Kuwaas oo ahaa European ugu horeysay in ay gaaraan xeebaha dalka Australia?

Waxaa la og yahay in gumaysigii reer Australia waxay bilaabeen inay ku daahfurtay ee James Cook mahad. Waxa uu ahaa kii ku dhawaaqay in dalka cusub ay leedahay Crown, siiyey magacyada shaadirrada oo talgaley, baa'bin xeebta ee qaaradda. Laakiin, dabcan, wax ma yihiin si fudud. Yurubiyankii ugu horreeyey oo soo gaadhay xeebaha dalka Australia aan la karsado. Oo isna wuxuu lahaa horreeyay badan, calanka of awoodaha badda weyn ee waqtiga: Portugal, Spain iyo Holland.

Terra Australis

Xitaa wakhtiyadii hore, Yurub ayaa qiyaasay in Hemisphere Southern ah, waa in ay qaaradda, dheelli Hemisphere Northern ah. Tani qaaradda-awaalka ahaa il rajo u leh sahamiyayaal iyo cartographers. In dadaal lagu doonayo in loo kobciyo Yurub ayaa la rajeynaya in Terra Australis noqon doontaa hodan ah iyo bacrin ah. Laakiinse iyagu ma ay isku dayaan in search a beegsaday, xaqiiqda ah in latitudes sare ma yabooho wax badmaax oo wanaagsan. Waxay ahaayeen caan duufaanada ay si joogto ah, iyo in mid ka mid ma gadiga doono. Waxa intaa dheer in digniin raggii baxriyiinta ahaa aad u baqeen ah, ayada oo cufan. Waxaa la dambaysta ah, ineey, waa sababta in Australia waxaa markii dambe laga helay badan jasiiradaha ku wareegsan.

dadka

Marka fekerayo oo hore u gaareen xeebaha Australia, waxa macno u sheeg Aborigines kuwa degeen qaaradda ku saabsan 40,000 oo sano ka hor. awowayaashood Asia ka yimid iyo waxay awoodeen in ay u guuraan Australia, maxaa yeelay, wakhtigaas dalka lahaa qaab wax yar ka duwan. Ka dibna, wadaniga Australia waxay ku go'doonsan inta kale ee dunida, dhaqankooda ayaa waxaad fartaan Wannaagga aad si tartiib ah. Sidaa darteed, ka ugu guulaysannaa Yurub ee hal cod u yeedhay "gataan."

Yaa ugu horeysay gaaray xeebaha dalka Australia?

Qarnigii hore 16, gumeystayaashii reer Portugal addoonsada Islands Sunda ah. Dadka deegaanka ayaa waxay u sheegeen dalalka been in koonfur-bari. Portugal ayaa ku degay xeebaha waqooyi-galbeed ee qaaradda ka, iyaga baaro oo waxay arkeen Xumo falayaal. caddayn qaar ka mid ah ay joogaan halkan ay ka tageen: a dhowr boqol oo ku taal xeebaha cawsha Bay helay qoryaha Portuguese.

Bartamihii qarnigii 16-ka, waxaa la ogaadey dhulka kale oo cusub oo u dhow qaraabo - Papua (New Guinea). All jasiiradaha waxaa laga helaa latitudes kuwaas oo (sida caadiga ah by shil), ayaa la gartay oo qayb ka ah South garanayn Land, laakiin midkoodna Portuguese ama Isbaanish ma aha dhul cusub oo soo jiitay. xeebaha The ahaayeen kuwo aad u daran, iyo dadka - masaakiinta. Inkasta oo khadka dhulweynaha xeebaha qayb ahaan ayaa loo baa'bin, taariikhda ma wada ilaaliyo, magaca oo sirkaal ahaa, oo ahaa European ugu horeysay in ay gaaraan xeebaha dalka Australia.

The hawlaha Shirkadda East India

By markii ugu search for Terra Australis xiiseynaya Dutch, hageyaasha Spanish (Mendanya, Quirós iyo Torres) helay jasiiradda of Santa Cruz, iyo sidoo kale Marquesas iyo Solomon Islands, iyo caddeeyeen in New Guinea Southern Earth ma aha. Qarnigii hore 17, Holland qabtay Sunda Islands Portuguese, aasaasay shirkadda bariga Hindiya iyo in ay galaan ganacsiga India iyo koonfur bari Asia.

Koorsooyinka in maraakiibta Dutch ahaayeen ee deegaanada Asian, badbaadiyaa waqti badan, marka lagu daro, jiifay xad u dhow khiyaali ah South Land, taas oo Dutch ayaa waxay si firfircoon u doondoonay. Waxaa la rumeysan yahay in Yurub ugu horeysay gaaray xeebaha kabtanka Holland Australia Willem Janszoon. Dhab ahaantii waxa ay caddayn dokumeenti ah. Dadka deegaanka ee Cape York Peninsula kulmay badmaax Yanszon badan aan habboonayn, oo amiirka ku degdegay inuu dhoofo. Tani waxay dhacday 1606dii.

shiraaca Tasman

In kasta oo ay dib u eegista negative Yanszon dalka cusub iyo dadka degganba, Shirkadda East India sii waday in ay soo diri maraakiibta ku sugan biyaha degaanka. taliyaha cusub ee Batavia (Jakarta) - Anton Van Diemen - wakiishay 1642dii Abel Tasman in wax kasta oo ay ahayd in ay dalka ku cusub helitaanka.

