Consort roodhida: alkenes, guryaha kiimikada iyo codsiga

Alkenes - Consort roodhida, kuwaas oo u taagoo u dhaxaysa laba atamka carbon, mid bond double. Waxaa inta badan loo yaqaan taxane Consort ethylene, sababtoo ah waa a ethylene wakiilka fudud NC2 = CH2. olefins Mararka qaarkood Consort kuwan waxa loo soo gudbinayaa sida alkenes gaseous ficil la bromine ama chlorine si ay u sameeyaan xeryahooda saliid aan L. biyo. ereyga "alkenes" Magac-IUPAC waxaa ka soo jeeda erayga "alkanes", halkaas oo qadarin Gogol waxaa lagu bedelaa -ene-galaha, taas oo muujinaysaa joogitaanka ee Britain ayaa ku maalkii curaarta double.

Consort roodhida - alkenes: Qaabkadhismeedka

All alkenes tixgeliyo taagayo of ethylene ama ethene - C2H4.

Britain ethylene wuxuu ka kooban yahay laba atamka carbon iyo afar atamka hydrogen, ka atamka carbon roodhida. Mid kasta oo ka carbon ee roodhida la eb hybridizes es hal iyo laba pi-orbitals, iyo hadhaagii mid pi orbital in "foomka saafi ah", oo bixiya masaafada ugu badan ee orbitals electronic hybridized. faasas ay sameeyaan 120 °. Tani waxay abuurtaa xaaladaha aan fiicnayn for xirmi ee orbitals electron. Saddex orbitals sida ee atamka carbon si ay u sameeyaan saddex bonds li'idiisa (laba C-H, C-C a). Sidaas awgeed, Britain ethylene uu leeyahay shan bonds li'idiisa kuwaas oo ku kooban in diyaarad la mid ah, la xirrira u dhaxeeya xagal 120 °. P-electrons hadhay ee "daahir ah" u sameeyaan bond kale u dhaxaysa laba atamka carbon. Ku tilmaamay dhismeedka elektarooniga ah ee u taagoo ethylene caadiga ah ee alkenes. Consort roodhida waa in la arkaa taagayo of ethylene.

Waayo, alkene lagu gartaa 2 nooc oo isomerism - joomateri iyo dhismaha.

isomers Dhismayaasha of alkenes bilaabmaa butene C4H8. Kala duwanaansho oo ay - silsilad isomerism (ama lafaha carbon) iyo isomers meelaynta curaarta double wareegi noocan oo kale ah.

isomerism joomateri ay sabab u meelaynta sineyn ee substituents hydrogen ee Britain ee qaraabo ethylene in diyaarada curaarta double. Consort roodhida waa cis- iyo trans-isomers.

Alkenes ee gobolka free waa mid aad u dhif ah ee dabiiciga ah. Waxay ahaayeen ku dhexsameeysmo jirka iyadoo la isticmaalayo geedi socodka warshadaha iyo shaybaarka.

guryaha kiimikada ee Consort: alkenes

Waxaa sababa bond a double u dhaxaysa laba atamka carbon ee Britain ee alkene ah.

reaction hydrogenation The

Alkenes dhaba fal lifaaqa ah hydrogen. Waxay dhacdaa in joogitaanka Xoojiya ama kuleyliyaha:

CH2 = CH2 = H2 H3C CH3

ku biiro halides

soo baxa falcelinta by xukunka Markovnikov ah, i.e. by ficil halide hydrogen la taagoo sinnayn alkenes hydrogen ah waxaa lagu darayaa meeshii deegaamaynta ah curaarta double doorbidayaa in la eb carbon soo socda kaas oo ay jiraan atamka hydrogen dheeraad ah, la eb halogeen ah - in ay la eb carbon soo socda, taas oo ka yar atamka hydrogen ama gebi ahaan iyagu ma ay jiraan:

CH3-CH = CH2 + HC1-CH3-CH3-CHC1.

Isticmaalka Consort

Ethene - gaaska kala diray si fiican in khamriga iyo si liidata L. biyo, waxyaabaha qarxa.

Waxay hodan ku ah gaasaska arrinkaas (ilaa 20% ah oo miisaankeedu yahay total) iyo waa coke gaaska foornada (qiyaastii 5%). In hababka shaybaarka fuuqbaxa of ethylene u diyaariyeen dehydrogenation of ethane iyo ethanol. Codsatay in la helo ethylene khamriga ethyl, chloride vinylalkohol, ethylbenzyl, polyetylen, wakiilada qabow ka hor taga (walxo yareeyo dhibic lagu keydsho biyaha ee matoorada) oo kale walxaha organic. In aadanaha iyo caafimaadka xoolaha, ethylene waxaa loo isticmaalaa sida samaynta daroogada ee dalagga - si loo dardar-Bisaylkiisa ee midhaha (yaanyo, liin, iyo wixii la mid ah).

Propylene waxaa wada heli la ethylene in pyrolysis iyo arrinkaas oo ah noocyada kala duwan ee feedstock batroolka. Propylene - qayb ka mid ah shidaalka baabuurta. Waxa loo isticmaalaa sida feedstock for polypropylene, isopropylbenzyl, khamriga isopropyl. Iyada oo isopropanol, acetone, la isopropylbenzyl - acetone iyo phenol. Propylene waxaa loo isticmaalaa sida daroogada maandooriyaha for synthesizing acrylonitrile, cumene, butanol, iwm