Tusaalooyinka semiconductors. Noocyada, guryaha, codsiyada la taaban karo

The ugu caansan waa Silicon Semiconductor ah (Si). Laakiin isaga ka sokow, waxaa jira kuwo kale oo badan. Tusaale ahaan dabiiciga ah, maaddooyinka Semiconductor sida blende (ZnS), cuprite (CU ₂ O), galena (PBS) iyo kuwo kale oo badan. qoyska ee semiconductors, oo ay ku jiraan semiconductors diyaariyey in laboratories, ka dhigan mid ka mid ah fasalada ugu kala duwan ee qalabka loo yaqaano nin.

Soocista ee semiconductors

Oo ka mid ah 104 xubno ka miiska wareegsan yihiin macdanaha 79, 25 - nonmetals oo ka kaas oo ah 13 xubno ka kiimikada hantiyi guryaha semiconducting iyo 12 - dielectric. feature Semiconductor Main ka kooban yahay in ay si weyn u kordhiyaa conductivity la sii kordhaya heerkulka. At-kul hoose, waxay u dhaqmaan sidii insulators, iyo sare - sida kirishbooyada. semiconductors Kuwanu waa ka biraha kala duwan: caabin biraha saami kordhisaa in korodhka ee heerkulka.

Arin kale ka biraha Semiconductor waa in iska caabin ah ee Semiconductor hoos sarkhaansan iftiinka, halka in dambaysta ah biraha kama beddelayso. Sidoo kale conductivity ee semiconductors kala duwan yihiin marka ay maamusho si ay qadar yar oo ah tan xaylka qabta.

Semiconductors waxaa ka mid kiimiko ah la dhismeedka crystal kala duwan helay. Waxaa laga yaabaa in xubno sida Silicon iyo selenium, ama xeryahooda double sida arsenide gallium. xeryahooda badan oo organic, sida polyacetylene, (CH) _n, - qalabka Semiconductor. semiconductors qaarkood muujiyaan magnetic (CD _1-x Mn _x Te) ama guryaha ferroelectric (SbSI). Kale alloying la noqday superconductors ku filan (GeTe iyo SrTiO _3). Qaar badan oo ka mid ah superconductors-heerkulka sare dhowaan helay leeyihiin wajiga semiconducting macdan ah. Tusaale ahaan, La ₂ CuO ₄ waa Semiconductor ah, laakiin formation of daawaha la Sr noqdo sverhrovodnikom (La _1-x Sr _{x) 2} CuO _4.

buugaagta Physics siin qeexitaanka sida wax Semiconductor la resistivity koronto ee ka 10 ^-4 10 ⁷ ohms · m. Waxaa laga yaabaa in qeexidda kale. width of guutadii Reebay ee Semiconductor - laga bilaabo 0 ilaa 3 eV. Biraha iyo semimetals - wax la eber farqiga tamarta, iyo walaxda kuwaas oo waxaa ka badan W eV yeedhay insulators. Waxaa jira reeban. Tusaale ahaan, diamond Semiconductor uu ballaaran Reebay zone 6 eV ah, Gaas semi-qalabada a - 1,5 eV. GaN, wax a qalabka optoelectronic ee gobolka buluug, ayaa width a band Reebay 3.5 eV.

farqiga tamarta

orbitals Valence of atamka in daaqaddii crystal ku kala qaybsan yihiin laba kooxood oo heerka tamarta - zone ah oo lacag la'aan ah, ku sugnaa heerka ugu sareeya, oo ay go'aamiso conductivity korontada ee semiconductors, iyo band valence ah, hoos ku. heerarka Kuwanu, taas oo ku xidhan dhabanada ee qaab-dhismeedka daaqaddii crystal iyo atamka midaysan karo ama la kullan midba midka kale ka. Xaaladan danbe uu jiro farqi ah tamarta, ama si kale loo dhigo, oo u dhexeeya goobaha band Reebay.

