Noocyada macnaha waxa weeyi iyada oo ah eray af Ruushka

In this article aynu eegno noocyada macnaha waxa weeyi iyada erayada iyo soo bandhigaan soocidda ugu caansan abuuray by V. V. Vinogradovym.

Waa maxay macnaha waxa weeyi iyada?

Sida aan ognahay, waxaa jira laba eray oo la micno ah - naxwe ahaaneed waxa weeyi iyada. Oo haddii macnaha naxwe ahaan waa la taaban karin iyo soo jireenka ah ee tiro badan oo ah erayada, waxaa weeya mar walba si gaar ah.

macnaha waxa weeyi iyada waxaa loo yaqaan go'an in maskaxda relatedness afka warbaahinta oo alaab ah ama ifafaale of xaqiiqada dhabta ah oo leh halbeeg codka qaar ka mid ah oo adag luqada. Taasi waa, macnaha waxa weeyi iyada waxaa loola jeedaa content, sifo erayga gaar ah.

Waxaan hadda ka fiirsan, ku salaysan kuwaas oo noocyo kala qarsan macnaha waxa weeyi iyada erayada. Ka dibna ka mid ah kala saaro ugu caansan.

Noocyada micnaha waxaa weeya

xiriir Semantic erayada kala duwan ee luqadda Ruush kuu ogolaanayaa inaad si loo ogaado noocyada kala duwan ee calaamadihii. Si aad u taariikhda, waxaa jira systematisations badan qiyamka sida. Laakiin waxaa la tixgeliyaa soocidda ugu dhameystiran la soo jeediyey by V. V. Vinogradovym in uu article cinwaankiisu ahaa "noocyada aasaasiga ah ee macnaha waxa weeyi iyada erayada." ekaysiinta Tani aan sii kala dhig.

sida ay xiriir ah

On magacaabista (ama xiriir) go'aansanay in loo qoondeeyo laba qiimeeyo calaamadihii - suugaan iyo tusaale ah.

qiimaha Direct, sidoo kale loo yaqaan weyn ama weyn - waa qiimaha ay ka muuqato arrin xaqiiqada, dunida dhabta ah. Tusaale ahaan: erayga "miiska" waxa loola jeedaa in xoogaa yar oo alaabta; "Black" waa madow carbon iyo midabka, "Karisaan" waxaa loola jeedaa xumbo ah, karkariyo, uumi by kululaynta. kelmedo Tani waa joogto ah iyo ku xiran yahay oo kaliya in ay isbedel taariikhi ah. Tusaale ahaan: "miiska" wakhtiyadii hore loogu tala galay "boqortooyada", "carshiga" iyo "caasimadda."

noocyada aasaasiga ah ee macnaha waxa weeyi iyada waxaa had iyo jeer kala qaybsan yihiin kuwa yaryar, taas oo aan ku tijaabiyey marayso, hadlayo dareenka suugaan iyo tusaale ah.

aad Laabashada mowduuca ugu weyn, ku dari kartaa in erayada in dareenka suugaan ka yar yahay kuwa kale, waxay ku xiran tahay mowqifka iyo erayo kale. Sidaa darteed Waxaa loo arkaa in la qiimeeyo waxay leeyihiin xidhiidh ugu hooseeya syntagmatic iyo qaboojiyaha ugu paradigmatic.

qaadi karo

Noocyada micnaha waxaa weeya erayada ayaa loo qoondeeyay ku saleysan luqad nool Ruush, taas waxaa badanaa loo isticmaalaa ciyaarta luqadda, qayb ka mid ah taas oo ah isticmaalka erayada ku dareen tusaale ah.

qiimaha noocan oo kale ah waa ay sabab u tahay mid magiciisu wuxuu wax si dhab kale lagu wareejiyo ku salaysan astaamaha hawlaha la mid ah guud iyo wixii la mid ah.

