Charles Babbage ee Analytical Engine: description, qaababka, taariikhda iyo guryaha

Charlz Bebbidzh (1791-1871) - horyaal ah oo abuuraya injineernimada computer, kaas oo horumariyey fasalka 2 kombiyuutarada - duwanaanshaha iyo Analytical. habka ay u kala duwan uguna - mid ka mid ah ayaa marka hore ay magaca ay sabab u tahay mabaadi'da xisaabta on taas oo ku salaysan waa la helay. Its quruxduna waa in isticmaalka gaarka ah ee intaa dheer xisaab la'aan baahida loo qabo isku dhufashada iyo qaybinta, kuwaas oo ay adag tahay in ay ogaadaan mashiin.

In ka badan calculator a

Faraqa Engine Babbage ka dhigan tahay qalab tirinta ah. Waxay ka shaqaysaa tirada habka kaliya taas oo awood u si joogto ah iyaga Sargaal sida uu habka ay u kala duwan uguna. Ma loo isticmaali karaa xisaabinta xisaabta guud. Analytical Babbage mashiinka la mid ah ayaa ka sii badan intii kaliya calculator ah. Waxay ka dhigan guurka ka xisaabta si-buuxa Kombuyuutarada guud-Ujeedada matoorada. Marxaladaha kala duwan ee horumar ah oo ka mid ah fikradaha Babbage, waxaa jiray ugu yaraan 3 mashaariicda. Sidaa darteed, waxa fiican in aad tixraac mashiinada gorfaynta in jamac ah.

The habboonaan iyo hufnaanta injineernimada

Babbage mashiinada kombiyuutarka yihiin cutubyo tobanle ee dareenka ah in ay isticmaalaan 10 lambar ka bilaabmaysa 0 ilaa 9, iyo digital sababtoo ah kaliya la shaqeeyaan abyoonayaasha. Qiimayaasha waa geerka ah, iyo qayb kasta siiyey wheel. Haddii istaago booska dhexe dhexeeya abyoonayaasha ah, natiijadu waa undefined, iyo hawlgalka mashiinka laga xannibo, si ay u muujiyaan xadgudub ku ah daacadnimada xisaabinta. Waa nooc ka mid ah la ogaado qaladka.

Bebbidzh sidoo kale loo arkaa isticmaalka nidaamka dhintay xisaab kale oo aan ahayn tobanle ee t. H. Binary iyo saldhig 3, 4, 5, 12, 16 iyo 100. Waxaa la joojiyay at jajab ah, sababta oo ah yaqaano iyo injineernimada hufnaan, sababtoo ah waxaa ay u mahad weyn u dhimay tirada dhaqaaqin qaybo.

Engine farqiga №1

In 1821, Babbage bilaabay horumarinta farsamo ee hawlaha xisaabinta iyo polynom tabulation. Qoraagu wuxuu ku tilmaamay qalab for xisaabinta si toos ah isku xigxiga ee qiimaha la daabaco si toos ah natiijada qaab tabular. qayb muhiim ah oo qaab-dhismeedka printer waa mashiin ku xidhay qaybta xisaabinta. Engine farqiga №1 wakiil ka design ugu horeysay oo dhamaystiran si toos ah u qabtaan xisaabinta.

Muddo markii la joogaba Babbage bedelay shaqeynta ka mid ah qalabka. Design 1830, cadaynaysaa mashiin loogu talagalay 16 lambar iyo 6 amarada farqiga magnitude. model ka kooban oo ka mid ah 25 th. Qaybo ka siman u dhexeeya computer iyo qaybta printer ugu kala qaybsameen. Haddii qalabka ayaa lagu soo dhisay, waxa u miisaamay lahaa dad lagu qiyaasey 4 tons oo lahaa height ah 2.4 m. Shaqee on Engine ku duwanaanshaha Babbage la joojiyay ee 1832, ka dib muran la xiriira injineer Joseph Clement. maalgelinta dawladda ugu dambeyntii ka joogsadeen 1842.

engine gorfaynta

Marka shaqada on mashiinka farqiga u hakad in 1834, Babbage uuraysatay qalab dheeraad ah oo ku hami, taasi oo markii dambe loo magacaabay Analytical universal farsamo Kombuyuutarada programmable. The guryaha dhismaha ee Babbage mishiinka inta badan u dhigma ee blocks aasaasiga ah ee computer-ka casriga ah digital. Barnaamijyada waxaa loo sameeyaa iyadoo la isticmaalayo kaararka feer. fikrad Tani deyn buu igu ahaa gooynayaa Jacquard ah, halkaas oo ay ku waxaa loo isticmaalaa si loo abuuro qaababka dhar adag.

Dhismaha macquul ah Babbage ku engine gorfaynta asal ahaan u dhiganta xilligii computer electronic design adag ka, taasi oo ka tarjumaysa Memory ah ( "dukaanka") ka processor dhexe ( "dhagax") kala maqan, dil isku xig xiga ee hawlgalada iyo waxay ka dhigan tahay, waayo, talooyin iyo wax soo saarka ee xogta iyo tilmaamaha. Sidaa darteed, horyaalka ee horumarinta horyaal ee qoraaga technology computer ka ahaa si fiican u qalantay.

