Isku darka Phraseological: Tusaalooyinka

Jirsado weedha - waa baanaha ee qof kasta oo daraasaad af qalaad ah, maxaa yeelay, markaan iyaga la soo wajahay, dadka inta badan ma fahmi kartaa waxa ay khatar ku jirto. Inta badan, si ay u fahmaan macnaha of qoraal ah, waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in la isticmaalo qaamuus ka mid ah isu-gaynta phraseological, oo aan had iyo jeer dhow dahay. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaa jira xal - waxa aad diyaarin kartaa awood u leh inay aqoonsadaan hadal sarbeebeed, ka dibna waxa ay noqon doontaa fudud si ay u fahmaan oo ay macnaha. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waayo, taasu aad u baahan tahay in la ogaado noocyada ay yihiin iyo sida ay u kala duwan yihiin. fiiro gaar ah in arrintan la xiriira in la bixiyo, in ay isku phraseological maadaama ay yihiin (sababtoo ah siyaabo kala duwan oo iyaga kala saarista) abuurin dhibaato badan. Sidaas daraaddeed, waa maxay, waa maxay astaamaha soocayaa iyo waxa qaamuusyo waxaad ka heli kartaa talooyin?

Ereyada iyo mawduuca iyada waxbarasho

jumladaha Science, oo ku takhasusay baadhitaanka ee isu-gaynta kala duwan ee deggan, da'da yar. In cilmi afaf Ruush, waxay bilowday inay ka soo taagan sida qayb gaar ah oo keliya qarnigii XVIII ka., Markaas dhamaadka qarnigii this, mahad Mihailu Lomonosovu.

The ugu caansan ee cilmi ay - Shaqaalaha Viktor Vinogradov iyo Nikolay Shan, iyo in English - A. The McKay, William Weinreich iyo L. P. Smit. Waana mid ka, waxaa xusid mudan in Shaqaalaha Ingiriiska ku hadla, ka duwan khubaro Slavic, fiiro badan ka yar waxaa la siiyaa unugyada phraseological, iyo iyaga oolin luqad this siinayaa Ruush, Yukreeniyaan ama Polish.

mawduuca ugu weyn ee ku saabsan daraasadda kaas oo diiradda anshaxa tani waa sarbeebtii ama ra'yi dhiibashada u bogayna. Waa maxay? Tani waxay isku darka erayada kala duwan, taas oo ah mid deggan in qaab-dhismeedka iyo halabuurka (aan kor loogu bixiyey mar kale waqti kasta oo loo isticmaalo qaab hore u dhammeeyey). Sababtan awgeed, marka parsing sarbeeb, iyadoo aan loo eegin in ay yihiin nooca iyo dhererka erayada ay dastuurka, had iyo jeer u muuqataa sida xukun hal.

weedho Set luqad kasta waa wax u gaar ah, oo la xiriira in ay taariikhda iyo dhaqanka. Waxa aan si buuxda loo wareejin karaa iyada oo aan laga badiyay macnaheeda. Sidaa darteed, turjumidda waxaa inta badan la doortay leeyihiin hadal sarbeebeed oo la mid ah qiimaha, ka jira luqad kale.

Tusaale ahaan, isku darka ee phraseological Ingiriisi caanka ah: "Hayso farahaaga on garaaca wadnaha", taas oo macno ahaan waxaa loola jeedaa "in ay sii faraha our on garaaca wadnaha ee," laakiin waxa macno in ay "sii taliska ah ee horumar ah." Si kastaba ha ahaatee, tan iyo ma jiraan wax dhigiisa boqolkiiba boqol Ruush, waxaa la bedelay aad u la mid ah "dareento wadnaha".

Mararka qaarkood, ay sabab u dhawaanshaha dalalka, luqadaha ay jiraan markooda la mid ah ee ereyadan, ka dibna dhibaatooyin la xiriira turjumidda waxaa. Sayidka, muujinta Ruush "twiddle" (qasan agagaarka) ayaa walaalkiis oo mataano ah oo luqada Yukreeniyaan - "baydyky byty".

Inta badan tibaaxo sida iman waqti isku mid ah oo ku qoran luqado kala duwan, sababtoo ah qaar ka mid ah dhacdooyinka muhiimka ah, sida sida Christianization. In kasta oo ay leeyihiin madaahibta Christian kala duwan, ee Ukraine, Faransiis, Isbaanish, Jarmal, Slovak, Ruush iyo sarbeeb caadi Polish "Alfa iyo Oomeega" waxa laga soo qaatay Kitaabka Quduuska ah iyo hab ka "tan iyo bilowgii ilaa dhammaadka" (si buuxda, si fiican).

