International waydaarsanayeen of alkanes. Alkanes: Qaabkadhismeedka, guryaha

Waa waxtar leh si ay u bilaabaan la qeexidda dhabta ah ee alkanes. Tani cokan ama cokan Consort, paraffins. Waxaan sidoo kale odhan karaa in ay carbons taas oo atamka xarunta C waxaa la sameeyaa ayadoo la marayo hab xiriirka fudud. formula guud waa foomka: CnH₂n + 2.

Waxaa la og yahay in ratio ee atamka H iyo C ee u taagoo sida ay suurtagal tahay marka la barbar dhigo xiisadaha kale. Marka la eego in valences oo dhan ay dagan yihiin ama C, ama H, iyo guryaha kiimikada ee alkanes muujiyay dhalaalaysa oo ku filan, si ay magaca labaad ee ay laftu xadka weedh ama Consort cokan.

sidoo kale waxaa jira magac ka sii hore ugu wanaagsan ee ka tarjumaysaa ay himinertnost qaraabo - paraffins, kaas oo micnihiisu yahay "ka dhiman buuna".

Sidaas daraaddeed, mawduuca wada hadalka our maanta: "Alka: homologous taxane, isku waydaarsanayeen, qaab-dhismeedka, isomerism". sidoo kale xog ku saabsan guryaha la joogo jireed.

Alkanes: Qaabkadhismeedka, waydaarsanayeen

In atamka C, kuwaas oo ku jiraan xaalad sida sp3-hybridization sida. Sidaa darteed Britain alkane lagu muujin karaa sida set oo ah qaab-dhismeedka tetrahedral C, taas oo ku xiran yihiin dhexdooda oo keliya, laakiin sidoo kale la H.

Inta u dhaxaysa atamka C iyo H joogaan waara, aad u yar kala horjeeda s-bond. Atamka agagaarka bonds hal mar walba isku shaandheyn sidii natiijo ah oo alkanes taagoo qaataan qaabab kala duwan, kuna waari dhexdeeda dhererka xidhiidhka ka, xagal u dhexeeya iyaga - waa geysid. Foomamka, kuwaas oo loo beddelaa kasta oo kale oo ay sabab u tahay wareeg ee Britain, taas oo uu dhacaa agagaarka σ-bonds, gudbiyo sida ay conformation.

In geeddi-socodka ah askartii ka atamka H ee Britain ayaa ku foomamka ah qurubyada 1-valent yeedhay xag shidaalka. xeryahooda Kuwani waa natiijada ma ahan oo keliya xeryahooda organic laakiin sidoo kale ka imanba. Haddii Kala jar eb laba hydrogen ka xadka Britain hydrocarbon ah, mid ka mid hesha xag 2-valence.

Sayidka alkanes noqon kartaa Magac:

• radial (version jir);
• Bedelay (caalami ah, nidaamsan). Waxay soo jeediyay IUPAC.

Magac-Gaar radial

Xaaladda hore alkanes waydaarsanayeen waxaa lagu gartaa sida soo socota:

1. Consort Tixgelinta sida taagayo of methane, kaas oo la badalay by 1 ama in ka badan H atamka xag.
2. degree sare ee sahlanaato in ay dhacdo xeryahooda ma mid aad u adag.

Features of Magac-bedelka

alkane waydaarsanayeen bedelay leedahay sifooyinka soo socda:

1. The salaysan magaca - 1 silsilad carbon ah, iyo jajabkii kelli hartay waxaa loo tixgeliyaa sida substituents.
2. Haddii ay jiraan xag badan isku hor magacooda muujinaysaa tirada (adag in erayada), iyo tiro xagjirka ah kala hakadka.

Chemistry: Magac-of alkanes

Wixii sahlanaato, warbixin la soo bandhigay qaab tabular.

The alkanes waydaarsanayeen kor ku xusan ka mid ah magacyada taariikh ahaan loo sameeyay (4 eego koowaad ee taxanaha Consort cokan).

alkanes Halkan nondeployed 5 ama in ka badan C sameeyay ka tiro atamka Greek oo ka tarjumaya tiro Siiyey atamka C. Sayidka qadarin ah -en muujinaysaa in maalkiisu tiro ka mid ah xeryahooda cokan.

