Goysyada Human. Noocyada kala goysyada aadanaha

lafta Human Way adag tahay si in ay tahay in ay u adkeysan ku saabsan 10 kun oo kilo awoodo, laakiin haddii lafaha ah oo ka kooban lafta adag kaliya hal, our dhaqdhaqaaqa noqon lahayd wax aan macquul aheyn. Nature ayaa xalin dhibaatada this by si fudud u qaybinaya lafaha oo ka mid ah lafaha iyo kala goysyada badan ayaa abuuray - meel lafo ah ka hor tagaan.

goysyada aadanaha qabtaan arrin shaqo muhiim ah. Thanks iyaga, lafaha, ilkaha iyo carjawda ee jirka waxaa ku biiray in kasta oo kale.

Noocyada kala goysyada aadanaha

Waxay loo kala saari karaa marka la eego shaqeynayaan:

Joint in laga hortago in dhaqdhaqaaqa, oo loo yaqaan synarthrosis. Tolay dhaladii iyo gomfos (dhakada ilkaha soedininenie) waxaa ku qoran tusaalooyinka synarthrosis. xidhiidhada u dhexeeya lafaha yeedhay syndesmosis u dhexeeya carjawda - sinhordrozami, lafta - sintostozami. Synarthrosis sameeyay via unugyo.

Amphiarthrosis ogolaanaya dhaqdhaqaaqa yar oo ka mid ah lafaha wadajir ah. Tusaalooyinka amphiarthrosis waa cajaladood intervertebral iyo symphysis gumaarka.

The fasalka functional saddexaad - diarthrosis svobodnopodvizhnye. Waxay leeyihiin kala duwan oo ugu sareeya ee mooshinka. Tusaalayaal: suxullada, jilbaha, garbaha iyo cumaacumaha. Had iyo jeer waa meesha dharkiisa synovial.

goysyada lafaha aadanaha ayaa sidoo kale loo kala saari karaa by ay qaab-dhismeedka (wax ku yihiin oo ay ka kooban):

goysyada buunshada ku kooban yihiin fiiloyin collagen adag. Kuwani waa kala goysyada ah dhaladii iyo wadajirka ah ee xiriirisa ulna iyo gacan of dhudhun ku wada.

goysyada Cartilaginous ka kooban yihiin carjawda aadanaha oo isku xidhxidhaan lafaha. Tusaalooyinka xeryahooda sida waa kalagoysyada u dhexeeya feeraha iyo feeraha carjawda, iyo inta u dhaxaysa saxannada intervertebral.

Nooca ugu badan - si wadajir ah synovial - bannaan waxaa ka buuxsamay dareere dhexeeya dhamaadka lafaha xariirin karo. Waxaa la hareereeyey by kaabsal adag of unugyo cufan, daboolay by xuub synovial. xuub synovial, oo ka kooban kaabsal, dheecaanka synovial soo saarta Subag ah, kuwaas oo shaqo - si saliidayn si wadajir ah, yareeyo khilaaf iyo xirtaan.

Waxaa jira fasalo dhowr ah oo kala goysyada synovial, tusaale ahaan, ellipsoidal, ginglymoid, koore-qaabeeya iyo spherical.

goysyada Ellipsoidal xidhan lafta macaan oo uu oggolaan inay dhexsocoto ee la soo dhaafay midba midka kale jihada kasta.

goysyada Trochlear, sida suxulka iyo jilibka ah qofka in la xadido dhaqdhaqaaqa hal jiho kaliya si xagal u dhexeeya lafaha kordhin kartaa ama hoos u. dhaqdhaqaaqa Limited ku jira laabatooyinka ginglymoid siisaa awood dheeraad ah iyo xoog of lafaha, muruqyada iyo seedaha.

goysyada koore, sida u dhexeeya lafaha ugu horeysay metacarpal iyo lafta trapezoid ah, u ogolaan in isku shaandheyn lafaha at 360 digrii.

