Darfaha cinwaan: description, naqshada. qodista siman

Dadka ma aha qarnigii ugu horreeyay si guul leh hanashada meel dhulka hoostiisa. Ma aha oo kaliya ku saabsan treenada, taas oo ay joogaan oo dhan magaalooyinka waaweyn ee dunida, laakiin sidoo kale miino ku abuuray macdanta. In labada kiisaska, a qalab gaar ah - gaashaan tunneling si loo xaqiijiyo badbaadada qalabka iyo shaqaalaha inta lagu jiro kabxidda.

gaashaan tunneling First waxaa loo isticmaalay 1825 inta lagu guda jiro dhismaha tunnel hoostiisa webiga Thames. Tan iyo markaas, noocan ah qalabka waxaa si joogta ah loo isticmaalo ee dhismaha treenada in magaalooyinka waaweyn sida Moscow, St. Petersburg, Yekaterinburg iyo magaalooyin kale.

gaashaan tunneling

gaashaan Tunneling waa qaab dhaqaajin karo qaybsan bir ah qaab dhululubo godan. Waxaa la dhisay in situ kabxidda ama dhismaha dhulka hoostiisa in ay ka burburto ilaaliyo miino la dhigay dhinaca siman. Mararka qaarkood waxa ay sidoo kale waxaa loo yaqaan bolting ku meel gaadh ah ama mobile - design gaar ah, kaas oo la dhisay in tunnel-ka derbiyada dumaya ilaaliyo.

Qaab ahaan, gaashaammadii tunneling jira go'an adag ee qalabka, oo ka kooban saddex qaybood oo waaweyn:

1. Mindi. Waxay dhacdaa habka aad ee qoditaanka, horumarinta dhagax weyn.
2. Tixraaca. Waxay u adeegtaa inay meel qalabka kaabayaal, iyo sidoo kale godadka Haydarooliga, qasbo guddiga in uu horay u socdo.
3. Dabada. Xaqiiji ilaalinta shaqaalaha inta lagu guda jiro taageero kacsiga joogtada ah ee.

Dhismaha gaashaan tunnel-ka mid noqon kara noocyo kala duwan oo qalab loo baahan yahay si loo fududeeyo shaqada ku saabsan horumarinta gawraca, gaadiidka dadweynaha dhulka, xoojinta iyo derbiyada ka burburto ilaaliyo.

dhismaha Gaashaan tunnel

Xubnihii ugu weyn, iyo gaashaan yar waa giraan mindi qolof on taas oo waxaa lagu abaabulaa jarida xubno gaashaan tunnel. In lagu daydo qaar ka mid ah "jaraya" waa qaab qobays carbide diyaarin xagal ah oo midba midka kale dushiisa shaqada ee giraanta rotor iyo taageero ah.

Next, meesha bannaan ee hore ee garbaha, Kaasoo ah gaashaanka guuro iyadoo la kaashanayo dhululubada Haydarooliga, kaas oo ku salaysan yihiin giraanta dahaarka ee la soo dhaafay. Ka dib markii in, habka lug dhululubada Haydarooliga downhole oo riix guddi alwaax prefabricated dhagaxa, si ay lama dhuftay.

ansixin ka dhexeeya taageero iyo giraanta magaabay wuxuu u qaybsan yahay unugyada by qoruhu toosan iyo qoruhu siman galay heerarka. kuwan "dhigan" gudahood waa qalab lagama maarmaanka ah. bulkhead Horizontal laga sameeyey by godadka Haydarooliga.

Qoondaynta oo ah tunnel mashiinka caajis waayo qaabka qeybaha

Sida caadiga ah, oo gaashaan oo tunneling waxaa si toos ah u socdaan goobta shaqada. dhisay iyo giraanta taageero mindi iyo go'yaal steel ka qaybaha bir ah, geesba weheliyaan dusha cylindrical u sameeyaan qolof ah.

qodista Horizontal rigs qaab cross-qeybaha kala duwan, size, design iyo habka codsiga. Qaabka ugu badan ee qaybta cross waa goobo. In ka yar badan waxay kala yihiin baabuurta qaab, cusubi iyo dulmari kale.

Shields sida dhererka dhexroor

Iyada oo ku saleysan mishiinka tunnel dhexroor caajiso, noocyada soo socda ee qaab-dhismeedka:

1. Small (ilaa 3200 mm) - isticmaalo adeegyada magaalooyinka dhismaha of sugnan bulaacada.
2. Dhexdhexaad (ilaa 5200 mm) - isticmaalaa dhismaha isgaarsiinta hydro-farsamo iyo horumarinta khayraadka buurta.
3. Large (in ka badan 5200 mm) - practitioners horumarinta sugnan tareenka, khadadka dhulka hoostiisa, macdanta oo baaxad weyn.

