Luminescence: nooc, hababka, iyo codsiyada. Thermally luminescence dhiiro - waxa uu yahay waxan?

Luminescence - waa warshadu hawada ku of light by qalab gaar ah ku jira xaalad ah xad qabow. Waxaa ka duwan shucaaca ah ee jirkooda incandescent, sida qori ololaya ama dhuxul, bir dahab la shubay ah oo silig a kululeeya oo koronto. warshadu hawada luminescence lagu arkay:

• in iyakana oo dhaadheer laambadihii, telefishannada, screens radar iyo fluoroscopes;
• in walxaha organic sida luminol ama luciferin in fireflies;
• in pigments gaar ah loo isticmaalo ee advertising dibadda;
• hillaac iyo aurora.

In ifafaale oo dhan hawada iftiin ma keenaan kulaylinta wax kor ku heerkulka qolka, sidaas waxa la yidhaahdaa waa iftiin qabow. Qiimaha la taaban karo qalabka ifaya, waa awoodda ay u leeyihiin inay u beddesho qaab aan la arki karin ee tamarta galay iftiin arki karo.

Ilaha iyo habka

ifafaale luminescence dhacaa sabab u ah wax nuugista tamarta, tusaale ahaan, ka il ultraviolet ama X-rays, alwaaxdii saqafka haysay electron, falgalka kiimikada, iyo wixii la mid ah. d. Tani waxa ay keentey in atamka maalkooda dawlad faraxsanahay ah. Tan iyo waa aan degganayn, wax ay gobolka asalka ah, iyo tamarta nuugo celinta la sii daayay sida nuurka oo kale iyo / ama kulayl. Geedi socodka ku lug leedahay oo kaliya electrons dibadda ah. oolnimada luminescence ku xiran tahay heerka uu diinta ka mid ah tamarta excitation Nuurka. Tirada alaabta in ay leeyihiin qaab ku filan si loogu isticmaalo wax ku ool ah, xad waa yar yahay.

Luminescence iyo incandescence

excitation luminescence aan la xiriirin excitation ee atamka. Marka qalabka kulul bilaabaan inay iska Ifto oo sabab u ah nalalka, atamka ay ku jiraan xaalad ah faraxsanahay. Inkasta oo ay gariiro xitaa heerkulka qolka, waa ku filan tahay in shucaac ka dhacay gobolka fog infrared spectral. Iyada oo sii kordhaya heerkulka Doodu inta jeer ee shucaaca electromagnetic ee gobolka arki karo. Dhinaca kale, marka heerkulku aad u sarreeya taas oo dhab ahaan, tusaale ahaan, in tuubooyinka lama filaan ah, shilalka qaaradda noqon kartaa si xoog leh in electrons u kala soocan yihiin iyaga iyo recombine, oo bixinaya laydh. Xaaladdan oo kale, luminescence iyo incandescent noqon indistinguishable.

pigments dhaadheer iyo formaldehyde,

pigments caadiga ah iyo formaldehyde leeyihiin midab sida inay fikiraan darteed qayb ka mid ah qaybaha oo ah kaabaha nuugo. qayb yar oo ka mid ah tamarta la beddelay kulaylka, laakiin warshadu hawada weyn dhacdaa. Haddii, si kastaba ha ahaatee, Midabka ugu dhaadheer nuuga iftiinka kala duwan ee deegaanka gaar ah, waxay dhaadheer kartaa photons, ka duwan milicsiga. Tani waxay dhacdaa iyada oo sababtu tahay geedi socodka gudahood dheeha ama Midabka Britain ayaa ku, by kaas oo iftiinka ultraviolet waxaa loo roggi karaa arki karo, tusaale ahaan, iftiinka buluug. Hababka luminescence noocan oo kale ah waxaa loo isticmaalaa in advertising dibadda iyo budo lagu dhaqo. Xaalada danbe, "ayuu Caddeeye" ayaa weli ku jira unugyada ma aha oo kaliya si ay u muujiyaan caddaan ah, laakiin sidoo kale si loogu badalo shucaaca galay buluug, huruud ah ugu celino iyo hagaajinta isakaga.