Garabka iyo hip qof - oo kaliya goysyada spherical ee jirka. Waxay leeyihiin kala duwan oo lacag la'aan ah mooshin, ay yihiin kuwa keliya in rogi karno ay dhidibka. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, la'aanta ah ee kala goysyada spherical waa in kala duwan oo lacag la'aan ah mooshin ka dhigaysa more nugul bax, in ka yar kala-goysyada aadanaha mobile. In meelahan waxaa inta badan waa jajabaan.

Qaar ka mid ah kala-goysyada synovial aadanaha waa in loo tixgeliyo si gooni gooni ah.

si wadajir ah ginglymoid

goysyada Trochlear yihiin fasalka synovial. Tani canqowga, jilibka iyo nin xusulka. Sida caadiga ah ginglymoid wadajir ah - farabadan of laba ama ka badan oo lafaha, halkaas oo ay kaliya guuri kartaa mid ka mid ah dhidibka in la leexiyo ama toosi.

The goysyada trochlear ugu fudud ee jirka - interphalangeal, iyagu waa u dhexeeya phalanges ee faraha iyo suulasha.

Tan iyo markii ay miisaanka yar xafiiska iyo xoog farsamo, waxay ka kooban yihiin wax hal xadhko u yar oo dheeraad ah synovial for xoojinta leh. laf kasta daboolay ah lakabka khafiif ah oo siman carjawda hyaline, loogu talo galay in lagu yareeyo khilaaf ku jira laabatooyinka ee. Lafaha waxaa sidoo kale ku hareereysan kaabsal adag of unugyo buunshada ku, daboolay by xuub synovial.

Dhismaha goysyada aadanaha had iyo jeer waa ka duwan yahay. Tusaale ahaan, si wadajir ah xusulka ka adag yahay ka badan sameeyay inta u dhexeysa humerus, gacan iyo ulna lafihii dhudhun ah. Xusulka sakhiray in ay ka sii weyn loola raran badan meesha dharkiisa faraha iyo suulasha, sidaas darteed waxa ku jira dhawr seedaha xoog iyo dhismayaasha kale lafta u gaar ah kaas oo xoojin dhismeedkooda.

Ulnar iyo seedaha radial caawiyaan ulna la xiriira iyo gacan oo la xoojiyo kala-goysyada. lugaha ayaa sidoo kale ka kooban yihiin dhowr goysyada waaweyn trochlear.

si wadajir ah canqowga xusulka noocan oo kale ah waxa uu ku yaalaa inta u dhaxaysa ee waaweyn iyo kuwo yaryar lafo soo gaaray lugta hoose iyo lafta talus cagta ah. Laamihii sare loolalan soo gaaray waxaa la aasaasay agagaarka Afyare talus lafaha in la xadido dhaqdhaqaaqa lugta taxey ka mid ah. Afar xidhmo oo dheeraad ah, oo ay ku jiraan deltoid ah, dhuujin lafaha iyo xoojiyo wadajirka ah, si ay u ilaaliyaan miisaanka jidhka.

Waxay ku taallaa inta u dhaxaysa ee bowdada iyo soo gaaray lugta iyo soo gaaray loolalan, jilibka si wadajir ah - si wadajir ah ugu weyn oo ugu adag ginglymoid ee jirka aadanaha.

Suxulka iyo anatomy canqowga waa la mid, waxay inta badan la kulmaan osteoarthritis.

goysyada ellipsoidal

si wadajir ah Ellipsoidal, sidoo kale loo yaqaan flat, waa nooca ugu badan ee kala goysyada synovial. Waxaa loo sameeyay meel u dhow lafta, oo dushiisuna siman ama ku dhowaad siman. goysyada Kuwani awood lafaha si simbiriirixan jiho kasta - kor iyo hoos, bidix iyo midig, ku qotonta.

Sababo la dhismeedkooda goysyada ellipsoidal dabacsan, oo ay dhaqdhaqaaqa ku xaddidan (si looga hortago in dhaawac). goysyada Ellipsoidal waxaa qariya xuub sinovalnoy in ay soo saartaa dheecaanka u adeegta si ay u saliidayn wadajirka ah.

