Kyuri Per: guulihii sayniska. Nobel Prize for physics, Pierre iyo Marii Kyuri

Per Kyuri (May 15, 1859 - April 19, 1906) waxay ahayd jirka ah Faransiis, waxay horyaal u ah in crystallography, magnetism, piezoelectricity iyo shucaaca.

guul story

Ka hor inta uusan ku biirin cilmi oo uu naagtiisa - Maria Sklodowska-Curie, Per Kyuri hore si weyn loo yaqaan oo la ixtiraamo ee dunida ka mid ah physics. Wada jir ah ula walaalkiis Jacques, wuxuu helay arrin ku piezoelectricity, halkaas oo Quruurado ah wuxuu noqon karaa koronto kala fog, iyo Been abuurtay qolfo quartz ah. Shuqulkiisa on dhabanada ee kiristaalo iyo natiijooyinka on xidhiidhka ka dhexeeya magnetism iyo heerkulka ayaa sidoo kale lagu ansixiyey in beesha sayniska. Waxa uu la wadaago abaalmarinta Nobel Prize ee 1903 ee physics la Anri Bekkerelem iyo xaaskiisa Mariey Kyuri.

Pierre iyo xaaskiisa ayaa door muhim ah in helitaanka radium iyo Polonium, walxaha in ay saamayn weyn ku ah aadanaha leh guryaha ku ool ah iyo nuclear. Guurkooda aasaasay guri ammaan sayniska, ee Haweenkiinna caruur iyo farac ka mid ah physicists caan ah ayaa sidoo kale noqon saynisyahano si fiican u yaqaan.

Marie iyo Per Kyuri: A Biography

Pierre ayaa ku dhashay Paris, France, qoyska reer Sophie-Kler Depui, gabadhii milkiilaha warshad, iyo Dr. Eugene Curie, dhakhtar freethinking. Aabbihiis taageeray qoyska of dhaqanka caafimaad suubban, isku mar si ay u qanciso jacaylka sayniska. Ezhen Kyuri ahaa ku salaysan iyo weyin a Jamhuuriga, iyo aasaasay isbitaalka ee ku dhaawacmay intii lagu hadlo ee 1871.

Pierre uu waxbarashada pre-jaamacad helay guriga. Waxay marka hore la baro ee ah hooyadiis, ka dibna - aabbihiis iyo walaalkiis ka weyn, Jacques. Waxa uu si gaar ah u jeclaa dalxiiska si ay baadiyaha, halkaas oo Pierre yaabaa dhawraan oo ay bartaan oo ku saabsan dhirta iyo xayawaanka, horumarinta jacaylka ah ee dabiiciga ah, dhawrayay uu noolaa, kaas oo ahaa inuu madadaalada iyo nasashada oo kaliya inta aad mustaqbalkiisa cilmiyeed ku xiga. At 14 jir, ayuu tusay janjeera in xoog loo yeelo si dulmi cilmiga oo bilaabay barashada la professor ah xisaabta, bal yaa isaga ka caawiyay si ay u horumariyaan hadiyaddiisa in anshaxa this, gaar ahaan wakiil da'ayeen.

Curie wiil daawaday tijaabo la sameeyay aabbihiis by, iyo waxa uu helay penchant a waxbarasho tijaabo ah.

Of farmashiistayaasha in Physics

Pierre aqoon berrinkii physics iyo xisaabta soo geliyey 1875. Bachelor of Science degree at da'da lix iyo toban.

At 18 jir, in uu helay shahaado u dhiganta at Sorbonne ah, sidoo kale loo yaqaan ee University of Paris, laakiin aan si deg deg ah ku soo gashay barnaamijka phD ay sabab u tahay dhaqaale la'aan. Halkii, wuxuu soo noqday caawiyaha shaybaar uu Mater Alma ee 1878, inuu noqdo caawiyaha ah Paul Desena, masuul ka ah hawlaha shaybaarka ardayda-physicists. Inkasta oo uu carruur walaalkiis u Jacques shaqeeyay shaybaarka ee mineralogy at Sorbonne ah, oo waxay bilaabeen in muddo ah wax soo saar ka mid ah shantii sano ee iskaashi cilmiyaysan.

guurka guul

In 1894, Pierre kulmay naagtiisa mustaqbalka - Mariey Sklodovskoy, kuwaas oo bartay physics iyo xisaabta ee Sorbonne ah, oo wuxuu guursaday iyada July 25, 1895, isagoo ka dhigay xaflad aroos fudud rayidka ah. Helay sida lacag la joogo aroos Maria isticmaalo iibka ah ee laba baaskiilada, kaas oo laba ka dhigay safar arooska inay gobolladiisa oo Faransiis ah, oo waxay ahaayeen taladooda aasaasiga ah ee madadaalada sanado badan. In 1897, waxay lahaayeen gabadh, iyo dhawr maalmood ka dib, Pierre Hooyadii ayaa dhimatay. Dr. Curie dhaqaaqay labo dhallinyarada iyo ka caawiyay is ogow of my maayso, Iren Kyuri.