Goobta iyo heerka buuxintii waxaa lagu go'aamiyaa guryaha tabinta mid ah waxyaabaha la. Sida laga soo xigtay inay maal habkaani qaybiyey ah kirishbooyada, insulators, iyo semiconductors. width of guutadii Reebay ee Semiconductor kala duwan 0.01-3 eV, farqiga tamarta ee dielectric ka badan 3 eV. Biraha sabab u xirmi ee heerarka dhimman tamarta ma aha.

Semiconductors iyo insulators, in la barbardhigo Biraha, electrons waxaa ka buuxa band valence iyo zone free ee kuugu dhow, ama band tabinta ah, tamarta valence la deyrka off ka dillaac - qaybtii of tamartaa mamnuuc ah electrons.

In dielectrics tamarta kulka ama beerta korontada laga samri kuma filna in la sameeyo boodi ku dhex farqiga this, electrons ma ku xiran yihiin band tabinta ah. Waxay awoodi karin in ay u guuraan daaqaddii crystal iyo noqdo sidayaal of hadda korontada.

Si firfircooni conductivity korontada, electron ah ee heerka valence waa in la siiyo tamarta, kaas oo noqon lahaa ku filan si looga adkaado madhnaashaha tamarta. Kaliya marka xaddiga nuugista tamarta ma ka yar qiimaha faraqa tamar, ka heer electron valence heerka tabinta mari doona.

Haddii ay sidaa tahay, haddii width ah ee farqiga tamar ka badan 4 eV, Semiconductor conductivity cindiga excitation ama kuleylka waa suurta galayn - tamarta excitation of electrons heerkulka barafku ma ku filan in ay ku boodaan farqiga tamarta iyada oo aagga. Marka kululeeyo, crystal dhalaalayaa hor conductivity elektarooniga. walxaha noocan oo kale ah waxaa ka mid ah quartz (de = 5,2 eV), diamond (de = 5,1 eV), cusbada badan.

Extrinsic iyo jaleelada Semiconductor conductivity

kiristaalo Semiconductor Net leedahay conductivity kala go'lahayn. semiconductors noocan oo kale ah magacyada saxda ah. Semiconductor kala go'lahayn ka kooban yahay tiro la mid ah godadka iyo electrons free. Marka kulaylinta conductivity jaleelada ee semiconductors kordhay. Heerkulka joogto ah, waxaa jira xaalad ah lacagta hoganaya firfircoon ee lammaane electron-dalool ahbaa iyo tirada recombining electrons iyo godad, taas oo sii joogto ah ku hoos jira xaalad kuwaas.

Joogitaanka nijaasta si weyn u saameeyaa conductivity korontada ee semiconductors. iyaga oo intaa ku daray oo u ogolaanaya si weyn u sii kordhaya tirada electrons free at tiro yar oo ah godad iyo kordhiyo tirada godad leh tiro yar oo ah electrons in heerka tabinta ah. semiconductors nijaasta daahiriya - kirishbooyada lahaynu conductivity wasakhnimadii.

Nijaasta waxaa si fudud ugu deeqay electrons waxaa loo yaqaan deeq. nijaasta Donor laga yaabaa in xubno ka kiimikada la atamka, heerarka valence kuwaas oo ka kooban electrons ka sii badan atamka ee wax salka ku. Tusaale ahaan, fosfooraska, iyo bismuth - a nijaasta Silicon deeq.

tamarta loo baahan yahay si boodi ee electron ah ee gobolka tabinta ah, waxaa lagu magacaabaa tamarta ay hawshooda. Semiconductor nijaasta daahiriya u baahan tahay wax badan ka yar waxaa ka mid ah ka badan wax salka. Iyada oo xoogaa kulaylinta ama iftiin badan sii daayey electrons of atamka ee semiconductors wasakhnimadii. Dhig tagay eb qaadataa dalool electron ah. Laakiin ma recombination godka electron qaadan oo aan meel. conductivity godka deeq waa mid laga samri. Tani waa sababta oo qadar yar oo ah atamka nijaas, hana u oggolaan in electrons free inta badan u dhaw in ay godka iyo si ay u qabtaan. Electrons waa godad qaar ka mid ah, laakiin aan karin inay buuxin ay sabab u tahay heerka tamarta aan ku filnayn.