Meesha qeybaha dusha shaqada kala duwan tahay 10 ilaa 16 ama ka badan oo mitir oo laba jibbaaran, taas oo ku xidhan dhexroorka dusha shaqada.

noocyada kala duwan ee qalabka horumarinta hab laayay

In horumarinta khayraadka macdanta iyo abuurista Tareennada qodista siman dhulka hoostiisa si ay u fuliyaan noocyada kala duwan ee tunnel mashiinka lagu caajiso.

Waxay ku kala duwan yihiin heerka uu mechanization oo ka mid ah meydadka fulinta:

1. Si buuxda u matoorada. Si dhagaxa jebin in dhismaha sida ay isticmaalaan qalab gaar ah - backhoe, Planetary, meydadka ul ka shaqeeya, iyo sidoo kale rakibo of saamaynta hydro-farsamo.
2. Qayb matoorada. Maqnaanshaha qalab gaar ah oo loogu talagalay horumarinta lakab ciid waa feature gaar ah. Waayo, masiibo dhagax weyn waxaa loo isticmaalaa jackhammers qaadeen beera-engeeg, ama ku tuujiyey dhibic hore ee gaashaan galay dhulka.
3. gaashaammadii tunneling Gaarka ah. In dhismaha sida qayb madaxa xiran yahay. Waxay waxaa loo isticmaalaa in la abuuro sugnan in xaaladda dhulka gaar ahaan ay adag tahay.

Marka dhismeedka this u qaybsan yahay nooc loogu tala galay si loogu isticmaalo xaaladaha kala duwan - carrada qoyan, si ay u horumariyaan wejigooda dhagaxyada dhexdooda dabacsan iyo xasiloonida hoose iyo wax lays dhulka la xoogga ka 0.5 ilaa 5 iyo ka kor.

qalabka ujeeddo

gaashaammadii Tunneling loo isticmaalaa in lagu abuuro godad badan dhinaca siman. Tani nooca shaqada loo gudbiyo sida "qodista dadban" oo codsatay in beeraha kala duwan ee dhaqdhaqaaqa aadanaha. Inta badan waxaa la isticmaalaa Abuuridda iyo ballaarinta treenada jira, macdan.

Recently, shaqada baahsan ee la dul saarin of khadadka isgaadhsiinta kala duwan hoos waddooyinka, jidadka waaweyn iyo siyaabo kale ee isgaarsiinta, gudbiyo qodista jiho sida dadban ama HDD.

Horizontal Jahaysan Drilling

Codsiga baahsan of technology this sabab u tahay hufnaan dhaqaale sare. Gaar ahaan:

• baabi'inta baahida loo qabo in la dayactiro waddooyinka dhamaadka hawlaha;
• Waxa ay meesha baahida loo qabo isa ee gaari oo la abuuro socodka marayaa,
• macquul ah oo yeynan khadadka cusub, aan wax u dhimin daacadnimada kuwa hadda jira.

Marka aad codsanayso habka ay u siman tunnel qodista jiho gaashaan wadaha abuuraa meel daloosha oo tijaabo ah, kaas oo ka dib la ballaariyey Rimmer - noqonaynin talaabo expander. Iyada oo tunnel dhamaystirtay kordhiyay string dhuumaha.

Sida dambe ayaa inta badan waa darafta a polymeric, taas oo ka dibna ka buuxsamay la taaban karo. Ka dib markii adkaansho walxo cement (oo ku saabsan 21 maalmood), line a isgaarsiinta cusub waa diyaar.

maanta loox jeeda

Tusaale ahaan qaybta codsiga ku nool waxaa laga yaabaa in dhismaha ah tunnel tunnel gaashaanka by "gacan Frunzenski" cimri dheer 3760 mitir u dhaxeeya saldhigyada "Fame Avenue" iyo "South" in metro St. Petersburg.

Mashruucu wuxuu ku lug leedahay shirkadaha ka Germany Herrenknecht AG, oo waxaa ka go'an in ay sameeyaan gaashaan tunneling. "Metrostroy" - Xisbiga shirkadda kooxda Ruushka, kuwaas oo shaqaalaha horumariyo mashruuca si ay u abuuraan post-Soviet tunnel ugu horeysay double-track.

Markii hore, shirkadda guryaha ayaa gacan saar la soo saaraha Jarmal. "Spasskaya" haddii ay gaashaan "Aurora" waxaa si balaadhan looga isticmaalaa dhismaha sloping meelihii saldhiga.