Dagaalka sokeeye ee Shiinaha: sababa, natiijooyinka

dagaal sokeeye Shiinaha u dhexeeya xisbiga shuuciga iyo Kuomintang noqday mid ka mid ah colaadaha dheer oo muhiim ah military ee qarnigii XX ah. guul CCP keentay in xaqiiqda ah in dalka weyn Asian bilaabay inuu wax dhiso hantiwadaagga.

Background iyo taariikhda

dagaalka sokeeyey ee Shiinaha hurgufay dalka for qarnigii afar meelood meel. khilaafka u dhexeeya Kuomintang iyo xisbiga shuuciga qaadeen dabeecadda fikirka. Mid ka mid ah qayb ka mid ah bulshada Chinese ku dooday in la aasaaso a Jamhuuriyadda qaran dimuqraadi ah, halka ka kalena uu rabay inuu hantiwadaagga. communists The jiray tusaale dhalaalaya in la raaco wejiga Midowga Soofiyeeti. guul kacaanka ee Russia ayaa u waxyoonay taageerayaal badan oo ka mid ah garabka bidix ee views siyaasadeed.

dagaalka sokeeye ee Shiinaha waxa loo qaybin karaa laba marxaladood. Midkii kowaad wuxuu u yimid in 1926-1937 sannad xisaabeedka. Markaasaa waxaa u timid fasax la xidhiidha xaqiiqada ah in Communists iyo Kuomintang ku biiray ciidamada ee dagaalka ka dhanka ah gardarada Japan. Soon duulaanka ciidanka dalka reer Qorraxda oo soo Muuqata in Shiinaha uu noqday qayb muhiim ah oo dagaalkii labaad ee adduunka. Ka dib markii ay militarists Japanese looga adkaaday, colaado sokeeye ay dib u bilaabay in Shiinaha. Wejigii labaad ee dhiig ku daatay ka dhacay 1946-1950 ,.

Northern duulaan

Ka hor dhicin dagaalkii sokeeye ee Shiinaha, dalka waxaa loo kala qaybiyey dhowr qaybood oo kala duwan. Waxaa xiran dayrta ee Boqortooyada, ka dhacay bilowgii qarnigii XX ah. Ka dib markii in, gobolka hal oo aan horumariyo. Intaa waxaa dheer in ay KMT iyo Communists waxaa jira ciidamo saddexaad - Beiyang Army. Itobiya Tani waxay ahayd mid ku salaysan Guud hore ee Qing ciidanka Imperial.

In 1926, hogaamiyaha KMT ee Chan Kayshi bilaabay dagaal ka dhan ah dagaal oogayaasha. Waxa uu abaabulay duulaan Northern ah. In xilli ciidamada, sida lagu sheegay qiyaaso kala duwan oo goob joog ka ahaa 250 kun oo askari. Kai-shek iyo communists ku taageeray. Labadan ciidamada waaweyn si ay u sameeyaan isbahaysi oo ka tirsan ciidamada Kacaanka Qaranka (NRA). Northern duulaan ay taageereen USSR. NRA The khubaro military Ruush yimid, iyo dowladda Soviet diyaarad military iyo hub bixisey. In 1928, dagaal oogayaal ku adkaaday iyo dalku ku soo jiray mideeysan xukunka KMT ah.

farqiga

Ka hor inta Northern duulaan ku dhamaatay dhexeeya Kuomintang iyo Communists ah, kala, maxaa yeelay, kuwaas oo bilaabay ka dib markii dagaalka sokeeye ee Shiinaha. March 21, 1937 Army Kacaanka National qaaday Shanghai. Waxay ahayd markan faraqa u dhexeeya sokeeye waxay bilaabeen inay u muuqdaan.

Chan Kayshi ma ku kalsoon Communists ah oo wuxuu galay isbahaysi iyaga la kaliya maxaa yeelay, isagu ma doonayaan in ay leeyihiin in tiro ka mid ah cadaawayaashayda sida xisbiga caan ah. Haddaba waxaa ku dhowaad waxaa midaysan dalka oo u muuqataa in ay aaminsan yihiin in uu samayn kareen oo aan taageero ka Bidixda. Intaa waxaa dheer, madaxa Kuomintang waxay ka cabsadeen in CCP (Chinese Communist Party) in ay awoodda ku qabsadaan dalka. Ayuu wuxuu goostay inuu ka hor-tagaan rebshedaha joojinta.