A daro nijaasta daahiriya deeq yar dhowr amar kordhiyaa tirada electrons tabinta marka la barbardhigo tirada electrons free ee Semiconductor ku kala go'lahayn. Electrons halkan - ka sidayaal ugu weyn ee lagu eedeeyay qaaradda ee semiconductors nijaasta daahiriya. Waxyaabahani waxay ka tirsan tahay ee semiconductors nooca-n.

Nijaasta in xidhxidhaan electrons ee Semiconductor ah, sii kordhaya tirada dadka ku rito ee, loo yaqaan aqbalana. nijaasta aqbalana waa xubno ka kiimikada leh tiro yar oo electrons in heerka valence badan salka Semiconductor ah. Boron, gallium, indium - nijaas, aqbalana ee Silicon.

Sifooyinka Semiconductor waa ku tiirsan cilladaha dhismeedkooda crystal. Taasina waxay keentaa in loo baahan yahay ee sii kordhaya kiristaalo aad u saafi ah. The xuduudaha ka tabinta Semiconductor ee ay gacanta ku dheer ee dopants. kiristaalo Silicon doped la fosfooraska (element hoosaadka V) taas oo ah deeq ah si ay u abuuraan Silicon crystal n nooca. Waayo, crystal la aqbalana a boron Silicon nooca-p maamulo. Semiconductors magdhow heerka Fermi si ay u soo guurto dhexe ee farqiga guutadii abuuray sidan.

semiconductors-hal element

The Semiconductor ugu caansan waa, dabcan, Silicon. Wada jir ah ula Germany, wuxuuna ka mid ahaa noocooda ah ee fasalka badan oo semiconductors in ay leeyihiin qaab-dhismeedka crystal la mid ah.

crystal Qaabdhismeedka Si iyo GE la mid yihiin in ka mid ah dheemman iyo α-daasadda. Waxaa isku wareejiyeen kasta la eb 4 atamka ugu dhow taas oo samaysa tetrahedron ah. isuduwidda noocan oo kale ah waxaa loo yaqaan afar jeer. Kiristaalo tetradricheskoy bond saldhig steel for warshadaha korontada iyo ka ciyaaraan door muhiim ah ee technology casriga ah. Qaar ka mid ah xubno V iyo VI ee kooxda miiska wareegsan ayaa sidoo kale semiconductors. Tusaalooyinka noocan ah ee semiconductors - fosfooraska (P), baaruud (S), sayliniyam (Se) iyo tellurium (Te). semiconductors waxaa laga yaabaa in atamka xaafuun (P), disubstituted (S, Se, Te) ama isuduwidda afar laab. Sidaas darteed xubno sida jiri karaan dhowr qaab-dhismeedka crystalline kala duwan, iyo sidoo kale in la diyaariyaa qaab galaas. Tusaale ahaan, Se koray dhismeedka crystal monoclinic iyo trigonal ama sidii daaqad (kaas oo sidoo kale waxa loo arki karaa polymer a).

- Diamond ayaa conductivity kaamerada fiican, guryaha farsamo oo indhaha u wanaagsan, xoog farsamo sare. width of farqiga tamarta - de = 5,47 eV.

- Silicon - Semiconductor loo isticmaalo unugyada tamarta qoraxda, iyo foomka amorphous, - in dhuuban-filimka unugyada tamarta qoraxda. Waxaa ugu isticmaalo ee Semiconductor unugyada tamarta qoraxda, fududahay in la sameeyo, wuxuu leeyahay sifooyin korontada iyo farsamo wanaagsan. de = 1,12 eV.

- Germanium - Semiconductor loo isticmaalo spectroscopy gamma-ray ah, waxqabadka sare unugyada tamarta qoraxda. Waxaa loo adeegsaday ee dioska- hore iyo transistors. Waxay u baahan tahay nadiifinta ka yar Silicon. de = 0,67 eV.