Noocyada weedho set

On arrinta dirka weedhaha weli-Shaqaalaha uma aan imanin inaan opinion hal. Qaar ka mid ah darajo dheeraad ah iyaga oo maahmaahood ( "Haddii aan qorraxda aad ma joogi kartid, ma noolaan karo macaan oo aan") iyo hadalladiisiiba ( "Ilaah ma siin doono - doofaarka ma cuni doono") iyo beeley luqada ( "taageero xamaasad leh", "duruufta shaqo"). Laakiin halka ay ku jiraan laga tirada badan yahay.

Waqtigan xaadirka ah, kuwa ugu caansan ee luqadaha East Slavic jecel yahay nin afaf ka barto soocidda Viktor Vinogradov, kuwaas oo loo qaybiyey oo dhan weedho set on saddex qaybood oo muhiim ah:

• tollayn Phraseological.
• midnimada Phraseological.
• gaynta Phraseological dhanba.

Dad badan oo la xidhiidha Shaqaalaha isuga iyo midnimada erayga "sarbeeb ah" (jidka ag fadhida, eraygii waa dayadii la magac ah "nacas"), taas oo run ahaantii waa isku micne ah ee magaca "sarbeeb". Tan waxa u sabab xaqiiqada ah in mararka qaar ka dhaansado kala duwo waxa u dhaxeeya waa mid aad u adag. Magaca Tani waa haboon in la xasuusnaado, sida in English tollayn phraseological ah, midnimo, isku wareejiyay ay caawimaad - hadal sarbeebeed.

Su'aasha ah tibaaxaha bogayna

Jaalle Vinogradova Nikolay Shan adkeystay on jiritaanka noocyada a afaraad - tibaaxaha. Dhab ahaantii, uu la wadaago isku phraseological Vinogradov laba qaybood, oo isku dhabta ah iyo hadal.

Inkasta oo qoondaynta ee Shan iyo keenaysaa in jahawareer ku dhaqanka ee qaybinta weedho set, laakiin waxa kuu ogolaanayaa inaad si ka qoto dheer ka fiirsan this ifafaale luqadeed.

Waa maxay tollayn phraseological farqiga, midnimada phraseological, isku phraseological

First of dhan, waa waxgarasho u qalantaa in cutubyo xooggan kala qaybsan yihiin noocyada heerka weeya madaxbanaanida qaybaha ay.

Turnovers yihiin gabi ahaanba sooci karo, kuwaas oo macnaha aan lala qiimaha qaybaha ay, waxay la soo yeedhay tollayn phraseological. Tusaale ahaan: "afaysto shiiley" (horseedi wada hadal nacasnimo ah), inuu xirto mid qalbigiisa ka mid ah ayaa darafta (in ay bashaash, macno ahaan waxaa loola jeedaa "in ay xirtaan waxyaalaha qalbiga ku jira uu darafta"). By habka, waayo adhesions sawirka sifo, inta badan waxay ka hadal ah oo caan ah, gaar ahaan dhacsan ama weedho ka mid ah buugaagta qadiimiga kac.

midnimada Phraseological waa aragti dheeraad ah oo madax-bannaan, ee la xiriirta qaybaha. Si ka duwan adhesions, kelmedo ay u sabab tahay qiimaha deegaanka. Sababtan awgeed, waxaa ka mid ah loo dhigo. Tusaale ahaan: sarbeeb "yar laakiin si fiican u sameeyay" (qofka sameeya wax si fiican, inkastoo xogta dibadda ma cajiib ah) iyo Yukreeniyaan: "katyuzі on zasluzі" (dembiilaha helay ciqaabta ku haboon ee uu Daalimiinta u gaar ah). By habka, labada tusaale muujinaya feature gaar ah unities: huraanka rhymed. Waxaa laga yaabaa in tani ay tahay sababta Viktor Vinogradov iyaga tirin maahmaahyo iyo hadalladiisiiba, inkasta oo ay ka tirsan tahay weedhaha weli lagu muransan yahay by Shaqaalaha badan.