War Chinese Civil 1927-1937 GG. Waxay bilaabeen ka dib markii dowladda Kuomintang qabtay xadhiga Communists oo baabbi'iyey unugyada ay ka magaalo ee ugu waaweyn ee dalka. Febuary bilaabeen in ay iska caabin. Bishii April 1927, ayuu kala jejebiyey kacdoonkii weyn oo communists ee dhawaan la xoreeyay ka soo oogayaasha Shanghai. Maanta in Shiinaha dhacdooyinka ku xusan afgambi xasuuqii iyo counter-kacaan ah. Sidaas darteed of weerarrada, madaxda badan CCP la dilay ama la xiro. Xisbiga hoostiisa tegey.

March Long

In marxaladda ugu horeysa ee Dagaalkii Chinese Civil 1927-1937 GG ah. wakiil dagaallo kala firdhiyey labada dhinac. In 1931, communists wuxuu ku soo kicin ay gobolka u eg oo ku saabsan dhulalka ay ka taliyaan. Waxaa la odhan jiray Soviet Jamhuuriyadda Shiinaha. Tani waxay horseed ee Shiinaha ma helin aqoonsi diblomaasiyadeed oo ay beesha caalamka. Communists ahaa caasimada Ruijin ah. Waxay isu la aasaasay inta badan gobollada koonfureed ee dalka. Wixii dhowr sano, Chan Kayshi bilaabay afar guutadii wax ciqaab ka dhan ah Jamhuuriyadda Soofiyeeti. Kulligood waxay ka dhiidhiyaan.

In 1934, ee la qorsheeyey ololaha shanaad. communists The ogaaday in ay xoog kuma filna in ay ka tarjumayaan mid ka badan ka dhacay Kuomintang ah. Markaas xisbiga qaatay go'aanka lama filaan ah ciidamada oo dhan si ay u waqooyiga dalka ku soo diri. Tan waa la sameeyey ku andacoonaya of dagaal Japanese waqtiga ay gacanta ku Manchuria iyo hanjabay Shiinaha oo dhan. Intaa waxaa dheer, ee waqooyiga PDA ayaa la rajeynaya inuu caawinaad ka caqiidadeed u dhow Midowga Soofiyeeti hesho.

March Long ayaa u baxay inuu ciidanka size ee 80 kun oo qof. Mid ka mid ah hoggaamiyayaasheeda u ahaa Mao Tszedun. Guusha hawlgalka adag isaga u tartamaya ah awoodda xisbiga oo dhan ka dhigay. Waxa uu ka dib halganka hardware ah in laga takhaluso dadka kaa soo horjeeda iyo noqdo guddoomiyaha golaha dhexe. Laakiin in 1934 uu ahaa taliyaha oo kaliya.

caqabad halis ah ciidanka CCP ee ahaa weyn Yangtze River. On qararkiisa, ciidanka KMT ayaa abuuray dhowr caqabadaha. Communists afar jeer isku dayeen inay ka gudbaan xeebta ka soo horjeeda. Waqtigan xaadirka ah ee la soo dhaafay, mustaqbalka Shiinaha Liu Bocheng Marshal ahaa awoodaan in ay abaabulaan guurka ciidanka oo dhan iyada oo loo marayo buundada kaliya.

Si dhakhso ah ciidamada waxay bilaabeen inay isugu cadhoonina. Laba kabtanka (Zedong, iyo Jong-gata) dooday hogaan. Mao ku adkeystay on baahida loo qabo in ay sii wadaan in ay u guuraan waqooyiga. Oo uu soo horjeeda doonayay inuu sii joogo Sichuan. Sidaas darteed, ka hor inta ciidan midaysan waxaa loo kala qaybiyey laba tiirar. Long March ayaa dhameystirtay kaliya ay qeyb ka tegey inay Mao Zedong. Zhang Gata isla guud goosteen Kuomintang ah. Ka dib guushii ee Communists ah, ayuu u haajiray dalka Kanada. Ciidamada Mao ayaa u suurtagashay in ay ka adkaan jidka ilaa 10 kun oo kiiloomitir iyo 12 gobol. Tug dhamaaday October 20, 1935, markii ciidankii shuuciga ee dalku in Vayaobao. Waa dad oo kaliya 8000 ka tagay.

