Taiping caasinimo ee Shiinaha 1850-1864 sano

Taiping caasinimo ee Shiinaha (1850-1864 GG.) - mid ka mid ah dhacdooyinka ugu weyn ee taariikhda dalka. Taas oo keentay in bilowgii dagaalkii yaroow ' iyo sida dhacdadan saameeyeen horumarinta dheeraad ah ee gobolka? Read ku saabsan on.

Shiinaha ka hor of kacdoonkii

Bilowga ee qarnigii XIX ee, Shiinaha ayaa ku soo gashay muddo ah dhibaato qoto dheer, taas oo ku faafay dhammaan dhinacyada nolosha dadweynaha. Uu daliilka siyaasadeed bilaabay in ay kordhiyaan dareenka antimanchzhurskih (tan iyo dhammaadkii qarnigii XVIII ka. Ahayd in awood Qing qoyskii, hogaaminayo guri ammaan ah Manchurian) iyo kaca ee kacdoonka. Xiisadda ahayd sababta ugu wayn oo ka mid ah "xiritaanka" ee dalka ganacsiga kula baayacmushtari jireen Ingiriiska iyo India. Shiinaha ayaa is-go'doomin keentay in dagaalkii ipium First la Britain. Sidaas darteed ka mid ah falalka gardarada ah oo ka mid ah dalalka Yurub siyaasadda ee "dhow" waxaa la dhammeeyey. Shiinaha bilaabay inuu ka soo leexdo galay a semi-gumeysi.

guuldarro ee koowaad War ipium iyo galidda sii firfircoon galay dhaqaalaha ee dalka ka mid ah caasimada shisheeye ayaa hoos sharafta guri ammaan talada haya. Haddaba waxay ahayd waqti this ee Shiinaha, fikirka a oppositional brand cusub, kaas oo waxaa loo arkaa dhalay Hun Syutsyuan.

fikirka ah ee ku Taiping

Hun Syutsyuan - ideologist ugu weyn ee dhaqdhaqaaqa Taiping ah. Wuxuu ku dhashay 1813 dhow Guangzhou. Aabbihiisna wuxuu ahaa sarkaal u sabool ah Chinese. Hogaamiyaha mustaqbalka dadka caasiya Taiping ku celceliyeen isku dayeen in ay gudbaan imtixaanka gaar ah si ay u buuxiyaan xafiiska dadweynaha. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, isku day oo dhan ayaan lagu guuleeysan. Waxa ay ahayd inta lagu guda jiro waxbarashada oo uu Guangzhou, uu kula kulmay fikradaha Christian in si firfircoon uga dhex gelin dalka iyada oo hawlaha ergooyinka Yurub. Hun Syutsyuan bilaabeen in ay bartaan diinta aqoon. Horeba in 1843 uu abuuray ururka Christian loo yaqaan "Society of aabbihiis oo jannada."

Tixgeli fikrad aasaasiga ah ee waxbarista Hong Xiuquan.

1. Waxaa ku salaysan fikrad ah Trinity Quduuska ah. Isla mar ahaantaana Hun Syutsyuan qudhiisu ka mid ahaa in ay ka kooban sida walaalka ka yar Ciise Masiix. Marka tan la eego, tallaabooyinka oo dhan waxaa loola dhaqmaa sida a "aayaha Ilaah."
2. Hong Xiuquan ayaa sidoo kale ka codsaday in fikradda ah Christian ah "boqortooyada Ilaah." Waxaa Dirk fikirka qadiimiga Shiinaha oo ka mid ah "oo kaliya bulshada." Marka tan la eego, Taiping inay foodda ku fikirka ah ee sinnaanta iyo bahda.
3. Muuqaalka caan ku fikirka Taiping ahayd iyada orientation antimanchuzhrskaya. In wacdiyada uu, waxa uu sheegay in guri ammaan Qing in la afgembiyey. Intaa waxaa dheer, Taiping ayaa ku baaqay in tirtiridda jirka ah ee Manchuria.
4. Followers ee Hong Xiuquan horjeeda Confucianism iyo diimaha kale ka duwan, laakiin waqti isku mid ah iyaga ka amaahatay fikradaha qaar ka mid ah (tusaale ahaan, fikradda ah "dhawrsashada filial").
5. Ujeedada ugu weyn ee ururka - abuurista Taiping Tiangui (samaawi ah daryeelka weyn).