- sayliniyam - Semiconductor ah, taas oo loo isticmaalayo in rectifiers selenium isagoo iska caabin ah shucaaca sare oo awood u leh in ay bogsiiyaan kuwa.

xeryahooda Laba-element

Guryaha ee Semiconductors sameeyay xubno 3 iyo 4 oo ka mid ah kooxaha miiska wareegsan eg ee hantida xeryahooda 4 kooxood. guurka ah oo ka 4 kooxood oo ka mid ah xubno si ay u sii biirey 3-4 GR. Waxay ka dhigaysa isgaarsiinta qayb ahaan sababtoo electrons gaadiidka lacag Madbacada qaranka ka eb in Atom 3 Group 4 Group. Ionicity badala sifooyinka semiconductors. Waxay keentaa in la kordhiyo tamarta iyo ra'iyi-ra'iyi dhexgalka farqiga tamarta dhismeedka band electron ku Coulomb. TUSAALE xeryahooda binary noocan ah - antimonide indium, InSb, Gaas arsenide gallium, gallium antimonide GaSb, phosphide indium InP, antimonide aluminium AlSb, farqiga phosphide gallium.

Ionicity kordhay iyo qiimaha koraa kooxo badan oo xeryahooda 2-6 xeryahooda, sida selenide cadmium, tayadda zinc, tayadda cadmium, telluride cadmium, selenide zinc. Sidaas darteed, inta badan ee xeryahooda 2-6 kooxaha band Reebay ballaaran ka badan 1 eV, marka laga reebo xeryahooda mercury. Mercury Telluride - aan tamarta Semiconductor farqiga, semi-birta, iyo waxa daasadda sida α-.

Semiconductors 2-6 kooxaha la farqiga tamarta isticmaalka a helo waaweyn ee wax soo saarka ee laser oo soo bandhigay. kooxaha Binary 6 2- xarunta tamarta cidhiidhi ah farqiga haboon qaateyaasha infrared. xeryahooda Binary ee xubno ka mid ah kooxaha 1-7 (CuBr cuprous bromide, agi iodide lacag ah, chloride copper CuCl) ay sabab u tahay ionicity sare waxay leeyihiin ballaaran eV W bandgap. Waxay sameeyaan ma dhab semiconductors, iyo insulators. Crystal koritaanka dayada tamarta ay sabab u tahay Coulomb dhexgalka interionic fududeeyaa atamka nidaamsan cusbo leh si lixaad, halkii saablay ku duwo. Xeryahooda 4-6 kooxo - tayadda, telluride hogaanka, tayadda iyo waxa daasadda - sida semiconductors. Ionicity of walxahan waxay sidoo kale kor u isuduwidda formation laabmeen ah. Inta badan ma hor joogsanayn ionicity joogaan waxay leeyihiin a dhimman band aad u cidhiidhi ah, waxay loo isticmaali karaa helo shucaac infrared. nitride Gallium - a kooxaha xarunta 3-5 la farqiga a tamarta ballaaran, ka heli codsiga in laser Semiconductor iyo dioska- light-emitting ka hawlgala qaybta buluuga ah ee spectrum ah.

- Gaas, arsenide gallium - on baahida ka dib markii Semiconductor ah Silicon labaad waxaa caadi ahaan loo isticmaalo sida substrate ah kirishbooyada kale, tusaale ahaan, GaInNAs iyo InGaAs, ee infrared setodiodah, transistors hirka sare iyo istaago, unugyada tamarta qoraxda sare hufan, dioska- laser, qalabka of daawo nuclear. de = 1,43 eV, soo hagaajiyey qalabka xoogga sida Silicon marka la barbar dhigo. Debcaan, waxaa ku jira nijaasta ahaa mid dhib badan soosaarka.

- ZnS, zinc tayadda - cusbo zinc ah sulphide hydrogen la zones Reebay band iyo 3,54 3,91 eV, loo isticmaalo in laser iyo sida phosphor ah.

