Japan Warshadaha: Warshadaha iyo horumarinta

Japan (Nihon ama Nippon) - mid ka mid ah awoodaha dhaqaale u horseeda. Waa mid ka mid ah hogaamiyayaasha, oo ay la socdaan Maraykanka iyo Shiinaha. Waxa la xisaabay in 70% ka mid ah wax soo saarka guud ee East Asia.

warshadaha dalka Japan ayaa gaaray heer sare ah ee horumarinta, gaar ahaan dhexgalaan sayniska iyo waxbarashada. Waxaa ka mid ah madaxda dhaqaalaha adduunka - shirkadda "Toyota Motors", "Sony Corporation", "Fujitsu", "Honda Motors", "Toshiba" iyo kuwa kale.

Xaaladda ay ku sugan

Japan waa saboolka ah ee khayraadka dabiiciga ah - waa kayd muhiim ah oo kaliya of dhuxusha, copper iyo horseedi-zinc senti. Sanadihii la soo dhaafay waxa uu sidoo kale noqday daawada jirka la mariyo ee khayraadka badda - saaridda uranium ka aaso, wax soo saarka ee qanjira manganese.

In la eego dhaqaalaha dunida at jajab ah oo Japan oo keena qiyaastii 12% wax soo saarka guud ee. Taasoo keentay warshadaha Japanese - ferrous iyo metallurgy non-ferrous, mashiinka-dhisidda (gaar ahaan baabuurta, robotics korantada), kiimikada iyo qaybta cuntada.

xuduuddadhulka warshadaha

gobolka gudahood, waxaa jira saddex gobol oo waawayn:

• Tokyo-Yokohama, oo ay ku jiraan Keihin, East Japan, Tokyo Brefatuuradu, Kanagawa, gobolka Kanto.
• Nagoya, waxa ay la xidhiidhaa Bale a.
• Osaka-Kobsky (Han-Xing).

Ka sokow kor ku xusan, waxaa jira sidoo kale ka yar:

• Northern Kyushu (kitą-Kyushu).
• Kanto.
• Degmada Warshadaha Badda East (Tokai).
• Tokyo-Tibsky (waxaa ka mid ah e-Kay, bariga Japan, ka Kanto iyo gobolka Chiba Prefecture).
• Gudaha-Japan Sea Area (park qaranka setonaikai).
• degmada Warshadaha oo ka mid ah dalalkan waqooyiga (Hokuriku).
• aagga Kasimsky (halkan jooga oo dhan la mid ah Bariga Japan, Kashima, Ibaraki iyo gobolka Kanto ah).

In ka badan 50% dakhliga soo gala warshadaha wax soo saarka warsan meelaha of Tokyo Yokohama, Osaka, Kobe iyo Nagoya, iyo sidoo kale magaalada ka mid ah Kitakyushu ee waqooyiga jasiiradda Kyushu.

element ugu firfircoon oo xasiloon oo suuqa wadankan ay guushu ku ganacsiyada yaryar iyo kuwa meel dhexaadka ah. Si arrintan iska leh 99% dhammaan shirkadaha Japan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, tani dhabta ah ee warshadaha dharka ee ma aha. warshadaha Light ee Japan (element hoggaamineed kuwaas oo loo gudbiyo shirkadaha) waxay ku salaysan tahay, xarumaha waaweyn si fiican u qalabaysan.

asbaabahu

dhulka beeraha mashquulin dalka ku saabsan 13% ka mid ah dhulkeeda. Oo badhkii dalalka - jellied beeraha loo isticmaalo beerista bariiska. At ay asaasiga ah, beeraha halkan waa kala duwan, iyo waxay ku salaysan tahay beeraha iyo, gaar ahaan, beerista bariiska, farsamo dalagyada, cereals iyo shaaha.

Laakiin taasi ma aha oo dhan, ku faani karo ee Japan. Warshadaha iyo Beeraha dalka si firfircoon u horumarsan oo ay taageerayaan dowladda, inuu iyaga u badan oo dareenka iyo lacag aad u badan oo la maalgashado horumarkooda. doorka A weyn ayaa sidoo kale ciyaaray dismaha, sericulture, xannaanada xoolaha, dhirta iyo kalluumeysiga badda.

meel muhiim ah in waaxda beeraha daboolayaa berdihii. koraya qudaar oo horumarsan inta badan in agagaarkeeda, waxaa hoostiisa ku saaray ku saabsan rubuc ka mid ah dhulka beeraha. Meesha haray ayaa waxaa kujira dalagyada warshadaha, dalagga calafka iyo geedaha bukaa.

