Muddo Quaternary ee Era Cenozoic ah: description, taariikhda iyo dadka degganba

Last Quaternary dhulka oo hadda socda ayaa waxaa go'doonsan ee 1829 by cilmiga Jules Desnoyers. In Russia, waxaa sidoo kale loo yaqaannaa aadmiga. Qoraaga of magacan ee 1922, wuxuu noqday geologist a Alexey Pavlov. Uu hindise uu doonayo in ay xoogga saaraan in muddada uu la xidhiidho muuqaalka kore ee qofka.

aqonsado ee muddada

Marka la barbar dhigo waqti kale dhulka ee muddada Quaternary kala duwan muddo aad u gaaban (total 1.65 million. Years). Sii maanta, waxa wali taalo. Muuqaal kale - joogitaanka ee korsiiya Quaternary ku harta dhaqanka aadanaha. Xilligan waxa lagu gartaa isbeddel badan oo daran cimilada, si weyn u saameeyay deegaanka dabiiciga ah.

qaboojinta soo noq keentay glaciation latitudes waqooyiga iyo qoynta latitudes hoose. Kululaaneysa dhab ahaan sababay saamayn ka soo horjeeda. qaababka aasan ee tobankii la soo dhaafay dhismaha kala duwan oo adag of jaho ee cut qaraabo foomka iyo layers qaxay halkaas. Quaternary u qaybsan yahay laba waqti (ama waaxda): Pleistocene iyo Holocene. oo soohdintu waxay u dhaxeeya been qiyaastii 12 kun oo sano ka hor.

Socdaalka ee dhirta iyo ugaarta

Laga soo bilaabo bilowga ugu horreeya ee muddada Quaternary waxaa lagu gartaa u dhow warshadda casriga ah iyo nolosha xoolaha. Isbeddelka ku fund yahay oo gebi ahaanba ku tiirsan tahay isku xigta ee qaboojinta iyo kululaaneysa. Marka of noocyada cold- glaciation guuray koonfurta iyo qaso dibadda. In muddo ah kordhay heerkulka celcelis ahaan waa geedi socod dambe. Wakhtigan, aad bay u fidiya degaanka ee dejinta waa dhexdhexaad ah diiran, flora fareen iyo kulaylaha iyo dubato. Waayo, wakhtigu waa qaar ka mid ah, waa la waayay ururka Dhuldhoobo dhan dunida organic.

Flora lahaa dhowr jeer si ay u qabsadaan si qoto dheer beddelo xaaladda. masiibooyin badan oo inta lagu jiro xilliga this ay astaan u tahay muddada u Quaternary. bed Cimilada ayaa keentay in saboolnimada ee foomamka ballaadhan oo irdo iyo canbaha, iyo sidoo kale ballaarinta degaanka noocyada herbaceous.

horumar ah ee nuujiya

The isbedel ugu caan ee nuujiya dunida xayawaanka saameeyeen (gaar ahaan heerka uu ungulates iyo Proboscidea ee Northern Hemisphere ee). In Pleistocene ay sabab u naxdin leh cimilada lama filaan ah u dhintay ka soo noocyada badan thermophilic. Isla mar ahaantaana, sababo isku mid waxaa jira xayawaanka cusub oo si fiican loo habeeyey si ku nool xaaladaha deegaanka adag. The dubato eynu peak gaareen glaciation Dnieper ah (300 - 250 kun oo sano ka hor). Si kastaba ha ahaatee, qaboojinta of formation cover madal ay go'aamisay in Quaternary ah.

Dhamaadka Eastern Pliocene koonfurta Europe guriga ahayd in mastodons, hipparions maroodiga koonfurta, shabeelka Saber-waayihiisa, D. wiyil iyo t Etruscan. In galbeed ee World Old si ay ugu noolaadaan gorayada iyo Hippos. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, in ku dubato hore Pleistocene bilaabay inuu mitidnimo ah u beddesho. Marka of glaciation Dnieper ah, noocyada badan thermophilic dhaqaaqay koonfureed. In isku jiho wareejiyay flora goobta qaybinta. Era Cainozoic (Quaternary gaar ahaan) la kulmay xoog nooc kasta oo nolosha.

bestiary quaternary

On soohdinta koonfureed ee sitoos ah waxaa jira noocyo ka mid ah marka hore, sida inuu bareejeeyo ah, wiyisha oo dhogor, Deerada, Miski-dibi, lemming, grouse cad. Dhamaan iyaga ka mid ah ku noolaa oo kaliya meelaha qabow. Libaaxyada Cave, orso, waraabe, wiyisha iyo kale Rafaa-jecel marka hore ku noolaa gobolladan ayaa noqday bakhtiyeen.