Sayidka, erayga waxa ay awood u leeyihiin qiimaha badan. Tusaale ahaan: "miiska" - 1) in ay ka dhigan tahay "piece of qalabka" - "miiska mashiinka", 2) in dareenka "awood" - "hesho qol leh miis"; 3) in dareenka "separation in abuuritaanka" - ". Roundtable"

Miyuu tiro ka mid ah qiimaha la qaadi karo sida erayga "kari": 1) macnaha "bandhigay ee Heer sare ah ee" - "way adag tahay shaqada"; 2) soo bandhigay xad-dhaafka ah ee dareen - "karkariyo dhirif."

qiimaha la qaadan karo ku salaysan yihiin hab labada fikradaha iyadoo la kaashanayo of noocyada kala duwan ee ururada in ay si fudud u fahmi by hooyo. Inta badan qiimaha dadban leeyihiin sawirka weyn, Fikirradooda oo madow karkariyo dhirif. Ereyadan tusaale ah si deg deg ah go'an afka, ka dibna ku dhacaa qaamuusyo ah.

qiimaha la qaadan karo oo la sawirka ah oo kala duwan waxaa lagu gartaa in ay xasiloonida iyo reproducibility oo ka mid ah tusaalayaasha, Been abuurtay by qorayaasha, gabayaaga iyo publicists, sida dambe waa adag shakhsiyeed.

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, aad inta badan la qaadi karo, qiimaha lumiyaan sawirka ku hadla afkiisa hooyo. Tusaale ahaan, "qabtaa sonkorta", "gacnta biibiile", "chime" hadda lama arko isku khayaali ah. Tani waxay ifafaale waxaa lagu magacaabaa sawirka bakhtiyeen.

Noocyada micnaha waxaa weeya erayada by asal ahaan

Iyadoo ku xiran heerka uu motivirovatsii semantic (ama asal ahaan) loo qoondeeyey:

• Image dhiiri (sare ama taagayo) - ka soo jeeda qiyamka iyo affixes derivational slovoproizvodnoy saldhig.
• erayga sigan (hoose ama non-derivative) - iyagu ma ay ku xiran tahay qiimaha morphemes ka mid ah ee ka kooban erayada.

Tusaale ahaan: sigan in ka mid ah erayga "dhista", "miiska", "cad". Waayo, ku howl-gasha: - "dhismaha", "miiska", "nuuradda lahayn" sababtoo ah erayadan la sameeyey by sigan, marka lagu daro, erayadii waa ilaha aasaasiga ah si ay u caawiyaan fahmaan macnaha calaamadihii dhowaan la sameeyey. Taasi waa "aan nuurad lahayn", oo ka soo jeeda ee macnihiisu yahay "cad" "in la sameeyo cad ah."

Laakiin ma aha wax walba waa sidaas fudud, dhiirogelin u ah qaar ka mid ah erayada ma aha had iyo jeer si cad u muuqato, sida luqadda loo beddelo, oo aan had iyo jeer suurto gal ah in la helo xididka taariikhiga ah ee erayga. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, haddii aad ku qaataan falanqaynta Qadiimiga ah, waxa ay inta badan waxaa suurtagal ah in la helo xidhiidh u dhexeeya qadiimiga ah, erayada u muuqda kuwo ku duwana una sharax macnahooda. Tusaale ahaan, waxaan baran ka dib markii falanqaynta Qadiimiga ah ee ereyada "iid", "baruurta", "maro", "window", "daruurta" degay ka ah "cabbo" si "live", "maroojin", "isha", "jiita" siday u kala horreeyaan. Sidaa darteed macquul ma aha had iyo jeer in ay xirfad laawe ka markii ugu horeysay in la kala saaro erayga ka sigan dhiiri.

Noocyada micnaha waxaa weeya erayada ku waafaqid

Iyadoo ku xiran ee waafaqsan waxa weeyi iyada oo macnaheedu yahay ereyga loo qaybin karaa:

• Free - asal ahaan yihiin oo kaliya xiriir maado-macquul ah. Tusaale ahaan: "cabbo" lagu dari karaa oo kaliya erayo muujinaya dareere ah (shaah, biyo, liinta, iwm), Laakiin marna waxaa loo isticmaali karaa ereyada nooca "orod" "beauty", "habeen". Sayidka, isku darka ee erayadan waxaa nidaaminaya doonaa waafaqsan ama incompatibility of fikradaha ay matalaan. In uu yahay, ee "xoriyadda" si ay waafaqid ee erayo caynkaas ah waa halkii caadiga ah.
• Non-free - fursado erayadan kooban waxaa weeya marka la isku daro. Ay u isticmaalaan hadal ku xiran tahay arrin ku xiran-macquul ah, iyo afka. Tusaale ahaan: erayga "aaan Dhicin" lagu dari karaa ereyada "indhahaaga", "eegno", "indhahaaga", halka erayada aan la xiran karaa calaamadihii kale - ha dhihin "aaan cagta."