About 25 million hektar daboolo kaymaha, kiisaska intooda badan, milkiilayaasha yihiin beeralayda. Milkiilayaasha Small iska leh qaybo ku saabsan 1 ha. Waxaa ka mid ah milkiilayaasha weyn - xubno ka mid ah qoyska boqortooyada, iyo Biyac iyo kuwo macbudyo dhaca.

xoolaha dhaqmaadka ah

Xoolaha ee Qorraxda oo soo Muuqata wuxuu bilaabay inuu si firfircoon horumarinta oo kaliya ka dib dagaalkii labaad ee adduunka. Waxa uu leeyahay mid ka mid feature - in ku salaysan yahay keeno, feed laga keeno (hadhuudh). Leedahay dhaqaalaha Japanese waa inay awoodaan inay wax ka badan saddex meelood baahida oo dhan bixiyaan.

xarunta xoolaha u adeegtaa ku saabsan. Hokkaido. In qaybaha waqooyi ee ay hilibka doofaarka. Guud ahaan, xoolaha xoolaha gaadho 5 milyan oo qof oo, iyada oo ku dhowaad nus ka mid ah - lo'da caanaha.

kalluumaysiga

Badda - mid ka mid ah faa'iidooyinka in raaxaysan karaan Japan. Warshadaha iyo beeraha laga helay dalka jasiiradda of meel ka mid ah faa'iidooyinka badan, waayo, waa hab dheeraad ah bixinta alaabta, iyo caawiyaan waaxda dalxiiska, iyo cuntooyin kala duwan.

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, in kasta oo ay badda, dalka waa in ay dajiyaan tiro ka mid ah alaabta (sida waafaqsan sharciga caalamiga ah, ka fiirsato nolosha badda loo ogol yahay oo kaliya gudahood xuduudaha biyaha gobolleed).

The alaabta ugu weyn ee marsho taag cunna, turbot, kalluun, salmon, halibut, saury, iwm Ku dhowaad saddex meelood oo meel qabsado siin biyo u dhow jasiiradda of Hokkaido. Japan ayaa la tudhin dhinac iyo guulaha oo fikirka sayniska casriga ah, halkan waxaa si firfircoon horumarinta naaxinta (luul cultured, kalluunka ee lagoons iyo beeraha bariiska).

gaadiidka

In 1924, baabuur park ee dalka uu leeyahay oo kaliya oo ku saabsan 17.9 kun Units.. Isla mar ahaantaana waxaa jiray tiro cajiib ah rickshaws, baaskiilada iyo gaariyo in ay ahaayeen sabab u ah dibi, ama fardo dhaqaaqin.

20 sano ka dib, kordhay baahida loo qabo baabuur, inta badan sabab u tahay baahida sii kordhaysa ee ciidanka. In 1941 dalka soo saaray 46.706 baabuurta, taas oo keliya 1065 - rakaabka.

warshadaha Automotive ee Japan bilaabay si ay u horumariyaan oo kaliya ka dib dagaalkii labaad ee caalamiga ah, taas oo u adeegi jireen sida wadadii uu dagaalkii Kuuriya. xaaladaha More wanaagsan la siiyo by Maraykanka shirkadaha la qaato fulinta amarada ciidamada.

In qeybtii labaad ee 50s ayaa si degdeg ah ku koray iyo baahida loo qabo Baabuurta rakaabka. By 1980, Japan gaadheen Maraykanka oo noqday dhoofinta dunida ugu waaweyn. Sanadkii 2008, dalka waxaa lagu aqoonsan automaker ee dunida ugu weyn.

Dhismaha maraakiibta

Tani waa mid ka mid ah warshadaha keentay, kaas oo u shaqeeya in ka badan 400 oo kun. Man, ka fiirsaneysa inay shaqada si toos ah in warshado iyo shirkado hoosaad.

awoodaha Available ogolaan in la dhiso weelashii oo dhan noocyada iyo destinies, iyadoo intii 8 guraan waxaa loogu talagalay in ay sii daayaan supertankers la barakaca 400 kun. tan. Hawlaha waaxda isku ASKYA, oo ay ku jiraan 75 shirkadood Dhismaha maraakiibta qaranka, guud ahaan waxay soo saartaa 80% ka mid ah dhammaan baabuurta soo saaray Japan.

Horumarinta ee warshadaha Japanese aagga this bilaabay ka dib dagaalkii labaad ee adduunka, marka waxay bilaabeen inay u dhaqmaan barnaamijka Dhismaha maraakiibta la qorsheeyay 1947. In si waafaqsan waxa shirkadda ka guddoomay dawladda waa deyn la taakuleeyo aad u wanaagsan, taas oo sanad kasta, iyadoo la kordhiyo miisaaniyadda ka soo kordhaya.