In barbaro horyaal geeyay alkanes sida silsilad ugu weyn mid ka mid ah ay ku jiraan tirada ugu badan ee C. Waxaa la tiriyey si atamka in substituents leeyihiin tirada ugu yar la doorto. Xaaladdan oo laba ama ka badan oo silsiladaha isku dherer siman noqdo mid ka mid ah ugu weyn taas oo ka kooban tirada ugu badan ee substituents.

isomerism of alkanes

Sida hydrocarbon-aasaasaha of tiro ka mid ah falalka methane CH₄. Iyada oo wakiil kasta oo taxane methane arkay in la barbardhigo kooxda methylene hore - CH₂. qaabkani la ogan karo oo dhan taxanaha ah ee alkanes.

saynisyahan Jarmal Schill horey soo jeedin ah in magaca tirada homologous. Turjumay ka macnaha Giriigga ah ee "la mid ah, sida."

Sayidka, taxanaha homologous - go'an xeryahooda organic la xiriira isagoo nooc ka mid ah qaab-dhismeedka la himsvoystvami dhow. Homologs - xubnaha taxanaha ah. Farqiga Homologous - group methylene by kaas oo labada homologue ku xiga kala duwan.

Sida hore u soo sheegnay, halabuurka ka mid ah shidaalka ee cokan lagu sheegi karaa iyadoo formula guud CnH₂n + 2. Sidaas darteed, ka dib markii methane ah xubin ka mid ah taxanaha homologous of ethane waa - C₂H₆. Si lean qaabka methane, waxaa lagama maarmaan ah si ay ugu bedesho eb H at 1 CH₃ (tiradaasi hoos) ee.

Dhismaha homologue kasta xiga laga dheefay karaa kor ku xusan si la mid ah. Sidaas darteed of ethane sameeyay propane - C₃H₈.

Waa maxay isomers?

Ma walxaha in ay leeyihiin halabuurka ah isku tayo iyo tiroba kelli (formula kelli isku mid) laakiin dhismayaasha kiimiko kala duwan oo himsvoystvami kala duwan.

Gartaa u Consort sheegnay on dhimaya sida heerkulka karkaraya: -0,5 ° - butane, -10 ° - isobutane. Tani nooca isomerism gudbiyo isomerism lafaha sida carbonaceous, taas oo la xiriirta nooca dhismaha ah.

Tirada isomers dhismaha si degdeg ah u kordhiyaa tirada of atamka carbon. Sayidka, C₁₀H₂₂ u dhigma doonaa isomers 75 (ma jiro meel bannaan), iyo 4347 C₁₅H₃₂ isomers hore u ogaan lahaa, waayo C₂₀H₄₂ - 366.319.

Sidaas hore waxa uu ahaa cad in sida a alkanes, taxane homologous, isomerism, waydaarsanayeen. Haddaba waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in ay xeerarka magacyada IUPAC tagaan.

IUPAC Magac: Magaca waxbarashada

Marka hore, waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in la helo qaab of silsilad carbon hydrocarbon ah, taas oo ka kooban dhererka ugu iyo tirada ugu badan ee substituents. Markaas tirada loo baahan yahay silsiladda atamka C, laga bilaabo dhamaadka, kaas oo substituent dhow.

Marka labaad, sal - magaca hydrocarbon ah cokan unbranched, taas oo u dhiganta tirada atamka C waa silsilad ugu weyn.

Saddexaad, ka hor inta aasaaska waa in qolalka lokantov, kuwaas oo yaalla meel u dhow taliyayaashii. Iyagu waxay ku qoran Gagadiyaa magaca hyphenated.

Mar afraadka, lacala substituents isku on atamka kala duwan C lokanty wada, kuna waari dhexdeeda ka hor inta magaca muuqataa tarmaa Horgalaha: di - laba substituents isku mid saddex - ilaa saddex, tetra - afar, penta - ilaa shan, iwm Tirokoobyada .. waa in ay la kala by comma ah, iyo erayadii ka - hyphen.

Haddii mid ka mid ah oo la eb isku C jira kaliya labo substituents lokant sidoo kale laba jeer.