Inta badan goysyada ellipsoidal waa in lafaha appendicular u dhexeysa lafaha xanuunka xididdada of gacanta, inta u dhaxaysa si wadajir ah gacanta iyo gacanta lafihii metacarpal u dhexeeya lafaha canqowga ah.

koox kale oo kala goysyada ellipsoidal ku yaalla Wajiyada oo ka mid ah lix iyo labaatan araxda kala goysyada intervertebral. Cilaaqaadyadan waxaa noo oggolaan in isku laab, fur oo isku shaandheyn jir ah, iyadoo la ilaalinayo xoogga dhabarta taageera miisaanka jidhka oo ka ilaaliya laf dhabarta.

goysyada condylar

Waxaa jira nooc ka mid ah oo kala duwan ee kala goysyada ellipsoidal - wadajirka condylar. Waxaa la oran karo waa nooc ka mid KMG ah ka nooca trochlear wadajir ellipsoid ah. From condylar wadajir trochlear lagu gartaa faraqa u weyn ee qaabka iyo cabbirka meelaha weheshiga, taasoo keentay in dhaqdhaqaaq ay suurtagal tahay ku dhawaad laba faasas. From condylar wadajir ah madaxdii articular ellipsoidal dhowr ah oo kala duwan.

si wadajir ah koore

si wadajir ah koore waa nooc ka mid ah kala-goysyada synovial, halkaas oo mid ka mid ah lafta waxaa qaabeeya sida rarka iyo lafta kale ku dul waxa on, sida faraska ku ah faras.

goysyada koore more dabacsan badan spherical ama ellipsoidal.

Tusaalaha ugu wanaagsan ee jirka si wadajir ah koore waa si wadajir ah carpometacarpal of suulka, kaas oo la sameeyay inta u dhexeysa lafaha trapezoid iyo lafta ugu horeysay metacarpal. Tusaalahaan, trapezoid foomamka kursiga fekrado, on taas oo lafta ugu horeysay metacarpal fadhiya. si wadajir ah Carpometacarpal u ogolaanaya ah farta aadanaha waaweyn waa ay fududahay in kor loogu qaado la kale afar farood ee gacanta. Thumb, dabcan, mid aad u muhiim noo ah sida ay u saamaxdo gacanta our adag haleelaan shay oo ay isticmaalaan in badan oo qalab ah.

arthrodia

goysyada Ball yihiin fasalka gaarka ah ee laabatooyinka synovial kaas oo ay leeyihiin xorriyadda ugu sareeya ee dhaqdhaqaaqa jidhka ku ay sabab u tahay in ay qaab-dhismeedka gaar ah. misigta oo si wadajir ah garabka tahay qofka keliya spherical ee jirka aadanaha.

Labada qaybood oo ugu muhiimsan ee si wadajir ah spherical: lafta madaxa goobaabin iyo lafta leh fasax koob-NRC. Tixgeli si wadajir ah garabka. anatomy aadanaha waa sida in madaxa spherical ee humerus ah (laf gacanta kore) haboon galay saabka wadajirka ah ee jirridda. Glenoid saabka - waa goobo yaryar oo gacmeed, mahad oo garabka wadajirka kala duwan ugu weyn ee dhaqdhaqaaqa ee jidhka bini'aadamka. Waxaa la hareereeyey by giraan ah carjawda hyaline, kuwaas oo dabacsan, lafo xoog leh, halka muruqyada - cabbire rotator - qaban humerus gudahood saabka.

misigta waa wax yar ka yar mobile badan garabka, laakiin waa wadajir adag oo ka xasilloon. hip dheeraad ah xasiloonida loo baahan yahay in ay hor istaagi miisaanka jidhka on lugaha by fulinta hawlaha sida socosho, orodka iyo wixii la mid ah. D.

misigta soo koobay, ku dhowaad madaxa spherical ee lafta bawdada (lafta bowdada) ku dhagan in acetabulum ah, fasaxa dheer ee lafta misigta. tiro ka mid ah seedaha iyo murqaha adag xoog arrin qaban madaxa bawdeedka oo meel iyo iska caabin ah xiisadda ugu adag ee jirka. Acetabulum iyo ka hortagtaa iyo barakacyo misigta, lafta yareeyo dhaqdhaqaaqa dhexdiisa.