By 1972, 28-aan barnaamijka ka mid ahaa (la gargaarka dawladda) dhismaha maraakiibta, gaadhaya 3304 kun. GRT. dhibaatada saliidda ayaa hoos u miisaanka, si kastaba ha ahaatee, la dhigay barnaamijka ka dib markii dagaal u adeegeen saldhig ahaan koritaanka ah oo deggan iyo guul of warshadaha.

By dhamaadka 2011 buugga si Japanese ah oo ahaa 61 milyan oo dwt. (36 million GRT.). share suuqa ayaa nagi at 17% by deadweight, iyadoo amarka bulk iska lahaa sidayaal bulk (maraakiibta khaas ah markab xamuul oo gaadiidka badeecadaha nooc sida hadhuudhka, sibidhka, bulk dhuxusha) iyo hoose - waayo booyadaha.

Waqtigan xaadirka ah, tiro ka mid ah dhismaha maraakiibta dunida, inkastoo tartan adag shirkadaha Korean, weli waa Japan. Takhasus of warshadaha iyo taageerada dowladda ku abuuray qaab taageera shirkadaha waa weyn sabbaynaya xataa in xaaladda this.

metallurgy

Dalku waxa uu leeyahay kheyraad yar, oo sidaas daraaddeed horumariyo istaraatijiyad ee horumarka ah ee dhismaha qodniinka-, loogu talagalay tamar keydinta khayraadka. xalal hal abuur iyo teknoolajiyada ogolaan shirkadaha in ka badan isticmaalka saddexaad hoose awood, iyo hal-abuurnimo labada codsatay heer shirkadda, iyo in industry oo dhan.

Metallurgy, iyo sidoo kale kale warshadaha takhasuska Warshadaha ee Japan, ayaa helay horumarinta firfircoon dagaalka ka dib. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, haddii dalalka kale ayaa doonayay in la casriyeeyo oo loo casriyeeyo farsamada ee hore u jiray oo ay leeyihiin, dawladda ee dalkan ayaa maray jidkii kale. Dadaalka ugu weyn (iyo lacag) ayaa loogu talagalay in la dhamaystiro shirkadu technology ugu horumarsan waqtiga.

horumarinta degdegga ah ee suuqa tageen oo qiyaastii labaatan sano oo gaarey meesha ugu sarreysa ee 1973, markii 17,27% wax soo saarka guud ee steel dunida ka mid ah Japan dhacay. Iyo marka la eego tayada waxa ay sheegtay in hoggaamiyaha. Shidan yihiin waxa by, baniadamka, laga keeno ee alaabta ceeriin qodniinka-. Ka dib markii sannad ka samatabbixiyey ka badan 600 oo milyan oo tan oo coke iyo 110 milyan oo tan oo waxyaabaha iron ore.

By 90s bartamihii ', ku daqiijin jireen steel Chinese iyo Korean si ay u tartamaan la Japanese ah, oo dalka oo bilaabay in ay lumiyaan ay booska hoggaamineed. Sanadkii 2011, xaalada ayaa sii xumaatay sababo la xiriira musiibooyinka dabiiciga ah iyo musiibo ee "Fukushima-1", laakiin sida ay tahay qiyaasta saxda ah hoos guud ee heerka of saarka kama badna 2%.

Kiimikada iyo kiimikada ka Industry

warshadaha kiimikada ee Japan ee 2012 soo saaray waxyaabaha at 40.14 trillion Hawiyuhu. dalka waa mid ka mid ah saddexda hoggaamiye dunida lala Maraykanka iyo Shiinaha, iyadoo ku saabsan 5.5 kun. Shirkadaha in diiradda iyo shaqo siinta 880 kun. Man.

warshadaha ee dalka gudihiisa waa labaad ee ugu weyn (oo ay share - 14% wadarta), labaad oo kaliya in ay injineernimada farsamada. Dawladdu waxay u koraya sida mid ka mid ah meelaha ugu muhiimsan, bixinta horumarinta bay'adda u fiican, energy- iyo dareenka weyn teknoolajiyada khayraadka lagu badbaadinayo.

waxyaabaha soo saaray waxaa lagu gadaa Japan oo laga dhoofiyey: 75% - in Asia, oo ku saabsan 10.2% - in Midowga Yurub, 9.8% - in North America, iwm dhoofinta Aasaaska - caag, sahay sawiro iyo Consort leedahay beduliyum, xeryahooda organic iyo imanba, iwm

dalkii reer Japan ayaa sidoo kale dhoofista alaabta (mugga laga keeno ee 2012 waxa ay ku saabsan 6.1 trillion Hawiyuhu), inta badan ka, Midowga Yurub Aasiya iyo USA.

Hogaamiyaha Japan Industry Chemical in wax soo saarka ee qalabka warshadaha ee korantada, gaar ahaan, ku saabsan 70% ka mid ah suuqa dunida ka mid ah waxyaabaha Semiconductor, iyo 65% - qaab crystal dareere ah, waxaa iska leh shirkadaha dalka jasiiradda this.

