ah u soo galeen Moscow hoostiisa usha boqorka, oo dushooda ku qaaday waajib ku ah in ay fuliyaan ilaalinta baayacmushtariyaasha Ruush, oo ay ku biiraan madaxda sare ee ciidanka joogtada ah by walalahooda ay. Subject shuruudahan laga helay mushaarka Maaliyadda, haddii kale, mamnuucay.

gardarada Turkish ku hoos gambanaya arimo ah ee dagaal diimeed

Lahaanshaha nabadda sidaas aasaasay Caucasus cadeeyay inuu yahay muddo kooban ah. Horeba XVIII qarnigii soo socda keenay muran Turkey si ay u dardar ay tallaabo. Markan sababta ballaarinta of steel la heli karo, sida ay ku sheegtay taliyayaashii statements, dib u gurasho ka mid ah tiro ka mid ah dadka Caucasian, iyo gaar ahaan dadka degan Dagestan, ka Shareecada. waxaa dhawaaqista xaalad dagaal jihad Xurmaysan, Turkigu bilaabay gardarada furan.

Dhab ahaantii, bilowgii colaad firfircoon keentay in Turkey lagu arkay muddada daciifisa ee Iran (Faaris), taas oo ay jirto noqon natiijo ah oo xiisadda dhaqaale ee daba dheeraaday. Maxaa yeelay, waa waxa ay xukuumaddu tixgeliyo Istanbul sida tartan ugu weyn, xilligan u muuqatay ugu wanaagsan in Sultan ee xal xagjirka ah si ay khilaafka dhuleed.

murannada dhuleed ee qarnigii XVIII ah

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, qorshayaasha ee Porte Wayn (inta badan la odhan jiray Turkey) reebay oo dhan isla Russia ah, madax wakhtigaas ahaa Peter I. Markuu fuliyay 1722. Ololaha Caspian iyo saxiixa heshiis nabadeed la Faaris ah, uu ku biiray Ruushka Empire Baku, Derbent, Rasht, iyo sidoo kale tiro ka mid ah gobollada, ayaa sheegtay in ay Turkey.

Markaas gooyo qaatay dhalashada dhowr kale Eebayaal dhulgoosadka dhuyac. Xataa iyadoo ay jirto in soo taxnaa tan ay awoodaan in ay cidla uga Armenia, Georgia, iyo qayb weyn oo ka mid ah Azerbaijan, Sultan ah ayaa lagu qasbay in la aqoonsado xuquuqda Russia ay barashada afku ee gobolka Caspian ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, maxaabiista heshiisyo diblomaasiyadeed ma gelin kara in la joojiyo isqabqabsi, dagaallo, Caucasus dildillaacsaday oo dhan qarnigii XVIII ka.

saxiixa heshiis nabadeed la Turkey a

In kasta oo xaqiiqda ah in in tobanka sano ee hore ee qarnigii XIX oo dhan ee Dagestan iyo qaybta bari ee Georgia ayaa si rasmi ah la hoos timaad maamulka oo ka mid ah tsars Ruush, Turki ah, oo Iiraaniyiin ah ayaa hawlaha ay mar kale sarre u qaaday, oo raba in ay ka faa'iidaystaan dhibaatooyin la soo maray in muddo in Russia.

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, in kasta oo in, wakiilada ergooyinka diblomaasiyadeed ee Alexander I ee 1812, wuxuu ahaa awoodaan in ay la Boqortooyadii Cismaaniyadda gabagabeeyo heshiis nabadeed oo soo afjaridda dagaalka Ruush-Turkish, kaas oo socday muddo lix sanno ee la soo dhaafay. saxiixa dukumentigan waqtiga qasbay Turkigu in la siiyo ilaa firfircoon ee Caucasus. Waxa uu ahaa in lagu xalliyo dhammaan arrimaha la Faaris (Iiraan), oo kiiska ugu dhaqsaha badan soo bandhigay.

Heshiiska ayaa saxiixay in Gulistan

sanadka soo socda, kaas oo socday muddo ka badan sagaal sannadood, dagaal ee la soo dhaafay Ruush-Faarisi, taas oo Faaris looga adkaaday, oo ay madax, kii dhaxalka lahaa carshiga ku xidhan, oo kali ah baxsaday qabtay. natiijooyinka si siman u xun ee ololaha millatari ee quusta ah dadka ku nool dalka iyo aqoonyahanada xukunka.

Sidaas darteed, diblomaasiyiinta Ruush ay awoodaan in ay xaaladaha wanaagsan ee Moscow inay la soo wareegto Gulistan Peace Treaty ee (1813). Russia iyo Iran ayaa kala saxiixday document this on 12 September ee tuulada yar ee Gulistan Karabakh, oo wuxuu u dhiibay magaceeda iyo sidaas hoos taariikhda tegey.

In doorka dhexdhexaadiye oo wadahadalo ah la sameeyey by diblumaasi British Sir Gore Owsley. Dhinaca Ruush nabadda Gulistan, marka la eego ee, kuwaasi oo ay ku xusan articles 11, saxiixay Lieutenant-General N. Rtishchev iyo reer Faaris - Abul-Hassan Khan.

Shaqeeyaan heshiis ku salaamay farxad by dadka Caucasus oo dhan. Tani ma aha la yaab leh, maadaama ay ka hormarey colaadaha xun u mija xaabinaya dhaqaalahooda, halkaas oo dib u soo kabashada iyo ka qayb qaatay heshiis nabadeed Gulistan ah. Soo koob ay nuxurka badan ee suurtogalka ah, oo diiradda saaraya qodobada aasaasiga ah ee ku jira waxa ku jira.