Pierre iyo Marie qudhiisa u huray in shaqada sayniska. Si wada jir ah ay tilmaameen Polonium oo radium, waxay ahaayeen Horseedka daraasadda ee shucaaca oo ahaa kii ugu horeeyay si ay u isticmaalaan xilli. In shuqulladiisa, oo ay ku jiraan sha caanka phD Maria, waxay xogta loo isticmaalo ka electrometer xasaasi piezoelectric, abuuray by Pierre iyo Walaalkiis Jacques.

Per Kyuri: A Biography ah cilmiga

In 1880, isaga iyo walaalkii ka weyn Jacques muujiyeen in riixo ee crystal ka iman kara koronto, piezoelectricity. Si dhakhso ah intaas ka dib (ee 1881 sano a) ayaa lagu soo bandhigay saamayn ka soo horjeeda: kiristaalo la doorinaynaa karaa beerta korontada. Ku dhowaad dhammaan korantada digital maanta isticmaalaan this ifafaale ee foomka of oscillators crystal.

Ka hor inta uu sha phD caanka on magnetism lagu qiyaaso horgalaha magnetic jirka Faransiis hormariyey oo kaamil ah dheelitirka ah torsion aad u xasaasi ah. Ay ka beddelidda waxa loo adeegsaday oo raacay by cilmi duurka this.

Pierre bartay ferromagnetism, paramagnetism iyo diamagnetism. Waxa uu helay oo ku tilmaamay tiirsanaanta ee walax awood lagu magnetized by heerkulka, maanta loo yaqaan sharciga Curie ah. joogta ah ee sharcigan waxaa lagu magacaabaa joogto Curie ah. Pierre ayaa sidoo kale lagu ogaaday in walxaha ferromagnetic Kulka muhiim u ah guurka, kor ku xusan oo ay lumin hantida ferromagnetic. Tani waxay ifafaale waxaa lagu magacaabaa dhibic Curie ah.

Mabda 'A kaas oo diyaariyey Per Kyuri, cilmiga dhabanada, waa in saamaynta jirka waxay keeni kartaa kaqabto, la'aanta waxaa ka mid ah keena. Tusaale ahaan, isku dar ah kadiska ah ee ciid in kaqabto aanu miisaan ma laha (ciid waa isotropic). Under saameynta ay cuf sabab u kaqabto ee jihada duurka ku baxdo. Grits "soocaa" in cufnaanta, taas oo kordhinaysa la qoto dheer. Laakiin tani ay qayb faray ciid cusub interposition dhab ka tarjumaysaa kaqabto oo duurka gravitational, keenaya kala.

shucaaca

Pierre et Marie shaqada shucaaca ay ku salaysan tahay natiijada X-rays iyo Anri Bekkerelya. In 1898, ka dib markii baaritaan ballaaran, ay ogaadeen Polonium iyo dhowr bilood ka dib - radium, qoondaynta 1 g of element kiimikada ah ee uraninite. Intaa waxaa dheer, waxay ogaadeen in rays beta waxaa si xun u eedeeyay Qurub.

Furitaanka Pierre iyo Marii Kyuri u baahan dadaal badan. Ma aha lacag ku filan, oo badbaadiyo on kharashka gaadiidka, shaqeeyaan waxay biked. Indeed, mushaharka macalinka ahaa yar, laakiin laba ka sii waday in ay saynisyahano in Koox kastaha qaar ay waqti iyo lacag u baadha.

daahfurka ee Polonium

qarsoon oo ay guusha ku codsanayso garabyada Curie hab cusub oo falanqayn kiimikada, oo ku salaysan cabbirka saxa ah ee shucaaca. walax kasta oo la saaray mid ka mid ah ulo capacitor ah, iyo electrometer ah oo isticmaalaya quartz a piezoelectric iyo conductivity hawada qiyaasay. Tirada Tani waa saami la content walax firfircoon sida uranium ama thorium.

Lamaanahan ayaa hubiyey tiro badan oo xiriir ah xubno shiidaa oo dhammu garanayaan oo lagu ogaaday in uranium iyo thorium kaliya tahay shucaac. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxay go'aansadeen inay ku qiyaasto shucaaca timaada by senti ka kuwaas oo soo bixiyay uranium iyo thorium, sida halkolit iyo uraninite. Ore muujiyeen waxqabad in uu ahaa 2.5 jeer ka weyn yahay kii uranium. daaweynta la hadhay ah acid, iyo tayadda hydrogen Ka dib, waxay ogaadeen in walaxda firfircoon ee reactions oo dhan la socda bismuth. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ay gaari kala qaybsameen qayb ahaan, annaga oo ogaaney in tayadda ah bismuth ka yar kacsan badan tayadda waa element cusub, kaas oo ay ku magacaabay Polonium oo lagu sharfayo hooyo Marii Kyuri of Poland.