Cimilada qabow aasaasay ee Caucasus, Alps ah, Carpathians iyo Pyrenees ah, qasbo noocyada badan inuu ka tago ah kuwa buuraha dhaadheer oo degto dooxooyinka. Cadayni wiyil iyo mammoths qabsadeen tan iyo Europe koonfurta (in aan ku xuso oo dhan Siberia, halkaas oo ay ku North America dhacay). dubato Relict of Australia, South America, Koonfurta iyo Bartamaha Africa ayaa ka badbaaday mahad ay go'doon ka dunida inteeda kale ka. Mammoths iyo xayawaanka kale si fiican u ku habboon cimilada adag, ayaa noqday bakhtiyeen horraantii Holocene ah. Waxaa xusid mudan in inkastoo glaciation badan oo ku saabsan 2/3 oo ka mid ah oogada Dhulka marna saameeyeen sheet barafka.

horumarka aadanaha

Sida kor ku xusan, sharaxyo kala duwan Quaternary ma aan samayn karo iyada oo aan ku "aadanaha." horumarinta degdegga ah ee qofka - dhacdada ugu muhiimsan ee this muddo taariikhi ah oo dhan. Goobta dhacdo dadka ugu qadiimiga ah waxa hadda loo East Africa.

foomka ay isirka nin casriga ah - australopithecines ah, kaas oo qoyska ka mid ah hominids lahaayeen. Sida ay sheegayaan qiyaasaha kala duwan, ayaa markii ugu horeysay waxay ka soo muuqday Africa, 5 milyan oo sano ka hor. Australopithecus si tartiib tartiib ah waxay bilaabeen inay qumman iyo omnivorous socday. About 2 milyan oo sano ka hor, waxay barteen si ay u sameeyaan qalab heer hoose ah. Sidaas daraaddeed waxaa ku a nin anfacaya. A milyan oo sano ka hor la aasaasay Pithecanthropus, hadhaagii ka mid ah oo waxaa la helay in Germany, Hungary iyo Shiinaha.

Neanderthals iyo aadanuhu casriga ah

350 kun oo sano ka hor waxaa jiray Paleoanthropes (ama Neandertals), bakhtiyeen 35,000 oo sano ka hor. Raadad ka mid ah hawlaha waa la helay ee latitudes koonfurta iyo dhexe ee Europe. Paleanthropic bedelay aadanuhu casriga ah (neanthropines ama sapines homo). Waxay ugu horeysay galay America iyo Australia, iyo sidoo kale jasiiradaha badan qabsado by dhowr badaha.

Horeba ku neanthropines horrayn u lahayn wax ka duwan dadka maanta. Waxay si fiican oo dhakhso ah waa qabsado isbeddelka cimilada oo wuxuu bartay sida si farsamo xamili dhagaxa. hominids Kuwani helay artifacts lafta, alaabtii muusikada heer hoose ah, waxyaalaha fanka ganaax, dahabka.

Quaternary koonfurta Russia ka tagay goobo badan oo archeological la xiriira neanthropines. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxay uga guureen xagga gobollada waqooyi ugu. dadka qaboojinta barteen si ay u noolaadaan oo gargaar ka dharka dhogorta iyo dabka. Sidaa darteed, tusaale ahaan, Quaternary Western Siberia sidoo kale arkay ballaarinta dadka isku dayaya in ay soo galaan dhul cusub. 5000 sano ka hor ah Maarta Age, 3000 sano ka hor - bir ah. Isla mar ahaantaana Mesobotamiya, Masar iyo Mediterranean ee asalkiisu ka soo jeedo xarumaha ilbaxnimo ee qadiimiga ah.

macdan

Seynisyahanno kala qaybsan yihiin kooxo dhowr ah oo macdan ayaa inoo reebin muddada Quaternary. Dhigashada ee kun guuradda ee la soo dhaafay waa noocyo kala duwan oo lacag dhigaal ah, non-macdan ah iyo qalabka guban, senti asal ahaan ku aasan. Loo yaqaan kayd la heestayaal iyo alluvial. The macdanta ugu muhiimsan ee muddada Quaternary: dahab, dheeman, platina, cassiterite, macdanta ilmenayt, rutile iyo zircon.

Intaa waxaa dheer, qiimaha badan oo ah senti bir ah oo kala duwan oo ka mid ah u gudubno, oo asal ahaan u gudubno-dhiiqo. Kooxdan ayaa sidoo kale waxaa ka mid ah kayd manganese iyo mednovanadievye. Kooxaaha noocan oo kale ah waa wax caadi ah in badaha.

qaninimo ah geyi-

Xataa maantadan sii qallajisay ilihii dhagaxyada Equatorial iyo kulaylaha ee muddada Quaternary. Sida ka dhashay geedi socodka this waxaa la aasaasay laterite. formation noocan oo kale ah waxaa lagu dahaarka leh kula aluminium iyo bir, iyo waa macdan African muhiim ah. qolof Metalliferous latitudes isla kayd qani ku ah nickel, cobalt, copper, manganese, iyo sidoo kale maadado madax adkaadeen.

In muddo ah Quaternary waxaa jiray weyn iyo macdan non-macdan ah. graviyniki Tani (isticmaalkooda baahsan ee dhismaha) oo la xirrira sands galaas, dhagax iyo potassium cusbada, baaruud, borates, Peat, iyo lignite. In korsiiya Quaternary dhulka soo gabagabeeyey in isha ugu muhiimsan ee biyaha la cabbo. Ha illoobin oo ku saabsan jirkiisa iyo baraf. Guud ahaan, muddo la soo dhaafay dhulka ee weli taajkii, kaas oo bilaabay in ka badan 4.5 billion sano ka hor, horumar ah dhulka ee dhulka.