noocyada Non-free of macnaha keli ah erayadan oo Ruush:

• Ereyada la xiriira - iibin gaar ku xasilloon (ama u bogayna) isku darka. Tusaale ahaan: cadowga ku dhaarteen - ma isticmaali saaxiib dhaartay, haddii ay tahay ciyaar luqadda qoraaga.
• Syntactically shuruud - iibiyey oo keliya xaaladaha kuwa marka hadalka lagu qasbay in ay qabtaan shaqo ah oo aan caadi ahayn isaga. Tusaale ahaan, ereyga "hat", "geedkii", "gasho" waa predicates, ku tilmaamay nin sida ugu danbeeyay, af beesho, bungler, dareen, hindise la'aan. Fulinta xilkaan, erayga mar walba uu kaalinta sida nooca sawirka iyo macnaha maldahan.

By qiimaha syntactically shuruud yihiin qaab-dhismeedka kuwa weeya, kaas oo lagu xaqiijin karaa oo keliya xaaladaha qaarkood naxwaha. Tusaale ahaan: "Uubo" ogaado macnaha maldahan oo kaliya ee foomka of panulirus ah. n -. "dabayl cirwareen ah dhacdooyinka."

in shaqo

Noocyada xambaarsan yahay micnaha waxaa weeya erayada la qoondeeyey karaa iyada oo ku xidhan nooca shaqooyinka loo sameeyaa:

• NOMINATIVE - magaca uu ka yimaado erayga "magacaabista", oo waxaa loola jeedaa in magacaabista oo alaab ah, ifafaale iyo tayada ay.
• Dhegeysiga-semantic - in erayadan noqdo seme connotative xukuma (dareen-qiyaasay).

Tusaale erayada NOMINATIVE: "nin dheer" - weedhan wargelinaysaa dhegeyste in qofka kan sifo ee koritaanka sare.

TUSAALE erayada dhegeysiga semantic in kiiska la mid ah sida in kor lagu sharaxay, ereyga "sare" waxaa lagu bedelaa "dhaadheer ah" - macluumaadka ku daray in ay Kalinimada koritaanka sare, qiimaynta xun ee koritaanka. Sayidka, erayga "weeryahanku" dhegeysiga mid yahay erayga "sare".

Communications dabeecadda

noocyada aasaasiga ah ee macnaha waxa weeyi iyada erayada Ruush, taas oo ku xidhan nooca xiriir ee nidaamka keli ah mid qiimo dadka kale:

• qiimaha Correlative - erayada, ka soo horjeeda midba midka kale sababo kasta oo wanaagsan - xun, meel fog - dhow.
• Istaag-oo keliya qiimaha - erayada xad madax banaan walxaha gaar ah: kursi, tiyaatarka ubax.
• qiimaha Deterministic - erayga ka dhashay qiimaha si kale loo dhigo, maxaa yeelay, waxay yihiin kala duwanaanshuhu dhegeysiga iyo stylistic erayga "khawano" waxaa sabab u ah erayga "faras" ah, "oo qurux badan", "weyn" - "wanaagsan".

natiijooyinka

Sidaas darteed, waxaan ku qoran noocyada macnaha waxa weeyi iyada erayada. Si kooban ka mid ah dhinacyada soo socda in lyagla ku salaysan kala soocidda inagu by:

• isgaarsiinta Subject-fikradeed erayada ama xiriirka paradigmatic.
• Xiriirka Syntagmatic ama la xiriira erayada midba midka kale.
• Diversion ama calaamadihii xiriir derivational.

Iyada oo daraasadda of soocidda ee macnaha waxaa weeya, waxaan si fiican u fahmi kara qaab dhismeedka semantic erayada si faahfaahsan si ay u fahmaan xiriirka ka systemic in la aasaasay ereyada afka casriga ah.