Maxaa isaga la keenay heshiis kale la Faaris

First of dhan, waxaa ku baaqay in la joojiyo colaadda labada dhinac iyo abuuritaanka nabad u dhexeeya Russia iyo dalka Faaris. Dheeraad ah, dukumintiga si cad u qeexaya soohdinta kala labada dhinac hore u dagaallamaya, oo ku qoran tegey inay dalka reer Empire Ruush ah, oo ay ka mid Abkhazia, Imereti, Kakheti, Dagestan, Guria, Samegrelo, Kartli, iyo sidoo kale qayb weyn ka mid ah Azerbaijan oo casri ah. Taa baddalkeeda, Russia u saxiixay dunida Gulistan laftiisa ka go'an in ay gargaar dhamaystiran oo si Faaris.

Intaa waxaa dheer, heshiiska xaq u siinayaa ee koox kasta ay si xor ah sabeyn guud ahaan Sea Caspian iyo is-dhaafsiga maxaabiista qabsadeen intii uu socday dagaal ee la soo dhaafay. In berrinka xiriirka diblumaasiyadeed ee kale oo dhex marey Russia iyo safiirada qarannimada reer Faaris iyo wasiirada ayaa si cad u qeexay.

Samaynta xukunka sharciga berrinkii ganacsiga

Oo ka mid ah kow iyo articles of heshiiskii ahaayeen saddex xeerarka ganacsiga ee ka dhexeeya labada dal ayaa sidoo kale ka mid ahaa in ay Treaty of Gulistan. Shuruudaha heshiiska ay ogol yihiin xoriyadda baayacmushtariyaasha ganacsiga labada dhinac on labada dhulal ah. Intaa waxaa dheer, waxaan goostay cadadka lacagta laga qaado, oo ka fiirso arrimaha la xiriira ganacsiga vnetamozhennoy.

In kasta oo xaqiiqda ah in dunida Gulistan si sax ah iyo si cad u aasaasay xeerarka sharci noo oggolaanaysaa in aan rajaynayaa in la kordhiyo degdeg ah in isbeddelkaas ganacsiga ee ka dhexeeya labada dal, dhab ahaantii, u yimid dib u dhac dheer, sababta waxa ay ahaayeen dhac maamul.

Qaladka oo ka mid ah saraakiisha Ruush caadooyinka jaaket iyo Baku ka badan shanta sano ee soo socda ayaa lagu eedeeyay lacag qoray muddo dheer ka hor ka nolol dambeeyey ay wakhti "canshuuraha badheedhi 1755" oo ay tilmaamaysaa bixinta 23% ee qiimaha badeecadaha.

Gunaanad baaritaanka Gulistan Treaty

Xaaladda Caadiga kaliya ka dib markii si rasmi ah waxaa lagu baahinayaa heshiis Gulistan ee 1815. Xaaladaha, si kooban u soo sheegnay in qaybaha hore ee qodobkan, abuuro saldhig sharci ah abuuritaanka xiriir nabadgelyo, taas oo ugu dambeyntii keentay in is-beddel wanaagsan gudbikaraa oo ganacsi. Sidaas darteed, iyadu ku guuleysatay dhaqaalaha oo dhan.

In kasta oo xaqiiqda ah in nabad Gulistan waxaa laga sameeyey horrayn ujeeddo ah caadi of xiriirka ka dhexeeya Russia iyo dalka Faaris, oo isna wuxuu lahaa tiro ka mid ah waxyeelo - labada togan iyo kuwa taban. Dhinaca mid, dadka Transcaucasia wuxuu ka samatabbixiyey jabsata reer Faaris, iyo sidoo kale duulay Turkish, gacan ka tirtiridda qarniyo ah qaybsanaanta dhulgoosadka iyo kaca ee dhaqaalaha, oo sidaas heerka nolosha in meelaha cusub. Laakiin dhinaca kale, ay sabab u tahay iyaga oo isku daya in of Russia iyo Caucasians inta badan keeni isku dhacyada u dhaxeeya ku salaysan Qabiil iyo Diin.

dagaal cusub oo heshiis kale

Intaa waxaa dheer, dunida ah ayaa sabab u ah soo gunaanaday heshiis Gulustan ahaa jilicsan. Horeba 1826, Faaris, shilalka by United Kingdom, ku xad heshiis gaaray ka hor, ayaa bilaabay dagaal Ruush-Faarisi cusub oo socday laba sano oo ku dhamaaday guul darro kale guursadaaye.

Marka qoryaha ku dhacay aamusan, iyo hindisaha ciidamada ka gudbay in ay diblomaasiyiin ah, waxa uu u saxiixay heshiis nabad ah, magac Turkmenchay. Sida laga soo xigtay articles ay, Russia xajisto oo dhan dhulka kala qaybin, waxa uu sabab u ah heshiiska Gulistan saxiixay saddex iyo toban sano ka hor. Waxaa intaa dheer, waxaa la helay ay awood Nakhichevan iyo Erivan Khanate, iyo sidoo kale dhulka Bariga Armenia. Waxaa la og yahay in horumarka oo ka mid ah shuruudaha heshiiska ku lugta caan Ruush gabayaa, riwaayadaha iyo diblomaasi Aleksandr Sergeevich Griboedov.