dhacdo Xi'an

Halganka of the Communists iyo Kuomintang waxay mar hore ku socday 10 sano, iyo in waqtigaas oo dhan Shiinaha ayaa halis ku ah qabashada Japan. Ilaa hal dhibic in ay jiraan qaar ka mid ah hore u ahaa socdeen in Manchuria, laakiin Tokyo kama aan qarin ujeedkooda - oo ay doonayeen in ay gabi ahaanba ka adkaan waxay daaliyeen oo daalan ay dagaalka sokeeye, deriskaaga ah.

Xaaladdan oo kale labada qaybo ka mid ah bulshada Chinese lahaa in la helo afka caadi ah si ay dalkiisa badbaadiyo. Ka dib markii March Long ah, Chan Kayshi waxaa qorsheyneysa inay buuxiyaan guuldaradii of Communists ah, waxaa ka baxsaday xagga woqooyi. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, December 12, 1936 Madaxweynaha KMT la xiray by Guud isaga u gaar ah. Yang Hucheng iyo Zhang Syuedyan dalbaday madaxweynaha si ay u sameeyaan isbahaysi la Communists ee halganka si wadajir ah ka gees ah kuwa Xad gudbee Japan. Madaxweynaha dhaliyay. Qabtay noqday kuwa loo yaqaan Dhacdada Xi'an ah. Si dhakhso ah, waxa uu ahaa midaysan, kaas oo xoojin kara dadka Chinese ah dhammaan aragtiyaha siyaasadeed ku saabsan jecel yihiin in ay difaacaan xornimada dalka.

khatar Japanese

Sanado badan oo dagaal sokeeye Shiinaha siiyey si ay muddo-gelinta Japan. Ka dib markii Xi'an Dhacdada ka 1937 si ay u 1945 dhexeeya Communists iyo Kuomintang ayaa wali heshiis ku saabsan halganka Allied ka dhanka ah gardarooday. militarists Tokyo ayaa rajeynaya in ay si fudud u maarayn karaan inay qabsadaan, Shiinaha, dhiig mucaaradka gudaha. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waqtiga ayaa muujisay in Japanese waxay ahaayeen khalad. Ka dib markii ay soo galeen isbahaysi la Nazi Germany, iyo in Europe, naasiga bilaabay ballaarinta, Chinese ah oo ay taageerayaan awoodaha huwanta, ugu horrayn Maraykanka iyo Midowga Soofiyeeti. Americans soo horjeedaan Japan markii ay weerareen Pearl Harbor.

Dagaalkii sokeeye ee Shiinaha, ee gaaban, Chinese kaga tegey waxba. Qalabka, dagaal awood iyo waxtarka ciidanka difaacaneysa ahaayeen kuwo aad u yar yahay. Celcelis ahaan, Chinese lunsan dadka 8 jeer ka badan Japanese ah, inkastoo xaqiiqda ah in dhinaca hore -Arday. Japan u badan tahay lahaa awoodin in ay buuxiso ay faragelin, haddii aan xulafada. Iyada oo guuldaradii ee Germany 1945 ugu dambeyntii sii daayay gacmaha Midowga Soofiyeeti. Maraykanka, kuwaas oo markii hore u dhaqmeen si ka dhanka ah Japanese ah inta badda ama hawada, in xagaaga la mid ah hoos laba bambooyin qaaradda on Hiroshima iyo Nagasaki. Empire hub ay hoos u dhigeen.

wajiga labaad ee dagaalka sokeeye

Ka dib markii Japan ugu dambeyntii isku dhiibay, dhulka Chinese mar kale waxaa loo kala qaybiyay Communists iyo taageerayaasha Kai-shek. mode kastaaba wuxuu lahaa gacanta kuwa gobollada oo meeshaas waxaa ku yiil ciidanka watay ay isaga. CPC waxay go'aansadeen in ay woqooyi ee dalka dhigaan Gornadahanaga noogana. Halkan been xuduudda la leh Midowga Soofiyeeti saaxiibtinimo. Bishii Agoosto 1945, Communists soo qaaday magaalada muhiimka ah sida Zhangjiakou, Qinhuangdao iyo Shanhaiguan. Under gacanta ugu Mao Zedong ahaa Manchuria iyo Inner Mongolia.