- SNS, tayadda iyo waxa daasadda - Semiconductor loo isticmaalo photoresistors iyo photodiodes, de = 1,3 iyo 10 eV.

oxides

oxides biraha la doorbidayo waa insulators u fiican, laakiin waxaa ka reeban. Tusaalooyinka noocan ah ee semiconductors - xabagta nickel, xabagta copper, xabagta Cobalt, copper dioxide, xabagta bir ah, xabagta europium, xabagta zinc. Tan iyo copper dioxide jira sida cuprite macdanta, hantida waxaa lagu bartay culus. Qaabka loo beerista ee noocan ah ee Semiconductor weli ma cada, si ay u isticmaalaan weli waa kooban. marka laga reebo waa xabagta zinc (ZnO), kooxaha xarunta 2-6, waxaa loo isticmaalaa sida transducer iyo wax soo saarka ee cajalado koolo iyo sharootada.

Xaaladda u xuub bedelay ka dib markii superconductivity la ogaaday in xeryahooda badan oo ah naxaas la oxygen. The superconductor heerkulka sare marka hore furi Bednorz iyo Muller, waxaa Semiconductor xarunta ku salaysan La ₂ CuO _4, farqiga tamarta of 2 eV ah. Badalaa divalent trivalent lanthanum, barium ama strontium, dawadu ka sidayaal lacag Semiconductor godadkii. In la gaaro fiirsashada godka lagama maarmaan ka dhigaysa La ₂ CuO ₄ superconductor. Wakhtigan, heerkulka ugu sareeya ee kala guurka gobolka superconducting iska sii labanlaabi HgBaCa ₂ CU ₃ O _8. At kar sare, qiimaha waa 134 K.

ZnO, varistor xabagta zinc waxaa loo isticmaalaa, dioska- buluug light-emitting, dareemayaal gaaska, dareemayaal noolaha, daaqadaha blaastiigga si ay u muujiyaan iftiin infrared, sida kaari ah in qaab LCD iyo batariyo qoraxda. de = 3,37 eV.

kiristaalo israac

xeryahooda Double sida hogaanka diiodide, selenide gallium iyo disulphide molybdenum ku kala duwan yihiin qaab-dhismeedka crystal oo israac raacsan. layers waa bonds covalent of xoog badan, wax badan ka xoog badan van der silsiladihii Waals isu layers ah. Semiconductors nooca oo kale waa u xiiso badan sababtoo ah electrons ku dhaqmaan layers miliishiyada laba dhinac-cabbir ah. Dhexgalka ee layers lagu beddelayba waa inay by bandhigid atamka ka baxsan - intercalation.

Mos _2, disulfide molybdenum waxaa loo isticmaalaa in qalabka hirka sare, rectifiers, memristor, transistors. de = 1,23 iyo 1,8 eV.

semiconductors organic

Tusaalooyinka semiconductors ku saleysan xeryahooda organic - naphthalene, polyacetylene (CH _{2) n,} anthracene, polydiacetylene, ftalotsianidy, polyvinylcarbazole. semiconductors Organic ayaa ka faa'ido badan oo aan organic, iyagu waa ay fududahay in la siiyo tayada la doonayo. Muqaadaraadka la bonds conjugate sameeyaan = -C = C-C hantidaan la taaban karo indhaha non-linearity iyo, ay sabab u tahay taas, in optoelectronics codsatay. Waxaa intaa dheer, farqiga band tamarta xarunta Semiconductor organic ah ee caanaha ku kala duwan yihiin isbedelka in inta badan ka sahlan yahay kii semiconductors caadiga ah. allotropes crystalline of fullerenes carbon, graphene, nanotubes - sidoo kale semiconductors.

- Fullerene leedahay qaab qaab ugleoroda polyhedron xidhan convex xitaa tirada atamka. A fullerene ay qorayeen C ₆₀ la bir ah alkali u ekaysiiyaa superconductor ah.