Bilowgii ee kacdoonka iyo periodization

In xagaagii 1850 bilaabay kacdoonkii Tszintyanskoe. Taiping tixgeliyo xaaladda dalka wanaagsan, waayo tallaabo u furan ka dhanka ah xukuumadda, kaas oo uu madax u qoyskii Qing ah. 10 kun. Mucaaradka ku urursan aagga tuulada Tszintyan gobolka Guangxi koonfurta.

January 11, 1850 waxaa si rasmi ah ku dhawaaqay bilowgii kacdoonka.

In marxaladda ugu horeysa ee halganka Taiping ujeedadiisu tahay ugu horayn in la xoreeyo Shiinaha. Qing (guri ammaan halkan garoomada muddo ka badan 100 sannadood) ayaa lagu dhawaaqay in cadowga oo waa la afgembiyi.

Guud ahaan, cilmi-isku raacsan yihiin in caasinimo Taiping ee Shiinaha ee horumarinta 4 tallaabooyin ay ugu muhiimsan:

Wajiga 1 daboolayaa 1850-1853 sannad xisaabeedka. Markan guusha cajiib ah ciidanka Taiping ah. Bishii September 1851, ayay qabsadeen magaalada Yunan. Waxaa halkan waa in aasaaska la dhigi jiray ee State Taiping ah.

Stage 2 - 1853-1856. Laga bilaabo xilliga cusub oo halganka ka dhigan qabashada mucaaradka magaalada Nanjing. Marka marxaladdan, Taiping diray ciidanka ugu weyn ee ballaarinta ee gobolka.

3 intii lagu jiray Dagaalkii ridayeen ee Shiinaha socday ka 1856 si ay u 1860 By wakhtiga ay ku soo beegantay ipium dagaalkii labaad ee.

Stage 4 daboolayaa 1860-1864 sano. Waxa uu calaamadeeyay by faragelin milateri ay u furan awoodaha reer galbeedka ee Shiinaha iyo Hong Xiuquan ismiidaamin ah.

Wajiga koowaad ee dagaalka

In 1851, Taiping u guuray waqooyiga Guangxi. Halkan waxay magaalada Yunan, halkaas oo uu ka taagay dowladda qabsadeen.

At madaxa gobolka cusub wuxuu ahaa Syutsin Yan ah. Waxa uu helay shaqo ugu sareeya sida "East Princes" (sida uu helay horyaalka ee "afka Ilaah") oo ku urursan gacmahooda maamulka iyo hoggaanka ciidanka. Intaa waxaa dheer, madaxa gobolka weli Taiping 3 Prince (West - Xiao Chaoguy, Northern - Wei Chanhuey iyo South - Feng Yunshan) iyo Duck Kaaliyaha Shi.

Bishii December 1852 ciidan Taiping ka geysto wabiga Yangtze guuray, bari ee dalka. Tri Wuhan, oo magaalooyinka sida Wuchang, Hanyang iyo Hankou ka mid ah - In January 1853, waxay awoodaan in ay qaataan gobolka muhiim ahaayeen. The guulaha milateri ee ciidanka Taiping aadayaan caanka ah ee fikrado Hong Xiuquan ka mid ah dadka deegaanka, sidaas oo kale ayaa saf ah mucaaradka si joogto ah, aamusa. By 1853, tirada mucaaradka ayaa dhaafo 500 oo kun oo Man..

Ka dib markii qabashada Tricity Wuhan ciidanka mucaaradka guurtay gobolka Anhui oo shaaca ka qaaday magaalooyinka ay ugu muhiimsan.

Bishii Maarso 1853, Taiping weerareen mid ka mid ah ugu weyn magaalooyinka Shiinaha ee Nanjing, oo markaas noqday caasimadda ah ee ay gobolka. Dhacdadani waxa ay calaamad u ahayd dhammaadkii hore iyo wajiga labaad ee dagaalka soo ridayeen ah.

Ururka State Taiping ah

Ridayeen War in Shiinaha bilaabeen in 1850, oo sannad ka dib ee koonfurta dalka waxaa la abuuray Taiping State. Tixgeli mabaadi'da asaasiga ah ee ururka si faahfaahsan.