Radium, shucaaca, iyo Nobel Prize

December 26, 1898 iyo Jacques Curie Bemoni, oo madax ka ah cilmi-baarista ee "Dugsiga Hoose ee warshadaha Physics iyo Chemistry", in uu warbixin u soo Academy of Sciences dhawaaqay helitaanka element cusub, kaas oo ay ku magacaabay radium.

jirka Faransiis, oo ay la socdaan mid ka mid ah ardayda uu markii ugu horeysay shaaca ka qaaday tamarta la eb ee, helidda a qayb shucaaca kulaylka joogtada ah ee dhawaan la helay element. Waxa uu sidoo kale baaritaan shucaac ah ee walxaha shucaaca, iyo iyadoo la kaashanayo of beeraha magnetic, wuxuu ahaa awoodaan si loo ogaado in qaar ka mid ah qayb ka timaada waxaa wanaagsan lagu eedeeyay, ka kale - in negative ah, halka qaar kalena ay ahaayeen dhexdhexaad ah. Sidaas helay shucaaca Alfa, beta iyo gamma ah.

Curie wadaago Nobel Prize in Physics ee 1903 xaaskiisa iyo Anri Bekkerelem leh. Waxaa lagu abaalmariyey in aqoonsiga adeega aan caadi ahayn waxay by cilmibaarisyadii ifafaale shucaaca ay ogaadeen by Professor Becquerel buriyay.

Sanadihii la soo dhaafay

Per Kyuri, kuwaas oo daahfurtay hore ayaa si weyn loo aqbalin in France, taas oo uma ay oggolaan isagii in ay qaataan guddoomiyaha chemistry jirka iyo mineralogy at Sorbonne ahaa wuxuu tegey Geneva. Tallaabadan ayaa in la beddelo wax in lagu macnayn karaa by inuu views bidix iyo khilaafka ka badan siyaasadaha Jamhuuriyadda Saddexaad ee la xiriirta sayniska. Ka dib markii uu musharaxa ahaa way iska xooreen ee 1902, in 1905 uu qirtay in Academy ah.

sharafta Nobel Prize ayaa keentay in Baarlamaanka Faransiis ee 1904 in la dhiso professorship cusub Curie ee Sorbonne ah. Pierre ayaa sheegay in uusan sii joogi ee School of Physics, halka aan la si buuxda u maalgelin doonaa by shaybaarka tirada loo baahan yahay ee caawiyeyaasha. Uu dalabka waxaa la kulmay, iyo Maryan oo madax uu shaybaarka.

By bilowgii 1906 Per Kyuri diyaar u ahayd, ugu dambeyntii, markii ugu horeysay in ay bilaabaan shaqada xaaladaha ku habboon, in kastoo isagu wuu bukay oo aad u daallan.

April 19, 1906 in Paris, waqtiga nasashada qadada, socday kulan uu la asxaabteena ee Sorbonne ah, oo marayay meel simbiriirixo leh roobka Rue Dauphine Curie simbiriirixan hore ee qaadee faras. saynisyahan ku dhintay shil. Dhimashadiisa dhicis, inkasta oo naxdin leh, si kastaba ha ahaatee, u caawisay in ay ka baxsadaan dhimasho ka xaqiiqda ah in Per Kyuri helay - gaadhista shucaaca, iyo ka dib dilay xaaskiisa. Lamaanahan ayaa waxaa lagu aasay crypt ee Pantheon ee Paris.

Dhaxalgalka ee cilmiga

shucaaca ee radium waxaa element ah kiimikada aad u halis badan ka dhigaysa. Seynisyahanno ogaaday waxa kaliya ka dib markii isticmaalka walaxda oo daari doona dials, darfahoodii, saacadaha, iyo alaabtii kale ee horrantii qarnigii labaatanaad bilaabay inuu saameyn ku leh caafimaadka farsamo iyo macaamiisha. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, chloride radium waxaa loo isticmaalaa in daawada lagu daaweyn jiray kansarka.

Polonium ayaa helay noocyo kala duwan oo codsiyada la taaban karo ee goobaha warshadaha iyo nuclear. Waxaa kale oo la og yahay in ay aad u sun ah oo loo isticmaali karaa sida sunta ah. Waxaa laga yaabaa in waxa ugu muhiimsan waa in ay la isticmaalo sida fiyuuska neutron hubka nuclear ah.

In sharaf of Pierre Curie ee Congress Raajada ee 1910 ka dib dhimashadii Physics ayaa loo magacaabay unit of shucaaca loo siman yahay 3.7 x October ¹⁰ disintegrations per labaad ama 37 gigabecquerels.

guri ammaan Science

Carruurta iyo farac ka mid ah physicists ayaa sidoo kale noqday saynisyahano caan ah. Gabadhooda, Irène guursaday Frederika Zholio iyo 1935, waxayna Dheeheen helay abaalmarinta Nobel ee kimisteriga. Gabadha ka yar Eva, ku dhashay 1904, wuxuu guursaday Diblomaasi Maraykan ah oo ah agaasimaha Sanduuqa Carruurta ee Qaramada Midoobay ee. Iyadu waa qoraaga Biography ee hooyadeed, "Madame Curie" (1938), tarjumay dhowr luqadood.

Maayso - Hélène Langevin-Joliot - noqday professor a of physics nuclear ee jaamacadda Paris, oo uu awow - Pierre Joliot-Curie oo loo magacaabay in sharaf of uu awoowe - biochemist a si fiican u yaqaan.