- lakabka monoatomic carbon graphite waxaa la aasaasay, waxaa ku xiran in daaqaddii laba dhinac-cabbir hexagonal. Record ayaa conductivity iyo dhaqdhaqaaqa electron ah, rigidity sare

- Nanotubes waxaa soo galay saxan graphite tuubo isagoo ballaciisu yahay ee dhowr nanomitir. noocyadan carbon leeyihiin yabooha weyn ee nanoelectronics. Iyada oo ku xidhan xigay waxaa laga yaabaa in tayada macdan ah ama Semiconductor.

semiconductors magnetic

Xeryahooda la udhigo magnetic of europium iyo manganese leeyihiin guryaha magnetic iyo semiconducting cajiib ah. Tusaalooyinka noocan ah ee semiconductors - tayadda europium, europium selenide iyo xalalka adag, sida CD _1-x Mn _x Te. content The oo ka mid ah udhigo magnetic waxay saameysaa labada walxaha muujiyaan guryaha magnetic sida ferromagnetism iyo antiferromagnetism. semiconductors Semimagnetic - waa xal semiconductors magnetic adag kuwaas oo ka kooban udhigo magnetic ee-fiirsashada yar yahay. xal adag noocan oo kale ah soo jiitaan dareenka aad rajo iyo fursad wayn codsiyada suurto gal. Tusaale ahaan, in la barbardhigo ah semiconductors non-magnetic, waxay gaari karaan million jeer ka weyn wareeg Faraday.

saamaynta Strong magnetooptical ee semiconductors magnetic oggolaado in la isticmaalo, waayo, isbedbeddelka indhaha. Perovskites, sida Mn _0,7 Ca _0,3 O _3, hantida waa ay ka sareeyaan kala guurka bir-Semiconductor, oo ku tiirsanaanta toos ah natiijada field magnetic in ifafaale Rafaa magneto-resistivity. Waxay waxaa loo isticmaalaa in raadiyaha, qalabka indhaha, kuwaas oo ay gacanta ku beer magnetic, a qalabka waveguide microwave.

ferroelectrics Semiconductor

nooca kiristaalo Tani waxa lagu gartaa joogitaanka in daqiiqado ay korontada iyo dhacdo of kala fogaansho lama filaan ah. Tusaale ahaan, guryaha oo kale waa semiconductors keeni titanate PbTiO _3, barium titanate BaTiO _3, telluride germanium, GeTe, iyo waxa daasadda telluride SnTe, taas oo marka heerkulku hooseeyo leeyihiin guryaha ferroelectric. Waxyaabahan waxaa loo isticmaalaa in indhaha, dareemayaal piezoelectric Fansaarada iyo qalabka xasuusta.

kala duwan oo ka mid ah qalabka Semiconductor

Waxaa intaas dheer in qalabka Semiconductor kor ku xusan, waxaa jira kuwo kale oo badan oo aan ka yar mid ka mid ah noocyada kuwan ku dhici. Xeryahooda ee formula 1-3-5 xubno ₂ (AgGaS ₂₎ iyo 2-4-5 ₂ (ZnSiP ₂₎ sameeyaan qaab crystal chalcopyrite. La xiriir xeryahooda tetrahedral semiconductors le'eg oo 3-5 iyo 2-6 kooxo qaab crystal blende ah zinc. Xeryahooda taas oo samaysa xubno Semiconductor 5 iyo 6 kooxood oo (la mid ah Sida ₂ Se _3), - Semiconductor ee foomka of crystal ama galaas. Chalcogenides of bismuth iyo midabyo waxaa loo isticmaalaa in matoorrada thermoelectric Semiconductor. The guryaha noocan ah ee Semiconductor waa mid aad u xiiso badan, laakiin iyagu ma helay taageero sababo la xiriira codsiga kooban. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, xaqiiqda ah in ay ka jiraan, ayaa xaqiijiyay joogitaanka aan weli si buuxda baaritaan berrinkii physics Semiconductor.