ciidanka KMT kala firidhsanaa guud ahaan dalka. kooxda ugu weyn ee ku jiray galbeed u dhow Burma. Dagaalkii sokeeye ee 1946-1950, Shiinaha. Waxaa lagu qasbay in dawladaha badan oo qalaad in ay dib ay ka aaminsan tahay waxa ka dhacaya gobolka. US watay meel progomindanskie. Americans aqoonsaday badda iyo hawada baabuurta shek kala iibsiga deg deg ah ee ciidamada ee bari.

dadaalada Nabadda

Dhacdooyinka in raaceen ka dib markii is dhiibin ee Japan, oo horseeday in dagaal labaad sokeeye ee Shiinaha weli bilaabay. Xaaladdan oo kale, in aan ku xuso isku dayo of dhinacyada in ay ku tirinnaa heshiis nabadeed oo hordhac ah. October 10, 1945 in Chongqing, Chan Kayshi iyo Mao Tszedun saxiixay heshiis u dhigma. Dadka ka soo horjeeda ayaa balan qaaday in ay ka baxaan ciidamada iyo xiisadaha dalka. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, dagaallo maxaliga ah sii. Oo on October 13, Chan Kayshi amray in weerar baaxad weyn a. Horraantii 1946, Mareykanka ayaa isku dayay inay fikiraan soo horjeeda gacanta ku. In Shiinaha duulay General Dzhordzh Marshall. waxaa la, dokumentiga la saxeexay, kaas oo noqday yaqaan xabbad joojin bisha Janaayo.

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, xagaagii dagaalka sokeeye ee 1946-1950, Shiinaha. Waxa uu dib u bilaabay. Ciidamada Communists KMT liita sida farsamooyinka iyo qalabka. Waxay gaartay halis ah ee Shiinaha gudaha. In March 1947 communists u dhiibay Yan'an. In Manchuria ciidamada CCP loo qaybiyey saddex kooxood. Xaaladdan oo kale, waxay leedahay wax badan oo Marba, si ay ka faa'iideysteen markii qaar ka mid ah. Communists The ogaa in dagaalkii Chinese Civil 1946-1949 GG ah. waxay lagu lumin doonaa haddii aadan soo qaato dib u habaynta xagjirka ah. Waxaa ka billaabay abuuridda Dadka lagu qasbay ciidanka joogto ah. In si loo qanciyo qastaan in Terres on kooxdiisa, Mao Tszedun bilaabay dib u habaynta dal. tuuladu waxay bilaabeen inay qayb helaan, oo ay ka mid ah dagaalyahaniin koray ee ciidanka, kuwaas oo ka yimid tuulada.

Sababaha Dagaalkii Sokeeye ee Shiinaha 1946-1949 sano. Waxaa soo gabagabeeyey in ka lumay ee halista faragelinta shisheeye ee dalka mar kale xoojiyey burinaya u dhexeeya laba nidaam siyaasadeed farqiyo. Waa dhib in ay KMT iyo Communists ah la saanqaadi kara in mid ka mid ah gobolka. Shiinaha waa in ay ku guuleysato nooc ka mid ah awoodda ah oo ay noqon lahaayeen mustaqbalka dalka.

Sababaha jab

Communists riyaaqay taageerada badan ee Midowga Soofiyeeti. ma Midowga Soofiyeeti aan si toos ah fara colaadda, laakiin dhawaanshaha xukuumadaha siyaasadeed, dabcan, ciyaaraa gacmaha Mao Zedong galay. Moscow isku raacay in la siiyo saaxiibo Chinese aan qalabka oo dhan lagu qabtay Japan beddelkeeda sahayda oo cunto ah u Bariga Fog. Intaa waxaa dheer, tan iyo bilowgii marxaladda labaad ee dagaalka ay gacanta ugu jiraan CCP waxay ahaayeen magaalooyinkii warshadaha waaweyn. Iyadoo kaabayaasha noocaas ah si deg deg ah loo abuuro ciidan ah aasaas cusub, wax badan oo ka wanaagsan u qalabeysan oo loo tababaray ka badan laba sano ka hor.

