Kiimikaad ee aldehydes: falcelinta ee muraayad lacag

Aldehydes waa taagayo functional of Consort, kaas oo qaab-dhismeedka waxaa jira koox ka mid ah CO (group carbonyl). Waayo, aldehydes fudud Ciyaalle dhaqan ahaan ku kaydsan (taariikhi) magacyadoodu ahayd, intii magaca acids carboxylic, kuwaas oo beddelay aldehydes by qayilo soo saaray. Haddii aan ka hadlo Magac IUPAC ah, aasaas u ah qaadashada silsilad ugu dheer ku jiraan group aldehyde ah. Laga bilaabo tirintii silsilad hydrocarbon ka eb carbon koox carbonyl ah (CO), taas oo helo tiro horyaalka 1. Si silsilad weyn ee shidaalka lagu darayaa dhamaadka "al" ku soo saaray. Tan iyo aldegidogruppa ku yaalla dhamaadka silsiladda, 1 tireedyada, guud ahaan qorin. Isomerism isomerism xeryahooda joogo waxaa sabab u ah lafaha hydrocarbon ah.

The aldehydes helay siyaabo dhowr ah: geeddi-socodka oxo, alkynes fuuq, qayilo iyo dehydrogenation of alcohols. Diyaarinta aldehydes ka alcohols aasaasiga ah waxay u baahan yihiin xaalado gaar ah, tan iyo markii uu ahbaa xeryahooda organic diyaar oxidized si carboxylic acid. Aldehydes sidoo kale la samaysan karin by dehydrating ku alcohols u dhiganta in joogitaanka copper. Mid ka mid ah hababka warshadaha weyn ee soo saara aldehydes waa falcelinta ee Avv oxo ah, kaas oo ku salaysan falcelinta ee alkene ah, C0 iyo H2 in joogitaanka Xoojiya ka kooban Co, heerkulka a of 200 digrii iyo cadaadis ah 20 MPA. reaction baxa Tani ee dareeraha ama wajiga gaaska sida ay nidaamka: RCH = CH2 + C0 + H2 - RCH2CH2C0H + RCH (CH) 3C0H. Aldehydes la diyaarin karaa by Consort digalogenoproizvodnyh hydrolysis. Inta lagu guda jiro bedelka ee atamka halogeen on kooxaha OH ee dhexe ee waxaa la aasaasay ee loo yaqaan heme-diol, taas oo aan degganayn iyo waxa diinta ee xarunta carboxylic la hareen ee H20.

hantida kiimikada ee aldehydes - jawaab tayo leh oo lacag ah. Inta lagu guda jiro qayilo ka aldehydes waxaa diinta carboxylic acid (tus, S5N11SON + O - S5N11SOON). In kasta oo buugaagta quduuska macluumaad ku saabsan waxa ay dareen-celin lacag muraayada loo isticmaalo aqoonsiga ee aldehydes ka heli kartaa. Tani waxay kooxda xeryahooda organic la oxidized karo ma aha oo kaliya by tallaabada ee wakiilada oksidheeyeyaal gaar ah, laakiin si fudud inta lagu guda jiro kaydinta sarkhaansan oxygen hawada. istareexsan The oo aldehydes ku oxidised in carboxylic acid loo ogol yahay inay yeeshaan dareen diidmo oo tayo leh (reaction muraayad lacag ah) kuwaas xeryahooda organic, taas oo ka dhigaysa waxaa suurto gal ah in si dhakhso ah oo si cad loo garto joogitaanka aldehyde in xal la siiyey.

Marka kululeeyo xal ah ammoniacal ee xabagta oo lacag ah inay aldehyde acid waa la oxidized. Marka ay tani waa la dhimay si lacag macdan ah oo lagu shubo on darbiyada tube sida lakabka madow leh gloss sifo - cadaanyo muraayad lacag ah. Waa in la ogaadaa in ay jiraan waxyaaba badan oo aan la xiriira aldehydes, laakiin waxa ay sidoo kale waa awood u galo reaction ee kor ku xusan. Waayo, aqoonsiga xeryahooda kuwani waa mid ka mid dareen-celin tayo for aldehydes - cadaanyo muraayad copper. In falcelinta ee aldehydes la Fehling reagent isagoo midab buluug ah (xal aqueous of hydroxide cupric, an alkali iyo acid tartrate cusbada) oo ah naxaas divalent waa la dhimay si monovalent. Sayidka dhacaa soo dadajin cas-brown ee xabagta cuprous.

Sidaas, sida loo fuliyay falcelinta ee muraayad lacag ah? Waxaa u muuqan lahaa in wax fudud kululeeyo filan dheri waa xal ammoniacal of lacag la mid ka mid ah aldehydes ah (tus, xal glucose ah ama formaldehyde) laakiin habkan waxaa had iyo jeer taaj looma saaro guusha. Mararka qaarkood dhawrno oo aynu formation of ganaax madow oo lacag ah in xalka, halkii daahan muraayad on darbiyada galaasyada ah. Waa maxay sababta ugu weyn ee failure? Waayo, 100% natiijada waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in ay u hoggaansamaan shuruudaha falcelinta, oo si taxadar leh u diyaariso dusha galaaska.