Nooca saddexaad: helitaanka collocations weedha. Waxay arrin si weyn u kala duwan ka mid ah labada kor ku xusan yihiin. Xaqiiqada ah in qiimaha qaybaha ay si toos ah saamayn ku macnaha isbeddelkaas guud. Tusaale ahaan: "cabidda", "kicin arrinta".

gaynta Phraseological luqad Ruush (sida Ingiriisi Yukreeniyaan iyo) ku leedahay guri gaar ah, qaybaha la beddeli karo iyada oo aan khasaaro ah oo macnaha dhigmin "xumeeya sharaf" - "yeelin kibir", "dawanno casaanka" - "layisku". Tusaale ahaan afka ah kuwa kibirka British - sarbeeb si ay u muujiyaan ka mid ah ilkaha (ilkaha oo muujinaysa), kaas oo lagu beegi karaa qof kasta, si ay u muujiyaan aan (aad uu, iyada,, our) ilkaha.

tibaaxaha Phraseological iyo isu-gaynta: qaababka kala

Qoondaynta Victor Vinogradova, kuna waari dhexdeeda ka kooban waxaa loo qoondeeyey oo keliya hal foom gorfaynta (isku weedha) waxaa si tartiib tartiib ah kaabaya Nikolaem Shanskim. Kala hadal sarbeebeed oo isku dhafan ay ahayd wax aad u sahlan (sabab u tahay kala duwan oo ay qaab-dhismeedka). Laakiin unit cusub ee Shan ka - hadal ( "cabsi of yeey - kaynta aan si ay u tagaan"), waxa ay ahayd adag tahay in la kala saaro isku darka.

Laakiin haddii si ay u fahmaan su'aasha, waxaad ka arki kartaa cad u kala soocnaadaan, kaas oo ku salaysan qiimaha isku phraseological. Sayidka, hadal waxay ka kooban yihiin hadalka gebi ahaanba bilaash ah, si buuxda u haysashada kelmedo madax banaan ( "oo dhan ma aha oo dahab ah - in iina"). Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ka weedho caadiga ah iyo weedhaha ay ku kala duwan yihiin, in in ay yihiin tibaaxaha deggan oo aan komponiruyutsya cusub oo loo isticmaalo qaab dhammaadeen sidii template ah, "dabocase malayga ma aha macaan" (version Yukreeniyaan of "dabocase hrіn ma aha solodshy").

gaynta Phraseological ( "Aan u jiheysan gooyay" - "si ay gacan u gooyay siiyo") waxaa had iyo jeer in qaab dhismeedka leeyihiin dhawr eray kula qiimaha sigan, halka dhammaan qaybaha tibaaxaha semantically gebi ahaanba madax banaan ( "Man - waxaa codadka wanaagsan"). Waana mid ka, habkaani iyaga ka dhigaa inay Shaqaalaha qaar ka mid shaki tibaaxaha ay leeyihiin erayada set.

Kaas oo isku jira erayada ma aha hadal ah bogayna

Sarbeeb, dhibic waxaa weeya of view, waa arrin u gaar ah, oo gacanta ku hal, waxay haystaan oo dhan Aayaadka weedho, laakiin guryaha dheeraad ah oo la mid ah ereyada. Ogaanshaha muuqaalada kuwaas, waxaad si fudud u baran kartaa in la kala saaro oo deggan isku phraseological, midnimada, isuga ama ra'yi ka weedho caadiga ah.

• Sarbeeb, iyo sidoo kale weedho kooban yihiin dhowr calaamadihii isku xiran, laakiin inta badan ay macnaha awoodin in laga gudbo wadarta qiimaha ay qayb. Tusaale ahaan :. "madaxaaga waayaya" (joojiyo si macquul ah u malaynayso) iyo "lumin kiishad qabaa" Erayada uu ka samaysan yahay sarbeeb ah, inta badan loo isticmaalaa in dareen tusaale ah.
• Marka loo isticmaalo jumlado hadalka iyo Halabuurka qoraal la aasaasay mar kasta oo mar kale. Laakiin midnimada iyo isuga si joogto ah soo saari qaab final (in iyaga mideeya la beeley hadalka). isku darka Phraseological ee ereyada iyo weedhaha phraseological mararka qaarkood waxay jaahwareerin arrintan la xiriira. Tusaale ahaan: ". Madaxiisa hoos" "hoos sudhan yihiin" (walbahaar) inkasta oo ay tahay weedhaha, laakiin mid kasta oo qaybaha waa inay awoodaan inay si xor ah u muuqdaan in weedho caadiga ah "laalaadaan jubbadda" iyo
• Bogayna (sabab u tahay daacadnimada qiyamka qaybaha) kiisaska intooda badan si fudud loo beddeli karo micne ah, aanad samayn karin ereyada. Tusaale ahaan: muujinta "addoonkii Melpomene," si fudud loo beddeli karin inay ereyga fudud "Faneed" ama "actor".
• Sarbeeb waligood uma dhaqmayaan sidii magacyadoodii. Tusaale ahaan, hydronym "Badda Dhimatay" iyo isku darka phraseological "off xilli" (xilli nacaayo), "been miisaanka dhintay" (jiifsan alaabta aan la isticmaalin).

