Waa maxay hawlaha qol qabtaan nucleic acid? The qaab-dhismeedka iyo shaqada acids nucleic

acids Nucleic ka ciyaaraan door muhiim ah ee gacanta, hubinta ay ku shaqaynayaan iyo taranka. guryaha waxay suurto gal in ay iyaga ugu yeedhaan biomolecules labaad ee ugu muhiimsan ka dib markii protein. cilmi badan oo xitaa qaadan baxay DNA iyo RNA in meesha ugu horeysa, taasoo la micno ah in ay qiimaha maamulaha horumarinta nolosha. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, iyagu waa in ay qaataan kaalinta labaad ka dib markii borotiinada ah, sababtoo ah aasaaska nolosha waa uun polipetidnaya Britain.

acids Nucleic - taasi waa heer kala duwan ee nolosha kale oo badan oo adag oo xiiso badan waxaa sabab u ah xaqiiqada ah in nooc kasta oo Britain ayaa shaqo gaar ah iyada. Tani waa lagama maarmaan si ay u fahmaan in faahfaahin dheeraad ah.

Fikradda ah ee acids nucleic

All acid nucleic (DNA iyo RNA) waa polymers Nuurre Aw noolaha oo ku kala duwan yihiin tirada wareeggeedii. DNA waa Britain double ku xayiran a polymeric ay ku jiraan macluumaad hidde ah noolaha eukaryotic. Britain DNA Wareegtada ku jiri kara macluumaad hidde ah fayrasyada qaarkood. Tani HIV iyo adenovirus. Waxa kale oo jira gaar ah nooca 2aad ee DNA: mitochondrial iyo plastid (laga helo chloroplasts).

RNA waxay kaloo leedahay noocyada a aad u balaaran oo uu keeno hawlaha acid nucleic kala duwan. Waxaa jira RNA nuclear, taas oo ka kooban macluumaad hidaha ee bakteeriyada iyo fayraska ugu, shaxda (ama RNA Rasuul) ah, ribosomal iyo gaadiidka. Dhamaan iyaga ka mid ah ay ku lug leeyihiin labada kaydinta macluumaad hidde, ama ra'yi dhiibashada hiddo. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, taasoo in gacanta shaqeeyaan nucleic acid waa lagama maarmaan si ay u fahmaan si faahfaahsan weyn.

Britain DNA Double-ku xayiran

Noocan ah DNA - waa hab qumman ee lagu kaydin jiray oo macluumaad hidde. Britain DNA Double-ku xayiran yahay Britain ayaa hal ka kooban monomers Nuurre Aw. Ujeedadoodu waa formation of bonds hydrogen dhexeeya nucleotides ah silsilado kale. Is monomer DNA ka kooban yahay saldhigga nitrogenous ah, orthophosphate ka hadhay iyo deoxyribose monosaccharide shan-carbon ah. Iyada oo ku xidhan nooca saldhig nitrogen waxaa sal u ah monomer a DNA gaar ah, waxa ay leedahay magaceeda u gaar ah. Noocyada monomers DNA:

• moiety deoxyribose la orthophosphate iyo saldhig nitrogenous adenylic;
• thymidine saldhig nitrogenous oo orthophosphate a moiety deoxyribose;
• saldhig nitrogenous saytosayn oo orthophosphate desoksiriboza ka hadhay,
• orthophosphate la deoxyribose iyo intii ka hadhay gu'anayn nitrogenous.

Warqadda ayaa for fududeynta Bannaanka dhismeedka of DNA hadhay adenylic muujinaysaa sida "A", gu'anayn - "G", thymidine - "T" iyo saytosayn - "C". Waxaa muhiim ah in macluumaadka hidde waxaa laga soo wareejiyay DNA ah double-ku xayiran galay RNA Rasuul. Khilaaf ku saabsan iyada yar, halkan sida moiety carbohydrate ayaa deoxyribose iyo ribose, iyo halkii thymidylic uracil saldhig nitrogenous dhacdaa RNA.