waxbarashada hore

Inkastoo aurora hillaac iyo siyasad maqlaan fireflies iyo fangaska ayaa had iyo jeer lagu yaqaan in ay Dadka, daraasaadka luminescence ugu horeysay bilaabay alaabtaa dardaro, marka alchemist Vincenzo Kaskariolo oo ah kabatole ee Bologna (Italy), in 1603 g. Dar kulul of barium sulfate (barite foomka, Spar culus) la dhuxusha. Budada helay ka dib markii qaboojinta, habeen luminescence buluug timaada, iyo Kaskariolo ogaaday in ay la soo celin karin by hoosaysiiyo budada ah in qoraxda. walaxda loo magacaabay "safayr Solaris" ama sunstone, maxaa yeelay, alchemists rajaynayo in uu awoodo in uu soo jeedin Biraha saldhig galay oo dahab ah, calaamad u ah oo inta qorraxda ka. Afterglow ayaa sababay danaha saynisyahano badan oo muddada, qalabka la siinayo iyo magacyada kale, oo ay ku jiraan "fosfooraska", taas oo macnaheedu yahay "side iftiinka".

Maanta "fosfooraska" magaca waxaa loo isticmaalaa keliya element kiimikada, halka qalab ifaya, mikrokristallin u yeedhay phosphor ah. "Fosfooraska" Kaskariolo, sida muuqata, wuxuu ahaa tayadda barium. The phosphor ganacsi la heli karaa marka hore (1870) wuxuu noqday a "rinjiga Balmain" - xal of tayadda calcium. In 1866, waxaa lagu tilmaamay in phosphor ee tayadda zinc deggan koowaad ee - mid ka mid ah kuwa ugu muhiimsan ee technology casriga ah.

Mid ka mid ah daraasadaha ugu horeysay sayniska ee luminescence ah, kaas oo lagu muujiyey at qurmay oo jidhka qoryo ama iyo fireflies, waxaa loo sameeyaa in 1672 by cilmiga Ingiriiska Robert Boyle, kuwaas oo, inkasta oo ma uu garanaynin wuxuu ku saabsan asalka lagmamaarmaanna iftiinka this, weli dhigay qaar ka mid ah guryaha aasaasiga ah ee nidaamka bioluminescent:

• Kaahid qabow,
• waxaa la baabi'iyay karaan by walxaha kiimikada sida khamriga, aashito, iyo ammonia;
• shucaaca waxay u baahan tahay in ay helaan hawada.

In sano ee 1885-1887, waxaa la arkay in yeela cayriin ka fireflies West Indian (pyrophorus) iyo Foladi clam markii lagu daray iftiinka soo saarka.

The qalabka chemiluminescent wax ku ool ah marka hore ahaayeen xeryahooda nonbiological dardaro sida luminol, helay in 1928 sano.

Chemi- iyo bioluminescence

Inta badan tamarta sii daayay ee falgalka kiimikada, gaar ahaan falcelinta qayilo, ayaa foomka kulaylka. In dareen diidmo qaar ka mid ah, laakiin qayb ka mid ah loo isticmaalo in lagu Dhectuuro electrons ilaa heer sare, iyo in u taagoo dhaadheer hor chemiluminescence ah (Champions League). Cilmigu wuxuu caddeeyay in Champions League uu yahay arrin caalami ah, laakiin xoogga luminescence waa u yar yar waxay u baahan tahay isticmaalka qalabka xasaasi ah. Waxaa jira, si kastaba ha ahaatee, qaar ka mid ah xeryahooda in muujiyaan cad Champions League. Ugu fiican ee loo yaqaan oo ka mid ah waa luminol, taas oo ku dul qayilo la hydrogenperoxid dhali kartaa fudud buluug ama buluug-cagaaran oo xoog leh. awoodaha kale ee Champions League-walxaha - iyo lofin lucigenin. In kasta oo ay dhalaalka Champions League, aan oo dhan oo iyaga ka mid yihiin wax ku ool ah ee diinta tamarta kiimikada Nuurka, ie. K. ka yar 1% ee u taagoo ee dhaadheer iftiinka. In 1960 waxaa la ogaaday in ay esters ah oxalic acid, oxidized in qase ammooniya in joogitaanka xeryahooda leedahay beduliyum aadka u dhaadheer dhaadheer iftiin dhalaalaya leh hufnaan ah 23%.