Ku saleysan kor ku xusan, waxaad samayn kartaa miis yar. Dhismaha goysyada aadanaha waxaa ka mid ah waxa aan doono. Sidaas daraaddeed, khaanadda ugu horeysay ee horyaalka ku qeexan nooca wadajir ah, labaad iyo saddexaad - tusaalooyin iyo goobaha ay, siday u kala horreeyaan.

goysyada Human: miiska

nooca wadajir ah	tusaalooyin kala goysyada	meeye
ginglymoid	Jilibka, xusulka, canqowga. Anatomy ee qaar ka mid ah iyaga waa la hoos ku siin.	Jilibka - dhexeeya bidig, tibial iyo patella lafaha, ulnar - dhexeeya humerus, ulna iyo gacan, canqowga - dhexeeya gaaray iyo cagaha.
ellipsoidal	goysyada Intervertebral; kalagoysyada u dhexeeya phalanges ah.	Inta u dhaxaysa Wajiyada araxda; dhexeeya phalanges ee faraha iyo gacmaha.
globular	Hip iyo garabka goysyada. anatomy Human bixisaa noocan oo kale ah dareenka wadajir ah.	Inta u dhaxaysa bawdada iyo lafaha miskaha; dhexeeya humerus iyo scapula ah.
koore-qaabeeya	Carpometacarpal.	Inta u dhaxaysa lafta trapezoid iyo lafta ugu horeysay metacarpal.

Si aad uga dhigto cad waxa goysyada aadanaha, more qaar ka mid ah lagu qeexo.

xusulka

anatomy aadanaha Suxullada ee hore loo soo xusay, waxay u baahan yihiin fiiro gaar ah.

Xusulka - mid ka mid ah xubnaha ugu adag ee jirka aadanaha. Waxaa la sameeyay inta u dhexeysa dhammaadka distal of humerus ah (more hufan, meelaha articular ay - block iyo condyle ah), shucaaca iyo trochlear laama ulna iyo lafo radial madaxa articular oo ay ka maqnaadaan. Waxay ka kooban tahay saddex goysyada mar: brachioradialis, humeroulnar iyo radioulnar proximal.

si wadajir ah Humeroulnar waxa uu ku yaalaa inta u dhaxaysa uruursanayey trochlear ee ulna iyo block ah (dusha sare wadajir ah) ee humerus ah. Waxa ay la xidhiidhaa trochlear wadajir ah oo waa uniaxial.

Brachioradialis wadajir condyle sameeyay dhexeeya humerus iyo madaxa humerus ah. Movement of si wadajir ah loo sameeyo oo ku saabsan laba faasas.

Promaksimalny radioulnar xira radial jarida ka ulna iyo wareega wadajirka ah ee madaxa radial. Waxa uu sidoo kale uniaxial.

xusulka ka jirin dhaqdhaqaaq lateral. Guud ahaan, waxaa la tixgeliyaa si wadajir ah trochlear la warqada ah qaab helical.

The ugu weyn ee qaybta sare ee jirka waxaa loo tixgelinayaa inay suxullada. lugaha ayaa sidoo kale ka kooban oo ka mid ah kala-goysyada, taas oo si fudud uma sheegi karo.

hip

si wadajir ah Tani waxa uu ku yaalaa inta u dhaxaysa acetabulum ee miskaha iyo bawdada ah (iyada oo madaxa).

madaxa Tan waxaa lagu daboolay carjawda hyaline dhow oo dhan, marka laga reebo Fovea ah. Acetabulum , sidoo kale, daboolay carjawda, laakiin kaliya oo ku saabsan dusha sare ee lunate la hadhay daboolay xuub sinovalnoy ah.