Xasuusta iyo processor

Babbage Mashiinka waa "dukaanka" meesha aad ku kaydiso lambarada iyo natiijada ku meel gaarka ah, iyo sidoo kale a "dhagax" oo kala duwan, kaas oo fulinaya processing xisaabta. Waxay lahaa go'an of 4 hawlaha xisaabta iyo oofin karin dhufashada toos ah iyo isu-qaybinta. Intaa waxaa dheer, qalabka ahaa awoodaan in ay qabtaan hawlaha in hadda leeyihiin magacyo branching wareegga shuruud (iterations), microprogramming, processing isku midka ah, qamaar, qaabeynta garaaca wadnaha iyo N. Qoraaga of eraybixinta sida looma isticmaalo wixii la mid ah..

Processor engine gorfaynta ee Charles Babbage, oo wuxuu u bixiyey "dhagax", waxay bixisaa:

• kaydinta lambarada, hawlaha on kuwaas oo si deg deg ah lagu sameeyo, in diiwaanka;
• Waxay leedahay hardware si ay ula iyaga hawlaha xisaabta aasaasiga ah ka shaqeeya,
• gudbinta fariimaha dibadda user-saaxiibtinimo ee maamulka faahfaahsan gudaha;
• nidaamka .Wadashaqayntaas (saacad) si ay u fuliyaan tilmaamaha si taxadar leh loo doortay ah.

hab ay gacanta ku mashiinka gorfaynta si toos ah hawl galo oo uu ka kooban yahay laba qaybood: qaybta hoose heerka, ay gacanta ku fuusto weyn, u yeedhay casks, oo heer sare ah oo isticmaalaya kaararka feeray loogu talagalay jacquard yari, waxaa si balaadhan looga isticmaalo ee 1800-hore.

qalabka wax soo saarka

Natiijada xisaabinta waxaa soo bandhigay by habab kala duwan oo ay ku jiraan daabacaadda, kaararka feeray, shirqoolka iyo wax soo saarka si toos ah ku qufulan - ka baakidh ee wax jilicsan on taas oo ay sabab print la soo saaray ee u adeega karaa sida foomka ku ridaya taarikada ee daabacaadda.

design cusub

lahayid ee Babbage ee Analytical Engine ayaa inta badan la dhameeyey 1840 oo bilaabay si ay u horumariyaan qalab cusub. In muddo ah ka 1847 in 1849 uu dhameystirtay Engine horumarinta №2 farqiga u, waa version kor ku asalka ah. beddelid Tani waxaa loogu talagalay howlgalka la ah tirada 31-bit iyo waxay keeni kartaa in tabular u sameeyaan wax kasta oo si 7aad polynom. design waxay ahayd wato fudud oo u baahan oo kaliya saddex meelood meel tirada qaybo ka mid ah model asalka ah, bixinta awood iyada kombiyuutarka loo siman yahay.

The kala duwan yihiin iyo Engine ka Analytical of Charles Babbage isticmaalo design isku qalabka wax soo saarka, kuwaas oo ma aha oo kaliya ka dhigaysa daabacaadda on warqad, laakiin sidoo kale si toos ah abuuri qufulan iyo format doonistayda yeelo sida ay khariidad Fundka of operator bogga. Isla mar ahaantaana waxa hubaa suurtagalnimada ee dejinta sarajooggiisuna line, tirada tiirar, width oo duurka, waxay bixisaa saf automatic-laabanto ama tiirar iyo meeleynta khadadka maran akhriska.

oo dhaxalkaygiina

ka dhowr qayb abuuray by shirka iyo imtixaanka lagu daydo si farsamaysan ee qaybaha shaqada yar laga reebo, midkoodna dhismayaasha aan la si buuxda loo fuliyay for Babbage nolosha. Ugu weyn ee soo ururiyeen 1832 model ahaa qayb Engine 1/7 №1 duwanaanshaha, taas oo ka koobnayd Cadad abbaaraha laba kun.. Waxaa flawlessly shaqeeya ilaa maantadan la joogo oo waa qalab ugu horeysay ee guul automatic Kombuyuutarada in fulisaa a xisaabta in hab ay. Babbage dhintey ka dib markii socday in ay ka qayb yar oo tijaabo ah Engine Analytical ah. faahfaahin badan oo ka mid ah qaab-dhismeedka waa la ilaashaa, iyo sidoo kale archive dhamaystiran oo sawiro iyo qoraal.

Mashaariicda kombiyuutarada farsamo weyn Babbage loo arkaa mid ka mid ah guulaha la yaab leh caqliga qarnigii XIX ah. Kaliya ee labaatankii sano ee la soo dhaafay uu shaqada ayaa la bartay in si faahfaahsan, iyo heerka uu muhiimadda waxa uu sameeyey, sii Muuqda.