Bioluminescence waa nooc gaar ah oo chemiluminescence catalyzed by ensaymes. wax soo saarka The luminescence celintan oo ay gaari karaan 100%, taas oo macnaheedu yahay in Britain kasta oo reactant luciferin galo saaro gobolka. All maanta reaction bioluminescent yaqaan catalyzed reactions qayilo ka dhaca iyadoo ay wada joogaan hawada.

luminescence thermally dhiiro

Thermoluminescence ka dhigan tahay ma shucaaca kaamerada laakiin xoojiyo qalabka warshadu hawada iftiin, electrons taas oo aad ugu faraxsan kulaylka. Thermally dhiiri luminescence arkay macdanta qaarkood iyo gaar ahaan phosphors crystal ka dib markii ay la soo faraxsan iftiinka.

photoluminescence

Photoluminescence oo hoos tallaabada dhacdada shucaaca electromagnetic on wax ku dhacdaa, waxaa lagu sameyn karaa kala duwan ee iftiin arki karo iyada oo loo marayo ultraviolet si x-ray iyo shucaaca gamma. In luminescence, laaluusheen by photons, Milanello iftiinka timaada guud ahaan waa siman yahay ama uu ka weyn yahay Milanello oo ka mid ah xiiso leh (m. E. Equal ama awood yar). Tani waxay ku kala duwan yihiin ee Milanello ay keento isbeddel ah ee tamarta galaysa galay gariirka ee atamka ama udhigo. Mararka qaarkood, iyadoo ku jirase aad laser oo degdeg ah, iftiinka timaada yeelan karaan Milanello gaaban.

Xaqiiqada ah in PL la faraxsan karaa shucaaca, waxaa la soo ban by jirka Jarmalka Johann Ritter ee 1801, wuxuu ogaaday in phosphors ku shido oo dhalaalaya ee gobolka aan la arki karin oo ah qayb ka mid ah guduud ah spectrum ah, iyo sidaas furay shucaaca UV ah. Wareejinta ee UV ay iftiinka arki karo waa muhiim wax ku ool weyn.

Gamma iyo x-rays Dhectuuro phosphors, iyo qalabka kale ee crystalline gobolka luminescence ah by habka ionization raacay by recombination of electrons iyo udhigo, dheehan luminescence dhacdaa. Isticmaalka waxa ka mid ah waa in fluoroscopy loo isticmaalo in raajada, iyo counters scintillation. Rikoorka ugu danbeysay oo qiyaas shucaaca gamma faray on disc a dahaarka leh kula phosphor ah, taas oo ah in xiriirka indhaha la dusha sare ee photomultiplier ah.

triboluminescence

Marka kiristaalo of walxaha qaar ka mid ah, sida sonkorta, la jajabiyey, dhimbiil oo la arki karo. Waxaa la mid ah ayaa lagu arkay walxaha badan organic iyo imanba. Dhammaan noocyada kuwaas oo ah luminescence ee ay ku soo oogay korontada togan iyo kuwa taban. Recent soo saaray meelaha soociddiisa farsamo ee geedi socodka crystallization ah. warshadu hawada Light markaas qaadataa meel by-rididada - si toos ah u dhexeeya moieties ee u taagoo ee, sidoo kale iyada oo loo marayo excitation of luminescence of jawiga u dhow dusha sare ka soo soocay.

electroluminescence

Sida thermoluminescence, electroluminescence (EL), muddada ka mid ah noocyada kala duwan ee luminescence feature caadi ah oo la nuurka ayaa timaada marka dheecaan koronto ee gaasaska, cabitaanno iyo qalabka adag. In 1752 Bendzhamin Franklin aasaasay luminescence ee dheecaan korontada hillaac-laaluusheen dhex jawiga. In 1860, laambad dheecaan ahaa ee ugu horeeyay muujiyeen in Society Royal ee London. Waxay soo saaray fudud caddaan dhalaalaya leh dheecaan danab sare ah iyada oo loo marayo dioxide kaarboon ee cadaadis hoose. nalalka dhaadheer Modern ku salaysan yihiin isku-dar ah electroluminescence iyo Meerkuridu photoluminescence atamka faraxsan laambad dheecaan korontada, shucaaca ultraviolet timaada iyaga by waa la beddelay iftiin muuqda via phosphor ah.