In xaaladaha casriga ah wax badan oo dan u ah horumarka iyo wax soo saarka ee qalabka fiber carbon kooban ee warshadaha nukliyeerka iyo duulista.

korantada

dareenka badan waxaa la siiyaa horumarinta waaxda macluumaadka iyo isgaarsiinta. In door ah "warshadaha tareenka ugu weyn" waa image technology saddex dhinac-cabbir ah gudbinta, robotics, optics fiber iyo wireless shabakadaha soo socda qarnigan, shabakadaha caaqil, "Kombuyuutarada daruur."

kaabayaasha Miisaanka dhaco la Japan, China iyo Mareykanka oo ka mid ah saddexda ugu sareeya. Sannadkii 2012, tirada guud ee dadka isticmaala Internet ee dalka soo gaadhay 80% wadarta guud ee dadweynaha. Ciidamada iyo lacagaha loo qoondeeyay abuurka supercomputers, horumarinta nidaamka maamulka tamarta iyo farsamooyinka tamarta lagu badbaadinayo.

energetics

Qiyaastii 80% ka mid ah baahida tamarta ee Japan ayaa la helay laga keeno ah. Markii hore, doorkan lagu ciyaaray by shidaalka, gaar ahaan saliidda ka Bariga Dhexe. In si loo yareeyo ku tiirsanyihiin sahayda ee Land of Qorraxda oo soo Muuqata ayaa qaaday talaabooyin dhowr ah, gaar ahaan in la ixtiraamo oo ka mid ah "eb nabad ah".

Barnaamijyada Research berrinkii tamarta nukliyeerka, Japan bilaabay 1954. Waxaa jiray sharciyo dhowr ah iyo ururada la aasaasay loogu talagalay si ay u gutaan ujeeddooyinka Dowladda ee aagga this. The nuclear-nuclear ganacsiga ugu horeysay ayaa laga keeno UK, bilaabay in ay ka shaqeeyaan 1966.

dhawr sano ka dib markii ay korontada ee dalka ka Maraykanka iyo sawiro wada urursaday la shirkadaha maxalliga ah ayaa la dhisay iyaga on alaabta. shirkadda Japanese Toshiba Co., Ltd., Hitachi Co., Ltd. iyo kuwa kale oo bilaabay inuu qorsheeyo oo isu dhisaan a tigoodu-biyo iftiinka.

In 1975, sabab la xiriirta dhibaato barnaamijka saldhigyada horumar la heli karo la bilaabay. In la raacayo waxaa la warshadaha nukliyarka ee Japan ee 1985-lahaa in ay dhex maraan saddex marxaladood: labada horeysay saamaynaya isbaddalka dhismeedka hadda jira si ay u hagaajiyaan-socodsiinta iyo dayactirka, iyo kii saddexaad waxaa loo baahan yahay in la kordhiyo awoodda ilaa 1300-1400 MW iyo isbedel aasaasiga ah ee tigoodu ah.

siyaasad noocan oo kale ah ayaa keentay in xaqiiqda ah in in 2011 Japan lahaa 53 tigoodu hawlgalka, kuwaas oo bixiya in ka badan 30% ka mid ah baahida koronto ee dalka.

Ka dib markii ay "Fukushima"

In 2011, warshadaha tamarta ee Japan ayaa helay dharbaaxo daran. Sidaas darteed, dhulgariirkii ugu xooga badan ee taariikhda dalka iyo tsunami raadiyo on warshadda nukliyeerka awood "Fukushima-1" shilka ka dhacay. Ka dib markii baxsiga markaas ka dhacay a xubno shucaac badan oo lagu wasakhaysan 3% ka mid ah dalka, dadka ku nool agagaarka saldhigga (oo ku saabsan 80 kun. Pers.) Beddelay degayaasha.

Dhacdadani waxa ay ku qasabtay in ay dalal badan oo ay ka fakaraan inta ay tahay howlgalka la aqbali karo oo ammaan ah oo la eb ee.

Inside Japan, waxaa jiray mowjado dibad dalabaadkooda in ay dayacaan tamarta nukliyeerka. By 2012, inta badan oo ka mid ah saldhigyada ee dalka ka go'ay. feature warshadaha Japan ayaa sannadihii la soo dhaafay ku haboon hal weedh: "Dalkan waxaa ku dadaalaya si ay u noqdaan" cagaaran "."

Hadda waxa dhab ahaan waa ma sii isticmaalaa eb, kale ugu - gaaska dabiiciga ah. dareenka badan ayaa sidoo kale ku bixisay in tamarta la cusboonaysiin karo: qorraxda, biyaha iyo dabaysha.