• Tan iyo 1853, caasimada gobolka waa magaalada Nanjing.
• On qalabka Taiping Tiangui ahayd boqortooyo.
• Sida laga soo xigtay qof ka - xaalad theocratic (mucaaradka ku adkeystay on midowga a full of kaniisadda iyo dawladda hay'adaha).
• Inta badan dadka ku ahaayeen yaroow. shuruudaha ay sida caadiga ah ku qaadeen dowladda.
• Madaxa magacaaban gobolka ayaa aaminsan in Hun Syutsyuan, laakiin xoog oo dhan shiidaa ahaa in gacmihii "Prince of East ah" iyo "wax wacdiya Ilaah" Yan Syutsina.

dokumenti muhiim ah oo cinwaankeedu ahaa "Land System of qoyskii samaawi ah ee" waxaa la daabacay 1853. Dhab ahaantii, wuxuu noqday Dastuurka Taiping dhowaan la sameeyey gobolka. Sharcigani wuxuu dhigayaa ma qaab siyaasad beeraha oo keliya, laakiin sidoo kale mabaadii'da aasaasiga ah ee qaab-dhismeedka maamul ee dalka.

"Land System of qoyskii samaawi ah" waxaa ka mid ahaa ururka madaniga ah ee bulshada raggu. Sidaas daraaddeed, kasta 25 qoysaska soo ridayeen dhisay bulsho gaar ah. hal qof ayaa ku qasban in ay sameeyaan adeeg ciidan ee qoys kasta.

Ever tan iyo markii xagaagii 1850 jawi Taiping ayaa aasaasay nidaam-ka loo yaqaan "booska xurmada leh." Kuwaas oo kala ah, Alshabaab iyo qoysaskooda ay heleen cunto, lacag iyo dhar. "Kaydinta xurmaysan" buuxsameen la hadhaagii dagaalka. Isla mar ahaantaana, lahaanshaha gaarka ah waxaa mamnuucay State Taiping ah.

Dastuurka Taiping gobolka cusub, dhab ahaantii, riyo ah yaroow oo ku saabsan sinnaanta iyo baabi'inta ee la haystaa ay dalkii badan oo dadka dhulka ku. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, dokumentigan waxaa ku qoran luqada "buug" oo aan la garaneyn in inta badan dadka. Taasi waa sababta Dastuurka ayaa noqday saldhig u ah hogaamiyayaasha siyaasadda dhabta ah dadka caasiya Taiping ah.

wajiga labaad ee dagaalka

Taiping kacdoonkii waxaa helo xoog cusub tan iyo 1853. Laga bilaabo of waji cusub oo dagaal u calaamadeeyay qabashada mucaaradka ah magaalada ugu weyn dalka Shiinaha ee Nanjing. Muddadan, Taiping diriray adag tahay in la ballaariyo xuduudaha ee uu gobolka cusub.

In May 1853, waxaa la go'aamiyay in aan bilowno duulaan Northern ah. Ujeedada ugu weyn ee ay ahayd qabashada Beijing - caasimadda ah ee Shiinaha. Northern duulaan lagu soo Labadii Col. Bishii June, waxaa lagu qabtay qabashada fashilmay Huaytsiya. Ciidamada dheeraad ah u guurtay gobolka Shanxi, ka dibna - Zhili.

Bishii Oktoobar, ciidanka Taiping si Tianjin (van la soo dhaafay on wadada si Beijing) u yimid. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, by waqti this ciidamada ayaa si xun u wiiqay. Intaa waxaa dheer, jiilaalka daran yimid. Taiping soo gaaray ma aha oo kaliya ka qabow ah, laakiin sidoo kale ka soo la'aanta ah ee sahayda. ciidanka Taiping badiyay askar badan. Waxaas oo dhan waxay keentay in guuldaradii ee mucaaradka ee Northern duulaan ku. Bishii Febraayo 1854 Ciidamada tagay gobolka Tianjin.

Dhab ahaantii, labada North West oo bilaabay olole ciidanka Taiping ah. Ciidamada Mucaaradka uu hoggaaminayo Duck Shi. Ujeedada Ololaha oo intaasu waxay ahayd in ay ballaariso xuduudaha gobolka Taiping galbeed ee Nanjing iyo qabsashada dhulal cusub oo ku saabsan qeybaha dhexe ee River Yangtze ah. Bishii June, mucaaradka u suurtagashay in ay dib u badiyay magaalada Anqing, iyo ka dib ka hor inta - iyo waxyaabo kale oo muhiim ah. Winter 1855 ciidan Shi Dakaya mar kale magaalada Tricity Wuhan guuleystay.