EL arkay at electrodes lagu jiro electrolysis sabab u recombination of udhigo (oo sidaas nooc ka mid ah chemiluminescence). Under saameynta ay duurka korontada ee layers khafiif ah oo zinc ifaya, warshadu hawada tayadda iftiinka dhacdaa, kaas oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan electroluminescence.

Tiro badan oo ka mid ah maaddooyinka shanqarta luminescence sarkhaansan electrons degdegsiimada - diamond, sardiyos, fosfooraska crystal iyo qaar cusbo platina adag. Codsiga waxaa marka hore la taaban karo ee cathodoluminescence - Oscilloscope (1897). screens la mid ah iyadoo la isticmaalayo phosphors crystalline hagaagay waxaa loo isticmaalaa in telefishannada, naadi, oscilloscopes iyo microscopes electron.

idaacada

canaasiirta radioactive dhaadheer kartaa qayb ka Alfa (nuclei helium), electrons iyo rays gamma (a shucaaca electromagnetic-tamar sare). luminescence Shucaaca - yahey mid faraxsan walax shucaaca. Marka walxaha Alfa bombard phosphor crystalline, la arki karo oo hoos flicker microscope yar ah. Mabda 'Tani isticmaalaya jirka Ingiriisi Ernest Rutherford, si ay u caddeeyaan in la eb leeyahay core dhexe. rinjiga Is-iska Ifto Yuuna loo isticmaalo sixitaanka soo jeedo iyo qalab kale oo ku salaysan yihiin RL ah. Waxay ka kooban oo ka mid ah phosphor iyo walax shucaaca, tusaale ahaan tritium ama radium. luminescence dabiiciga cajiib ah - waa Borealis aurora ah: geeddi-shucaaca qorraxda dhaadheer meel tacsida weyn ee electrons iyo udhigo. Markay u soo dhowaadaan Dhulka, berrinkeeda geomagnetic iyaga Dardaarmi in ay ulaha laga gelin lahaa. geeddi socodka Gas-dheecaan in lakabyada sare ee jawiga iyo in la abuuro aurora caan ah.

Luminescence: physics ee geedi socodka

Emission iftiinka arki karo (ie E.. Iyadoo wavelengths u dhexeeya 690 nm iyo 400 nm) excitation u baahan tahay tamar, wixii la goostay ayaa ugu yaraan sharciga Einstein. Energy (E) waa loo siman yahay si Planck ayaa si joogto ah (h), by inta jeer ee iftiinka (ν) ama xawaaraha in a vacuum (c), oo loo qaybiyey Milanello (λ) bateen: E = hν = HC / λ.

Sayidka, tamarta looga baahan yahay excitation u dhaxeysa 40 cunneed (waayo cas) 60 Kcal (waayo, jaalle ah), iyo 80 calories (si guduud) per mol oo ah walaxda. Hab kale oo ku muujiyaan tamarta - in volts electron (1 eV = 1,6 × 10 ^-12 älle) - laga bilaabo 1.8 si 3.1 eV.

tamarta excitation waxaa loo wareejiyay electrons mas'uul ka luminescence in boodi ka heer dhulka ay ka mid sare. Xaaladahan waxaa go'aamiya sharciyada Farsamoyaqaan galmada. hababka kala duwan ee excitation ku xiran tahay in ay dhacdo in atamka hal iyo taagoo, ama isku darka taagoo in baraf. Waxaa loo bilaabay by tallaabada ee Qurub la dedejiyey, sida electrons, udhigo wanaagsan ama photons.