Dhismaha iyo shaqada DNA

DNA ayaa lagu dhisay on mabda'a polymer nafleyda, kuwaas oo mid ka mid silsilad loo abuuray ka hor in nidaam loo dejiyay ku xiran tahay macluumaad hidaha ee gacanta waalidka. DNA Nukleodidy ku xiran yihiin silsilado covalent. Markaas, sida ay mabda'a complementarity u nucleotides ah u taagoo hal-ku xayiran yihiin biiray by nucleotides kale. Haddii hal-ku xayiran Britain nucleotide la soo bandhigay bilaabo adenayn, labaad (kaabaha) circuit u dhigma doonaa in thaymiin. Gu'anayn waa kaabaha in saytosayn. Sayidka, Britain DNA double-ku xayiran waxaa la dhisay. Waa in yaruna iyo kaydiya macluumaadka la iska dhaxlo oo la encoded codons - ilmood ee nucleotides. Shaqooyinka DNA ah double-ku xayiran:

• Saving ka cell waalidka macluumaad dhaxlo ka helay,
• hadal hiddo;
• caqabad ku tahay in la beddelo nooca isbedel ah.

Taasoo la micno ah borotiinada iyo acids nucleic

Waxaa la rumeysan yahay in shaqo ee borotiinada iyo acids nucleic caadi ah, kuwaas oo, ay gacan ku leeyihiin hadal hiddo. acid Nucleic laftiisa - waa goobta kaydinta iyo protein - waa natiijada ugu dambeysa ee macluumaadka akhriska ka hiddo ah. Gene laftiisa waa qayb muhiim ah oo ka mid ah Britain DNA oo la soo baakadeeyey ee koromosoom ah, kaas oo macluumaad laga diiwaan geliyay by nucleotides ee qaab dhismeedka of protein gaar ah. Mid ka mid ah hiddo u baaq ku saleynayo amino acid of protein mid keliya. protein in dhaqan galin doonta macluumaadka la iska dhaxlo.

kala soocidda ee noocyada RNA

Hawlaha acids nucleic in gacanta yihiin kuwo aad u kala duwan. Oo iyagu waa badan in ay dhacdo RNA. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, multifunctionality tani weli waa qaraabo, maxaa yeelay, sida hal nooc oo RNA mas'uul ka yahay mid ka mid ah shaqooyinka. Xaaladdan oo kale, soo socda noocyada kala duwan ee RNA:

• fayrusyada RNA iyo bakteeriyada nuclear,
• Shaxda (warbixin) RNA;
• RNA ribosomal;
• plasmids RNA Rasuul (chloroplast ah);
• RNA ribosomal chloroplast;
• RNA ribosomal mitochondrial;
• RNA furta mitochondrial;
• wareejiyo RNA.

hawlaha RNA

kala soocidda Tani waxay bixisaa dhowr nooc oo RNAs in kala qaybsan yihiin sida uu sheegay goobta. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, marka la eego functional, ay tahay in la kala qaybiyaa 4 nooc oo dhan: ee nuclear, macluumaad, ribosomal iyo gaadiidka. function RNA Ribosomal waa Avv borotiinka ku salaysan isku xigxiga nucleotide of RNA wargeeyskii. Sayidka amino acid "saxaarad" in RNA ribosomal "Hashii" on RNA wargeeyskii, taasi oo ka kala iibsiga ribonucleic acid. Sidaas Avv laga shaqeeyo kasta oo uu leeyahay ribosome ah. The qaab-dhismeedka iyo shaqada acids nucleic iyo siiyaan ilaalinta ah waxyaabaha la dhaxlo, iyo sameynta nidaamka protein ereygu wuxuu.

Mitochondrial acid nucleic

Haddii waxa ay tahay hawsha in gacanta qabtaan acid nucleic ku yaalla xuduntii ama cytoplasm ee dhammaan loo yaqaan, macluumaadka mitochondrial iyo DNA plastid, waxaa jira in yar. Waxa kale oo laga helay ribosomal gaar ah iyo RNA Rasuul. The acids nucleic DNA iyo RNA halkan jooga xataa noolaha ugu autotrophic.

Waxaa laga yaabaa in acid ee nucleic galo unugyada by symbiogenesis. Wadadan waxaa loo arkaa by saynisyahano sida ay u badan tahay sababta oo ah la'aanta ah ee sharaxa kale. Geedi socodka waxaa loo arkaa sida soo socota: gudihiisa gacanta muddo midkood u yimid bakteeriyada avtorofnaya symbiontic. Sidaas darteed, tani akaryote ku nool gudaha unugyada iyo waxay siiyaan tamar, laakiin si tartiib tartiib ah hoos.