Qoondaynta cutubyo phraseological ee asal ahaan

Fiirsaneysa inay su'aasha ah ee asalka ah ee isku phraseological, tibaaxaha midnimada iyo splices ay waxa loo qaybin karaa kooxo dhowr ah.

• Labanlaabayay oo ka yimid codka dadka, "heli cagaheeda", "oo aan boqor buu madaxa ka" (doqon), "maya, toddobaadka" (muddo aad u gaaban).
• suufka Professional, taas oo si tartiib ah u galay phraseologisms :. "Black iyo caddaan" jeestay, "biyo shubtay in dhagax", "at xawaaraha meesha bannaan ee"
• Taas oo u noqday hadalkaas mid taariikhi ah tirooyin taariikheed caanka ah ama characters suugaanta, characters movie: "Waxa ugu weyn ee ku habboon SAT" ( "Wizards"), "taxadir, guys" (M. Zhvanetskiy), waxaan leeyahay riyo ah (Martin Luther King).
• gaynta phraseological deggan ka luqado kale amaahday, oo mararka qaarkood iyada oo aan turjumaad. Tusaale ahaan: o tempora, o caadooyinka (on time, on asluubta), carpe bedidda (qabta maalintii), tempus vulnera sanat (waqti ku bogsiinaya oo dhan nabarrada).
• Quotes Kitaabka Quduuska ah ka: "kuul inay ku tuuraan" (sheegistii / muujinaya wax Badan oo Gaalimo Badan dhagaystayaasha / daawadayaasha), "sugaan ilaa iyo Imaatinka Labaad" (sugin wax muddo dheer, iyo malaha aan micno lahayn), "Khaasaarinta Wiilka", "manna samada ka".
• Statements ka suugaanta classical: "Apple of muran" (maaddo muranka), "hadiyad Greek" (shar ku Qabanay lagu fuliyay of wanaagsan), "fiiri Medusa ah" (waxa ay ka dhigeysaa dhegtay sidii dhagax oo kale).

kala saaro Kale: version Petra Dudika

• Intaa waxaa dheer Vinogradov iyo Shan, iyo Shaqaalaha kale isku dayeen in ay kala qaybiyaan ka hadal sarbeebeed, hanuuniyey by mabaadii'da iyaga u gaar ah. Sidaas darteed, nin afaf ka barto a aqoonsaday ma Dudik afar, shan nooc oo halbeeg phraseological:
• Semantically sarbeeb karo "in ay lugta gaaban" (ku dhow yahay inuu qof in ay ogaadaan).
• midnimada ereyada la kelmedo debecsan oo ka mid ah xubno dastuurka ee "saabuun qoorta" (ciqaabi qof).
• tibaaxaha Phraseological, ka kooban oo gebi ahaanba erayada madax banaan, qiimaha guud ee taas waa wax aan macquul aheyn in la doorto isku micne ah. Dudik Kuwani inta badan la xidhiidho hadalladiisa iyo maahmaahyo: "Gus doofaarka ma aha saaxiib."
• gaynta Phraseological - gaynta ku salaysan macnaha sarbeebta ah ee "dhiigga buluuga ah", "Hawkeye".
• weedho Phraseological. Lagu gartaa la'aan ah midnimada qaybaha sarbeebta ah iyo naxwaha ". Bararin weyn"

Qoondaynta Igorya Melchuka

ka dhan reebo soocidda kor ku xusan waa in Mel'chukov unugyada phraseological. Sida laga soo xigtay in ay waxaa loo qoondeeyey noocyada kale oo badan, kuwaas oo loo qaybiyey afar qaybood.