Inta badan, tamarta excitation waa weyn sare ka badan loo baahan yahay in kor loo qaado electron ah shucaaca. Tusaale ahaan, screens telefishanka crystal luminescence phosphor, electrons cathode soo saaray tamartaa celceliska 25,000 volts. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, midabka ah ee dhaadheer waa ku dhawaad madax banaan tamarta walxaha. Waxaa la saameeyay heerka gobolka faraxsan oo ka mid ah xarumaha tamarta crystal.

nalalka dhaadheer

qayb ka ah, ay sabab u tahay taas oo luminescence dhacdaa - this electrons sare ee atamka ama u taagoo. In nalalka dhaadheer, sida la eb meerkuri la eryay sarkhaansan yihiin tamarta 6.7 eV ama in ka badan, u qaadeen mid ka mid ah laba electrons dibadda heer sare. Ka dib markii ay ku soo laabtay gobolka dhulka farqiga u tamar waxaa timaada sida iftiinka ultraviolet la Milanello ka mid ah 185 nm. guurka ka dhexeeya saldhig oo heer kale soo saarta shucaaca at 254 nm, taas oo iyana, Dhectuuro kartaa dhalin kale phosphor iftiin arki karo.

shucaaca Tani waa si gaar ah u daran at cadaadis hoose mercury vapor (10 ^-5 jawi) loo isticmaalaa in laambadihii dheecaan gaaska of cadaadis hoose. Sayidka ah oo ku saabsan 60% tamarta electron waxaa beddelay kan nuurka u UV monochromatic.

At kar sare, inta jeer ee u kordhiyaa. Spectra mar dambe waxay ka kooban yihiin hal line spectral of 254 nm, iyo tamarta shucaaca la qaybiyey ka khadadka spectral u dhiganta heerka electronic oo kala duwan: 303, 313, 334, 366, 405, 436, 546 iyo 578 nm. laambadihii mercury cadaadis sarreeya waxaa loo isticmaalaa Nuur, tan 405-546 nm iftiin buluug-cagaaran ee la arki karo, halka bedel qayb ka mid ah shucaaca ee nuurka cas isticmaalaya phosphor ah iyadoo ay sabab u jirsado caddaan.

Marka u taagoo gaaska ku faraxsanahay, spectra luminescence ay muujiyaan guutooyinkiisa oo ballaadhan, ma electrons kaliya waa la kiciyey si heer sare ah tamarta laakiin mooshin vibrational oo wareeg ah isku mar faraxsanahay of atamka ku saabsan oo dhan. Tani waa sababta tamarta vibrational oo wareeg ah ee u taagoo waa 10 ^-2 iyo 10 ^-4 of tamartaa kala guurka ah, taas oo kor ku dar si ay u qeexaan hannaanka ka mid ah qaybaha Milanello yar kala duwan ee hal guuto. The taagoo weyn waxay leeyihiin dhowr strips isa, mid ka mid ah nooc kasta oo kala guurka. taagoo Shucaaca in xal advantageously ribbonlike in ay keento is dhexgalka ee tiro weyn ee u taagoo faraxsanahay oo u taagoo dareeraha. In taagoo ah, sida in atamka ku lug luminescence ku electrons sare ee orbitals kelli.

Fluorescence iyo phosphorescence

Shuruudaha waxaa kala sooci karaa ma aha oo kaliya ku salaysan muddada luminescence, laakiin sidoo kale ay habka wax soo saarka. Marka electron la faraxsan in ay dawlad singlet la muddada dhexdeeda 10 ^-8 s, kaas oo si fudud ku noqon karaa dhulka ku, walaxda shanqarta ay tamar sida fluorescence. Inta lagu jiro kala guurka, Lataliyihii aysan waxba ka beddelin. dalalka aasaasiga ah iyo ugu faraxsanahay leeyihiin badnaanta la mid ah.

Electron, si kastaba ha ahaatee, waa in la heer sare tamarta (loo yaqaan "ah gobolka triplet faraxsanahay") oo uu daawaynta dib u kiciyey karo. In farsamo galmada, ay ka gobol triplet si singlet ka mamnuuc ah, oo sidaas daraaddeed, wakhtigii ay nolosha wax badan oo dheeraad ah. Sidaa darteed, luminescence ee kiiskan waa muddo dheer sii badan yahay: oo meeshaasuna phosphorescence.