Guud ahaan, habka Western uu ahaa mid aad guul Taiping. The xuduudaha gobolka si weyn u balaariyay galbeed ee magaalada caasimada ah ee Nanjing ee.

Xiisadda of State Taiping ah

Inkastoo tiro ka mid ah ololaha milatari guul, ee 1855, dhibaatooyinka bilaabay ee gobolka dhawaan la dhisay, oo daboolay dhinacyada kala duwan ee bulshada. Taiping caasinimo si ay u daboosho meel ballaaran oo la kulmay taageero caan weyn. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, madaxda ay ku guuldareysatay inay fuliyaan inta badan qorshayaasheeda, iyo gobolka ahaa Dastuurka, iyadoo udub dhexaad, lkn a.

Wakhtigan, tirada amiirradii aad buu u badiyey. In 1856, ay horaa 4 iyo in ka badan 200. Waxaa intaas dheer, hoggaamiyeyaasha Taiping bilaabay in ay u guuraan ka yaroow fudud iska. By dhexe ee dagaalka sinnaanta universal iyo bahda, ninna la hadlay.

Crisis hit iyo nidaamka aad ee dawladda. Dhab ahaantii, Taiping ka baabbi'iyeen nidaamka jir ah gobolka oo beddel ku guuldareystay in uu abaabulo nidaam sax ah. Wakhtigan sii dartay kala duwanaanshaha u dhexeeya taliyayaasha. Perigee The of this ahaa inqilaab. Habeenka September 2, 1860 Yan Syutsin iyo qoyskiisa ayaa lagu dilay. Waxa uu xaaqan oo dalka la ruxruxo ee argagixisada. Halaagnay ma aha oo kaliya taageerayaasha of Yan Syutsina iyo Vanir kale (Shi Dakaya). afgambi A September 2, 1860 waxay ahayd hal dhibic ka jeestay taariikhda War ku qastaan 'iyo calaamadsan bilowgii ay wajiga saddexaad.

Ipium dagaalkii labaad

Bilowgii marxaladda saddexaad ee halganka ka dhanka ah guri ammaan Taiping Manchurian calaamadeeyay ipium dagaalkii labaad. Taiping caasinimo lagu jiro waqtigan lumay awoodeeda, iyo gobolka cusub ee lagu khasbay in ay ku nool yihiin xaalado ee gardarada military ee dalalka reer galbeedka.

Sababta dillaacay cadaawadda xadhigga "Arrow" Markabka Ingiriiska ee Shiinaha.

In 1857, ciidamada Anglo-French weheliso qabsadeen Guangzhou. Sannad ka dib, oo waxay Tianjin - dhibic muhiim ah, oo waxa uu ku yaalaa on duleedka Beijing.

heshiis Tianjin la saxiixay 1858. Qing qoyskii lagu qasbay inuu is dhiibid. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ka hor ansixinta heshiiska nabadda ee Emperor of China ayaa ku dhawaaqay in la sii wado dagaalka.

Bishii August 1860 Ciidamada Anglo-French-degaa Tianjin. dagaalka ayaa go'aan ka dhacay on September 21 at Baliqiao buundada (degmada Tongzhou). ciidanka Shiinaha laga adkaaday. Bishii Oktoobar 1860, ciidamada Anglo-French weheliso in Beijing yimid. Xukuumadda Shiinaha ayaa lagu qasbay in ay wadahadal la bilowday.

Beijing Heshiiska la saxiixay on 25 October 1860. Natiijooyinka ugu muhiimsan ahaayeen qodobada soo socda:

1. Britain iyo France helay xaq u gaar ah in la dhiso safaaradaha ay ku Beijing.
2. Shiinaha oo la furay ganacsiga shisheeye 5 dekedaha cusub.
3. Ajaanibta (baayacmushtariyaashii iyo kuwii diblomaasiyiinta) la siiyey xaq u leeyihiin inay si xor ah u guurto dalka oo dhan.
4. Tianjin ayaa lagu dhawaaqay in magaalada furan.

Marxaladda afaraad iyo dhamaystirka kacdoonkii

Taiping caasinimo ee 1860-1864 GG. Waxa uu ahaa sidaas u awood badan. Intaa waxaa dheer, gobolka cusub ee lagu qasbay in ay ka dagaal firfircoon difaaca tagaan. Muddada afaraad of War ridayeen ee Shiinaha waxaa lagu gartaa kala guurka ah, Maraykanka Britain iyo France si uu u furo faragelin military ee dalka.