• Degree waqti buuxa, polufrazema, kvazifrazema.
• Doorka arrimaha waaqiciga ah ee phraseologism formation: semantic iyo pragmatemy.
• Kaas oo unit luqadda ka mid ah: calaamo, weedha ah, frazema Saan.
• luqadda calaamad qayb waartaa frazeologizatsiyu: saxiixo syntactics, signifier iyo tusay.

Qoondaynta Boris Larin

nin afaf ka barto Tani qaybiyey isku deggan erayada on stage ay horumar, ka caadiga ah u weedho of ereyada:

• gaynta variable (-gaynta ee analoogga oo tibaaxaha u bogayna): "Xilli maro jilicsan".
• Kuwa Khasaariyey qaar ka mid ah ay xaqiiqsadaan macnaha aasaasiga ah, laakiin ay awoodaan in ay ka heli tusaalayaasha iyo hafray: ". Hayn dhagaxii oo laabtiisa ku tiirsan"
• Hadal sarbeebeed, gabi ahaanba ka maran xornimada semantic ah qaybaha ay, oo laga badiyay ay macnaha asalka ah waxaa weeya iyo doorka naxwe (adhesions phraseological analog iyo midnimada) taabashada, "baxay gacantii" (xun).

tusaalooyinka caadiga ah ee isku phraseological

Hoos waxaa ku qoran a isku deggan yar oo si caddaalad ah si fiican u yaqaan.

• "Noqo istareexsan," (raaxo).
• "Aragooduna wuu dullaysnaan" (xishoodaan).
• "Guuldaradii" (garaacday qof).
• "Arinta qodxan" (dhibaato oo u baahan tixgelin xeelad leh).

In kasta oo Ingiriisi hadal sarbeebeed soocidda Vinogradov iyo Shan ma khuseeyo, si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaad dooran kartaa weedho ka go'an in loo kala saari karaa sida isku-dar ah weedha ah.
tusaale:

• Laabtaada saaxiib - jaallahay laabta (laabta saaxiib - laabta saaxiib a).
• shaqada A Sisyfean (culus).
• dagaal A ka dhistay - dagaal kulul (dagaal kulul - dagaal kulul).

buug weero

Tirada badan ee unugyada kala saaro phraseological ay sabab u tahay xaqiiqada ah in midkoodna ma siin damaanad wayn uu jiro qalad lahayn. Sidaa darteed, waxaa qiimo leh in la ogaado waxa Dictionary waxaad ka heli kartaa si maldahan, haddii aad si sax ah ma cadayn karto phraseologism nooca. All qaamuusyo noocan ah waxa loo qaybiyaa ku hadla oo luqado badan. Hoos waxaan turjumay buugaagta ugu caansan noocan ah, kuwaas oo aad ka heli kartaa tusaale oo tibaaxaha go'an, kuwa ugu badan ee afka Ruush.

• Ku hadla: "buug weero Tababarka" E. Bystrova; "Gubasho falka - weedhaha dad Dictionary" V. Kuzmich; "Qaamuuska Phraseological of Language Ruush" Fedoseev; "Qaamuuska Phraseological luqadda suugaanta Ruush" I. Fedoseyev iyo "Big macquul ah-buug weero" M. Michelson.
• Luqadaha-badan: "buug weero English-Ruush" (labaatan kun oo weedho set) A. Kunin, "Great Polish-Ruush, buug weero Ruush-Polish" Yu Lukshina iyo Random House Ruush-Ingiriisi Dictionary of hadal sarbeebeed oo Sofia Lubensk.

Waxaa laga yaabaa in la aqoonsado in ay tahay mararka qaar ay adag tahay in si degdeg ah la kala saaro waxa noocyada iska leh sarbeeb gaar ah, this topic muuqan kara cajiib ah u adag. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ma si Ibliisku sida uu rinji. Habka ugu weyn ee ay u horumariyaan awood u leh inay ka heli isku darka saxda ah ee erayada phraseological unugyada phraseological kuwo kale - jimicsi joogto ah. Iyo in ay dhacdo luqadaha ajnabiga - inaad wax ka barato asalka ah erayadaani iyo iyaga korka. Tani ma aha oo kaliya ka caawisaa si aan u hesho xaaladaha sirgaxan mustaqbalka, laakiin ka dhigi doonaa mid aad u qurux badan oo khayaali ah.