Sida laga soo xigtay xeerarkan, iyo sameeyay isku waydaarsanayeen caalami ah oo alkanes.

Newman ayaa qiyaas

saynisyahan Tani American jeediyay for conformations bandhig graphic formula qiyaas gaar ah - qiyaas Newman. Waxay u dhigmaan noocyada A iyo B iyo C waxaa lagu muujiyey jaantuskan hoose.

In kiiska ugu horreeya ee conformation A-qaalisan, halka labaad - B-dhaxalsiiyeen. In booska atamka A H waxaa ku yaal ugu yaraan fogaan ah midba midka kale. Foomkan u dhiganta qiimaha ugu weyn ee tamarta ay sabab u tahay xaqiiqada ah in repulsion ugu weyn therebetween. Tani gobolka energetically allifey oo, ku dheehan Britain ayaa waxay u egtahay in ay ka baxaan, iyo inay meel B. a more deggan Halkan guurto ah atamka H masaafada ugu badan ka soo midba midka kale. Sidaas darteed, kala duwan yihiin tamarta ee qodobbadan - 12 KJ / mol, si wareeg free agagaarka dhidibka of ethane ee Britain, taas oo isku xirta kooxaha methyl ka helay sinnayn. Marka booska energetically wanaagsan ee Britain ayaa waxaa ka dib loo dhigo, in si kale loo dhigo, "ayuu kala jejebiyey". Taasi waa sababta ay waxaa lagu magacaabaa dhac. Result -. 10 kun u taagoo ethane waa qaab conformation bixiyo heerkulka qolka xanniban tahey. mid ka mid ah oo kaliya ayaa qaab ka duwan - qaalisan.

Diyaarinta Consort cokan

From maqaalkan waxaa la ogaaday in alkanes this (qaab-dhismeedka, waydaarsanayeen iyaga ka mid ah ku tilmaamay si faahfaahsan hore). Waxa ay noqon doontaa dhiibida in la baaro hababka diyaarinta ay. Waxaa loo bixiyay oo laga helay ilo dabiici ah sida saliidda, gaaska dabiiciga ah, gaaska la xidhiidha, dhuxusha. Sidoo kale codsan hababka dardaro. Tusaale ahaan, H₂ 2H₂:

1. Geedi socodka ah ee hydrogenation ee Consort roodhida: CnH₂n (alkenes) → CnH₂n + 2 (alkanes) ← CnH₂n-2 (alkynes).
2. Monoxide ka dar ah ee C iyo H - syngas: isagujira + (2n + 1) H₂ → CnH₂n + 2 + nH₂O.
3. From acids carboxylic (cusbada oo dhanba): electrolysis at anode si cathode ah:

• Kolbe electrolysis: 2RCOONa + 2H₂O → R-R + 2CO₂ + H₂ + 2NaOH;
• Dumas reaction (daawaha leh alkali): CH₃COONa + NaOH (t) → CH₄ + Na₂CO₃.

1. Qab qabashada oo saliid ah: CnH₂n + 2 (450-700 °) → CmH₂m + 2 + CN-mH₂ (nm).
2. Gasification shidaalka (adag): C + 2H₂ → CH₄.
3. Avv alkanes adag (halogenated) kaas oo ay leeyihiin tiro yar ee atamka C: 2CH₃Cl (chloromethane) + 2Na → CH₃- CH₃ (ethane) + 2NaCl.
4. methanide Expansion biyaha (carbides biraha): Al₄C₃ + 12H₂O → 4Al (OH₃) ↓ + 3CH₄ ↑.

The guryaha jirka ah ee Consort cokan

Wixii sahlanaato, xogta raaciyaa in miiska.

gunaanad

Maqaalka waxaa loo tixgeliyaa inay wax sida alkanes sida (qaab-dhismeedka, isku waydaarsanayeen, isomerism, taxane homologous iyo wixii la mid ah.). Waxaa inoo sheegayaa wax yar oo ku saabsan muuqaalada radial iyo bedelay nomenclatures. Hababka lagu sharaxay si loo helo alkanes.

Intaa waxaa dheer, article ku qoran faahfaahin waydaarsanayeen ee alkanes oo dhan (imtixaanka kaa caawin kara in milmi macluumaadka).