Waayo, misigta waa xidhmo xidhmo isugu sida: inay markeedii-bidig, iliac, bidig, gumaarka-bidig, meesha wareeg ah, iyo sidoo kale farabadan of madaxa bidig.

jilibka Iliac-bidig billaabay hoose ee lafta iliac ka xoogbadan, ee jilibka wuxuuna dhamaadaa khadka intertrochanteric. jilibka Tani waxay ku lug leh ilaalinta jidhka isagoo kor u jeeda.

farabadan Next markeedii-bidig, bilaabataa lafta ischial iyo tolmo galay kaabsal ee misigta.

Wax yar sare sare ee lafta gumaarka, bilaabmaa jilibka shuunka-bidig, taas oo hoos u si kaabsolka hip wadajir waddaa.

laftiisa si wadajir ah gudahood waa farabadan of madaxa bidig. Ku bilow u qaadan at jilibka ah acetabular codbixineed oo dhamaadaa god ee madaxa bidig.

Meesha wareeg ah waxaa la aasaasay in loop a, waxaa ku lifaaqan hore hoose ee ilium iyo wareegsan qoorta bawdada ah.

Hip iyo garabka goysyada waa kubad-qaabeeya kaliya ee jidhka bini'aadamka.

jilibka-wadajir ah

si wadajir ah Tani waxay ka kooban tahay saddex lafaha: patella ah, dhamaadka distal ee lafta bawdada iyo dhamaadka proximal ee uu lugta ka.

jilibka kaabsal wadajirka ah ku lifaaqan cidhifyada tibial ah, lafta bidig iyo patella ah. Waayo, bawdada ku lifaaqan hoos epicondyle ah. At go'an dusha articular tibial at laayeen, oo waxaa ku lifaaqan kaabsal patella si ay dusha hore oo dhan si wadajir ah waxa uu ku yaalaa ku.

Xirmooyin wadajir ah waxaa loo qaybin karaa laba qaybood: vnekapsulnye iyo intracapsular. Sidoo kale in si wadajir ah waxaa labada dhinac - tibial iyo fibular seedaha dammiin.

si wadajir ah canqowga

Waxaa la sameeyey iyadoo la kaashanayo of dusha articular of talus ah iyo meelaha articular darafyadiisa distal ah loolalan oo soo gaaray.

kaabsal Joint ku dhawaad oo dhan waa ku lifaaqan ku laayeen carjawda articular iyo ka tago ka oo keliya dushiisa ku hor talus ah. On dusha ka dhisan waxaa ka mid ah yihiin seedaha wadajir ah.

deltoid The, ama dillaac fudud, waxay ka kooban tahay dhowr qaybood:

- dambena tibio-dhaceen, ku laayeen gadaal u dhaxaysa malleolus ka mid dillaac oo gadaal ka mid dillaac ah talus ah;

- tibialis jilibka-dhaceen, waxa uu ku yaalaa inta u dhaxaysa Geesta hore ee malleolus ka mid dillaac oo dusha posteromedial of talus ah;

- qayb tibio-ciribta kordhiyay ka malleolus ka dillaac fudud in ay taageero talus ah;

- qayb tibio-galay xagta, waxaa billaabay ka malleolus ka mid dillaac oo dhamaadaa dusha dambe ee lafta xagta.

Next jilibka peroneal-calcaneal, fidiyaa ka oogada sare ee malleolus ah lateral dusha lateral of qoorta talus ah.

Near hore ku kaydsan jilibka Talo-fibular hore - dhexeeya Geesta hore ee malleolus ah lateral oo dusha lateral of qoorta talus ah.

Iyo kan ugu dambeeya, garoomada dib Talo-fibular billaabay at margin dambena waxay malleolus ah lateral iyo dhamaadaa tiibiida ah lateral ee geedi socodka talus ah.

Guud ahaan, si wadajir ah anqawga waa tusaale trochlear la mooshin helical.

Haddaba sidaas daraaddeed aannu ku samayn lahayn wax fikrad ah waxa goysyada aadanaha. goysyada habdhiska dhib badan, laakiin codadka, oo aad ka arki kartaa naftaada.