Inkastoo duufaanka, maraakiibta ku gaareen xeebaha Tasman gaarin jasiiradda soo socda, taas oo la odhan jiray Van Diemens Land, iyo Waayadan dambe Tasmania. Abel dhawaaqay haysashada Holland, laakiinse ma uu fahmo in isaga hor - jasiirad ama qayb ka mid ah qaaradda. Oo haddana wuxuu helay New Zealand, taas oo Yurub ku aadan wax ka ogaadaan, iyo Tonga iyo Fiji. Waxa la ogaaday in dhammaan hore u helay Islands aan qayb ka ahayn waynaha, conventionally loo yaqaan "New Holland". Xuduudaha oo ka mid ah oo aan la garaneyn South Land laabteen socday koonfurta.

Dampier ee Australia

Illalintanada si Tasman ahaayeen wax tar lahayn. Intaa waxaa dheer, in bartamihii qarnigii 17aad-ka, Netherlands ayaa soo gaaray guuldarrooyin isdaba joog ah by England oo laga badiyay ay xaaladda sare. Studies of badaha koonfurta samayn British ah. Kuwaas oo kala ah, marka hore si ay u gaaraan xeebaha Australia, William Dampier. Waxa uu labo jeer u dhoofay Australia (New Holland) sameeyey daraasad ee xeebta waqooyi-galbeed iyo waxa uu ku qoran in laba buug oo ku saabsan. Thanks iyaga, qaaradda cusub noqday kuwa loo yaqaan dunida (Dutch natiijooyinka oo dhan qarsoodi).

Cook ayaa safar ugu horeysay

Lieutenant Dzheyms Kuk noqday caan ku tahay oo uu awood u navigation iyo cartography. Sidaa darteed, waa dawladda Ingiriiska u baxay si ay u sahamiyaan New Zealand iyo agagaarkeeda. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, si rasmi ah, oo wuxuu lahaa oo kaliya si ay u dhawraan Venus ka soo gudbeen guud ahaan disk qoraxda (dhacdadan ayaa waxaa xiiso u cirbixiyeyaasha). Intaa waxaa dheer, James u wakiishay ah "saamiga baxay" dalalkii helay isaga oo dhan. Marka Cook gaareen Australia, waxay ahayd sannaddii 1770. duulaan The bartay in ka badan 1,600 oo km xeebta bari. Sarreeye Kuwani dalalkan oo lagu magacaabo New South Wales.

Dhowr dekadaha muhiim badmaax oo uu wax tara oo calanka Britain. Cook ayaa sidoo kale helay iyo dersayay Barrier Reef Great iyo ogaaday in New Zealand waxaa la aasaasay by labada jasiiradood.

daahfurtay muhiim ah

Marka Dzheyms Kuk gaareen Australia, wuxuu degay gacanka, ka dib yaqaan cilmi barasho dhir Bay. Halkan, British arkeen dhirta quruxda badan iyo xoolaha in la helin dalalkoodii hooyo. Waxaa la rumeysan yahay in gacanka loo magacaabay cilmi barasho dhir Bay on initiative ee Banks saynisyahan markabka. Halkaa marka ay marayso, kooxda isla markiiba bilowday dagaal lala galo dadka wadaniga ah. Dhab ahaantii, gumaysigii Ingiriiska ee Australia bilaabay burburinta dadka degaanka, taas oo wakhtigaas waxaa loo arkaa in ay heer hoose ah.

Ma aha mid aad uga fog cilmi barasho dhir Baay, Cook helay dekad aad u sahlan, kaas oo, Dabcan, dowladda ayaa sheegay in. Later waxaa u yimid ugu horeysay ee magaalo qaaradda cusub - Sydney. Badmaax oo socod ku teedsan xeebta bari, ka dibna soo koobay iyo woqooyi. Cook siiyey magacyada dhammaan goobaha muhiim ah oo soo dhaansatay: map ka mid ah xeebaha. British ma uusan daryeeli kan ugu horeysay in ay gaaraan xeebaha dalka Australia. Iyaga waxaa muhiim u ahaa in uu ku dhawaaqo abaal marinta ah deegaannada. Sidaas daraaddeed way ka tageen oo dhan cayn kasta oo caddeyn ah inuu sii joogo, intay calamada oo si taxadar leh u qoran ay falsayeen.

Natiijooyinka Cook safarka

James soo laabtay xeebaha New Zealand intii ay safarka ku soo socda, laakiin in Australia mar dambe soo degay. Fudayd ahaa si ay u caddeeyaan in qaarada dahsoon Southern weli ka jiraa. Oo markii Cook gaareen xeebaha Australia, uu hore u ogaa, ka duwan ka horreeyay, waxay, oo ku yaalla New Holland, oo aan meel kale.

Maraakiibta gudbay Circle Arctic ah, oo ilaa hadda sida in latitudes sare, taas oo la kulmay baraf pack iyo icebergs tegey. Cook sameeyey gabagabada macquul ah in haddii Continent ee Koonfurta, iyo uu jiro, ka dibna aadan heli karin in ay, iyo xiisaha ku jira ma aha, sida daboolay baraf.

Sida for Australia, durbadiiba waxaa 17 sano ka dib markii la furay rasmiga ah ee markabka cilmi barasho dhir Bay yimid dembiilayaasha ka England, kuwaas oo lahaa si ay u bilaabaan nolol cusub halkan.

natiijooyinka

Waxaan ma dhihi karo iyadoo la hubo kuwaas oo marka hore Yurub gaareen xeebaha dalka Australia, laakiin ma ay la karsado. Its mudnaan waa inuu ku dhowaad furay qaarada mar kale, waxaa si taxadar leh baaro, iyo jidka u bannaysay for gumaysigii xiga.