In marxaladaha hore ee horumar, bakteeriyada siman oo laga yaabaa in nuclear-free dhaqaaqay geedi socodka mutational ee halyeeyada ah ee gacanta ciidanka. Tani waxay ogol yahay hiddo-ka mas'uul ah dayactirka macluumaad ku saabsan qaab dhismeedka ah borotiinada mitochondrial in ay dhex gasho galay acid ee nucleic ee gacanta ciidanka. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxa ay ku saabsan waxa ay tahay hawsha in gacanta qabtaan acids nucleic asal mitochondrial, macluumaadka ma aha wax badan.

Malaha in borotiinada mitochondrial qayb dhexsameeysmo jirka kuwaas oo qaab-dhismeedka aan weli encoded by DNA nuclear ama RNA ciidankii. Waxa kale oo ay u badan tahay in hab saxda ah ee Avv borotiinka loo baahan yahay oo kaliya sababtoo ah unugyada in borotiinada badan ku dhexsameeysmo cytoplasm ah, ma heli karaa iyada oo loo marayo xuub double ee mitochondria ah. organelles xogta soo saaro tamarta, oo sidaas daraaddeed in ay dhacdo channel gaar ah ama protein xamuulka ah ay ku filan tahay mooshin kelli iyo Wehliyaha uruuray.

Plasmid DNA iyo RNA

In plastids (chloroplasts) sidoo kale wuxuu leeyahay DNA u gaar ah, kaas oo u badan tahay in mas'uul ka yahay fulinta hawlaha la mid ah sida ay dhacdo acids nucleic mitochondrial. Waxa kale oo jira oo ay ribosomal, shaxda iyo kala iibsiga RNA. Oo plastids, idinkoo xukumaya by tirada xuubka, halkii by tirada reactions lagmamaarmaanna, way adag tahay in la helo. Waxaa dhacaya in plastids badan oo qaba lakabka 4 xuub, kaas oo lagu sharaxay by culimada siyaabo kala duwan.

Mid ka mid ah wax waa cad yahay: shaqo ee nucleic acid unugyada bartay ilaa hadda si waafi. Lama oga sida ay muhiim nidaamka synthesizing protein mitochondrial iyo la mid ah iyada hloroplasticheskaya. Waxaa sidoo kale ma cadda sababta unugyada baahan mitochondrial nucleic acid, haddii borotiin (cad oo dhan ma aha) ayaa hore u encoded in DNA ee nuclear (ama RNA, taas oo ku xidhan u shaqeeyo). Inkastoo qaar ka mid ah xaqiiqooyinka lagu qasbay in ay aqbalaan in borotiinka synthesizing nidaamka mitochondrial iyo chloroplast ayaa masuul ka ah hawlaha la mid ah sida DNA ee RNA xuduntii iyo cytoplasm ah. Waxay ilaalin lahaa macluumaad hidde, dhalid iyo waxa gudbiyaan si unugyada gabadhii.

oo kooban

Waxaa muhiim ah in la fahmo oo hawlaha qol qabtaan nuclear acid nucleic, plastid iyo asal mitochondrial. Tani waxay kor u furmay rajada badan sayniska, sababtoo ah hab ay u furno, sida uu sheegay oo waxaa jiray organisms badan autotrophic in soo saari kartaa maanta. Tani waxay ku siin doonaa nooc cusub oo ah unugyada, laga yaabee in xitaa aadanaha. Inkastoo rajada fulinta mnogomembrannyh organelles plastid unugyada goor hore in la yidhaahdo.

Wax badan ayaa muhiim u tahay in la fahmo in gacanta acids nucleic mas'uul ka ah ku dhowaad dhammaan geedi socodka. Tani biosynthesis protein, iyo badbaadin macluumaad ku saabsan qaab dhismeedka of unugyada. Iyo ka sii muhiimsan, acid ee nucleic shaqeeyaan shaqo kala iibsiga mid ah waxyaabaha la dhaxlo ee unugyada waalidka ilmaha. Tani waxay xaqiijin doontaa horumarinta dheeraad ah oo la xidhiidha geedi evolutionary.