In hore 60-mada., Inkastoo ay daciifaan ciidanka, Taiping u suurtagashay in ay ku guuleysato tiro ka mid ah guul weyn oo. Ciidamada ayaa hoos imaanaya hoggaanka Lee Syuchena tegey Gobollada Maritime. magaalada Huangzhou iyo xarumaha kale ee Zhejiang iyo Jiangsu - Halkan waxay awoodaan in ay ku guuleystaan dekadood oo waaweyn ahaayeen. Intaa waxaa dheer, Taiping ku sameeyey laba olole si Shanghai. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, si ay u qabsadaan magaalada, iyagu ma ay ku guulaysteen.

In 1861 wuxuu bilaabay ciidamada counter-kacaan weerar.

Isla mar ahaantaana, England, France iyo Mareykanka ay u guureen-gelinta furan dhanka ah Taiping ah. In 1863, ee xeebta waqooyi ee River Yangtze ee gacanta ugu jira qoyskii Qing ahaa. Taiping ayaa lagu qasbay in uu ka tago oo dhan oo ka mid ah Gobollada Maritime.

In 1864, kooxihii Manchurian Nanjing hareereeyeen la taageero ciidamada reer galbeedka. Sidaas darteed, way baabbi'iyeen in ka badan 100 kun. Taiping. Magaaladu waxay bilaabeen abaar daran.

Hun Syutsyuan ogaaday rajo ah ee xaaladda iyo ka go'an ismiidaamin ah. uu dhintay ka dib, hoggaanka difaaca ee Nanking la qaatay in ka badan by Lee Syuchena. In July 1864 Ciidamada Imperial qarxiyey darbiyada magaalada oo xoog ku soo galeen caasimadda ah ee Tiangui Taiping ah. Ma Syuchenu koox yar u suurtagashay in ay ka baxaan Nanjing. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ka dib markii uu soo qabtay iyo toogasho.

Sidaas darteed, 1864 War Taiping ee ka dhammaadeen. ciidamada ay ugu muhiimsan waxaa lagu halligay, oo toogasho madaxda kacdoonkii. jeebka ugu danbeysay ee iska caabin in ciidamada Imperial burburiyo 1868.

Natiijada iyo cawaaqibta War ku qastaan '

Waayo, Qing qoyskii Taiping caasinimo ahaa lama filaan ah aad u daran. Waxaa hoos u aasaaska nidaamka dhulgoosadka iyo dhaqaalaha. magaalooyinka Halaagnay iyo dekadood oo waaweyn, kacdoonkii dhalisay burbur weyn ee dadka Shiinaha.

Taiping Tiangui ahaa tijaabo bulshada weyn, taas oo tacsida soo ridayeen ah ay ku lug lahaayeen.

Ridayeen War sidoo kale saameyn muhiim ah oo ku saabsan xaaladda qoyskii Qing ah. Its booska dalka ruxmay oo uu badiyay taageerada dadweynaha. Si loo xakameeyo dibad mass aqoonyahanada xukunka lagu qasbay inuu taageero laga helay dadka dhulka leh oo waaweyn doondoonin. Tani waxay keentay in loo xoojin lahaa booska uu ka dadka dhulka ku. Taa awgeed, qowmiyadaha Han (Chinese) ayaa noqday iyo aad u badan ku lug socda dalka, iyo tirada Manchur hoos hay'adaha dawladda. In 60-mada. in Shiinaha uu jiro sidii loo xoojin lahaa koox heer gobol. Waxa kale oo ay u keenaysaa in itaal booska dawladdii dhexe.

Intaa waxaa dheer, bartamihii qarnigii XIX ee taariikhda Shiinaha waxaa lagu calaamadeeyay by tiro ka mid ah kacdoonkii kale ee waaweyn.

In ka badan 18 sano oo dagaal u socday Miao degaanka Guizhou. In 1862 waxay bilaabeen kacdoon wayn oo dadka Dungan, in xaaqan gobolka Shaanxi iyo Gansu. In 1855, ee gobolka Yunnan ee dagaalka dawladda ka soo horjeeda ka qarxay. Ka qaybqaadashada waxaa ku jira qaaday Hui qirayaa Islam. All ifbixii, kuwaas oo ay saamayn weyn ku saabsan horumarinta dalyneshee ee Shiinaha iyo xidhiidhka ay la leeyihiin dalalka reer galbeedka.