In guga ee 1948 wuxuu bilaabay a communists weerar muhim in Manchuria. Operation hogaaminayo Lin Biao - a ah hoggaamiye milatari oo tayo leh iyo mustaqbalka Marshal ee Shiinaha. dulucdii ee weerarka ahaa liaoshen ololaha, kaas oo looga adkaaday ciidan weyn ee Kuomintang ah (oo ku saabsan nus milyan oo qof). Success ogol yahay Communists si habayn ciidamada. shan ciidammadoodii oo waaweyn, mid kasta oo la shaqeeya ee gobolka gaar ah oo dalka la abuuray. steel Kuwani la xirrira sii dirirayay dubbaridan iyo beehsa. CPC waxay go'aansatay in ay qaataan waayo-aragnimo ee Soviet of War Patriotic weyn, markii jihooyin badan oo la sameeyay in Ciidanka Cas. Isla mar ahaantaana 1946-1949 War Chinese Madaniga GG. Waxay u guuray mareysaa heer gabagaba ah. Marka uu la sii daayay Manchuria, Lin Biao Ciyaalle kooxda, ku salaysan ee North Shiinaha. By dhamaadka 1948, Communists ee gacanta ku maddiibadihii dhaqaale ahaan muhiim u dhuxusha Tangshan.

CCP guul

Bishii Janaayo 1949, hoos amarka ciidanka weerareen Biao Tianjin ah. guul PDAs Taliyaha gomindanskogo hore ee waqooyiga u sujuuday in ay is dhiibaan oo aan dagaal Beiping (markaas magaca Beijing). Daraysa sababay shek soo jeedin xabad joojin ah in cadowgu ku. Waxaa socday ilaa April. The-taagan dheer Xinhai Revolution iyo dagaalkii sokeeye ee Shiinaha ayaa wuxuu daadiyey dhiig badan. In Kuomintang ah waxaan dareemay la'aanta ah ee khayraadka aadanaha. hirarka Multiple of abaabulka ayaa keentay in xaqiiqda ah in askarta cusub in ay qaataan ahaa si fudud meel.

Bishii Abriil, Communists soo diray ay version of a soo horjeeda mudada dheer ee heshiiskii nabadda. ballantaas Sida laga soo xigtay ka dib markii maalintii 20-aad ee PDA aan la sugayay jawaab u dalab in uu bilaabay weerar kale. Ciidamada gudbay River Yangtze ah. May 11 Lin Byao qaaday Wuhan, iyo 25 May - Shanghai. Chan Kayshi tagay waynaha iyo dhaqaaqay Taiwan. Dowladda Kuomintang ka Nanjing in Chongqing tegey. Dagaalka ayaa haatan la sameeyay oo keliya koonfurta ee dalka.

Abuurista Shiinaha iyo dhamaadka dagaalka

October 1, 1949 Communists dhawaaqi abuuritaanka Dadka cusub Republic of China (PRC). Xafladda waxaa la qabtay Beijing, kaas oo noqday caasimadda ah ee dalka mar kale. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, dagaalka sii.

8 of Guangzhou loo qaaday. Dagaalkii sokeeye ee Shiinaha, sababaha ay ahaayeen si ay u simanyihiin xoogga Communists iyo Kuomintang ah, waxaa hadda socda si ay gunaanad macquul ah. Dawladda ayaa dhawaan u guuray Chongqing by Diyaaradaha Maraykanka ayaa ugu dambeyntii loo daadgureeyey jasiirada kale ee Taiwan. By guga ee 1950 Communists gebi ahaanba sakhiray koonfureed ee dalka. askari Kuomintang kuwaas oo aan doonayaa in ay is dhiibaan, oo waxay u carareen Faransiis Indochina ee dariska ah. In dayrta ee ciidanka Shiinaha ayaa la wareegay Tibet.

natiijada dagaalka sokeeye ee Shiinaha jiifay ee xaqiiqda ah in taliskii shuuciga la aasaasay in this dalka baaxad weyn oo tiro badan. KMT waa sii raagayaan kaliya ee Taiwan. Isla mar ahaantaana maanta, maamulka Chinese ka fiirsan ka qayb jasiiradda ay dhulka. Laakiin dhab ahaantii waxaa tan iyo 1945 waxaa jira Jamhuuriyadda Shiinaha. Dhibaatada aqoonsiga caalamiga ah ee ay sii ilaa maantadan la joogo.