Ethers. feature

Ethers yihiin walxaha organic, taagoo of kuwaas oo ka kooban xag hydrocarbon lifaaqan eb oxygen ah. Record waa sida soo socota: R'-O-R ", halkaas oo R" iyo R 'yihiin xag isku mid ah ama kala duwan.

Ethers waxaa loo arkaa taagayo of alcohols. xeryahooda waxay leeyihiin magacyo xarunta. Waxa uu isticmaalaa xag horyaalka (kor ugu miisaanka kelli) iyo, dhab ahaantii, erayga "hawada" (dimethyl ether SN3OSN3, S2N5OSN3 methyl ether ethyl iyo wixii la mid ah).

xeryahooda Symmetrical R-O-R waxaa laga heli by fuuq intramolecular khamriga ah. In mid ka mid ah Britain, kuna waari dhexdeeda isgaadhsiinta dhacdaa farqiga OH, iyo kuwa kale ee - ka C-O. falcelinta la oran karo waa sida a bedelay nucleophilic HO-group (mid ka mid Britain) group rô (ee Britain kale).

xarunta sinnayn R-O-R 'sameeyay dhexgalka ee alkoxide iyo galogenouglevodoroda.

Ethers (duwan alcohols ay isomeric) ay leeyihiin hoose dhibcood barafku iyo karaya. Iyada oo xiriir biyo ku dhowaad hana ku khaldina. Tan waxa u sabab xaqiiqada ah in ethers ah ma sameeyaan bonds hydrogen ay sabab u tahay maqnaanshaha ee bonds horjeeda Britain O-H.

Xeryahooda firfircoon ka yar. Waxay awood u leeyihiin a hoose in ay jawaab ka badan alcohols.

Ethers waxaa inta badan loo isticmaalaa sida dareeraha ah, sababtoo ah awoodda ay u leeyihiin si ay u milmaan walxaha badan organic.

The xeryahooda ugu muhiimsan waxaa ka mid ah walxaha acidic heterocyclic: dioxane iyo epoxide (xabagta ethylene).

Ka hore waa dareeraha wanaagsan. Dioxane waa miscible leh Consort iyo biyo labadaba. Sababtoo ah ay sifooyinkaasi, xarunta this waxaa kaloo loo yaqaan "biyo organic". Dioxane waa sun ah, laakiin ay khatar weyn ka dhigan dibenzoderivatives halogeen.

esters cellulose yihiin wax soo saarka la bedelay la eb hydrogen in kooxaha hydroxyl of macromolecules cellulose ee waa alkyl ama acid moieties. Avv The waa la fuliyay siiyo cusub sifooyinka walax, gaar ahaan milmi iyo thermoplasticity. Marka harta acid bedelay sameeyay adag, by la bedelay la xag alkyl - xeryahooda fudud.

First diyaariyey in habka of acylation iyo esterification - marka ficil cellulose la acids imanba iyo organic, chlorides iyo anhydrides acid ay. The ksatogenatam muhiimadda la taaban karo ugu weyn. xeryahooda Kuwani waxaa loo diyaariyey by ficil leh acids imanba iyo isticmaalkooda in soo saaridda ee bokisyada iyo viscose macdantaa. muhiimadda iyo cellulose Nitrate Warshadaha. Waxay waxaa loo isticmaalaa wax soo saarka ee lacquers, filimada, budo aan qiiqa lahayn.

Ka mid ah xeryahooda ka helay fal-celin la acids organic, in industry ee loo acetates cellulose. Waxay waxaa loo isticmaalaa in diyaarinta fiiloyin dardaro, balaastigga iyo filimka.

Waxaa sidoo kale jira esters cellulose isku qasan. Waxay ka kooban yihiin noocyo kala duwan oo acyl iyo alkyl substituents.

Guryaha ee ethers cellulose ku xiran tahay nooca xagjirka ah. Qiimaha iyo waxa uu shahaadada ka mid ah beddelka iyo polymerization.

xeryahooda Simple low-bedelay waa L. in xal xumadoodu aqueous iyo biyo. Tani waxay u ogolaaneysaa isticmaalka sida thickeners oo xasiliya ee emulsions ee saliidda, waraaqaha, dharka, cuntada, daawooyinka iyo warshadaha kale. Aadka u bedelay esters (adag oo fudud) waa la jaan plasticizers. Waxay waxaa loo isticmaalaa in soo saaridda ee balaastigga iyo rinjiga helay.

ethers Crown waa polyesters kooban oxygen dheeraad ah atamka giraanta. Farsamo ahaan, haddana waxaa loo tixgeliyaa sida wax soo saarka ee tsiklooligomerizatsii xabagta ethylene. hantida A gaar ah xeryahooda waa awood u leh inay sameeyaan kaxeynayo la cusbada kala duwan ee biraha alkali. kaxeynayo Kuwan waxaa sameeyay ay sabab u tahay isdhexgalka electrostatic.