Mabda 'Le Chatelier ee: horumar degdeg ah a sayniska ee qarnigii 18aad

Xaqiiqada ah ee jiritaanka mabda 'Le Chatelier ee, dad badan oo ka ogahay xagga dugsiga. Laakiin dhowr fahmaan oo kuu sharxi kara waxa saxda ah waa mabda'a si fiican u yaqaan.

saynisyahan Faransiis dunida u sheegay oo ku saabsan hoganaya ku firfircoon sharciga ee 1884. Waayo, dhammaadkii qarnigii sagaal iyo tobnaad, daahfurka uu ahaa mid aad u muhiim ah oo isla markiiba soo jiidatay dareenka bulshada ee sayniska. Laakiin sabab u la'aanta ah ee iskaashiga caalamiga ah iyo sayniska ah qarniyo ka hor qeybtii, horumar degdeg ah ee sayniska ee Le Chatelier ogtihiin dalkiisa. In 1887, barakaca ah ee hoganaya kiimikada xaaladaha isbedelka dibadda, ayaa sheegay in cilmiga Jarmalka Karl Ferdinand Braun, si madaxbanaan u helay sharciga isla sayniska, sida hoos-warbixin on French Open ah. Aan by fursad, mabda this waxaa badanaa loo yaqaan mabda'a Le Chatelier - Brown.

Sidaas waa maxay mabda'a Le Chatelier?

nidaam ee hoganaya mar walba isha ku haya inuu sii ay dheelitirka iyo inay ka hortagaan dibadda ciidamada, arrimaha iyo xaaladaha. Xeerkani wuxuu khuseeyaa nidaamka kasta oo ah habka wax, kiimikada, korontada, farsamo, kaamerada. Of gaar ah muhiimadda ay leedahay wax ku ool ah oo mabda 'Le Chatelier waa in ay karo falgalka kiimikada.

Influence ee heerkulka on heerka falcelinta waa si toos ah ay ku xidhan tahay nooca reaction by saamayn kaamerada. Iyada oo sii kordhaya heerkulka arkay wareejin hoganaya dhinaca falcelinta endothermic. Qaadista heerkulka, siday u kala horreeyaan, waxay keenaysaa in wareeg ah ee hoganaya kiimikada dhinaca reaction gube. Sababtu waxa loo arkaa in xaqiiqda ah in inta lagu guda jiro nidaamka isku duro of kortay waxaa ciidamada dibadda galaan xaalad ah in ka yar ay ku xidhan tahay arrimo dibadeed. Tiirsanaanta ah hababka endothermic iyo gube oo ka mid ah gobolka kortay waxaa lagu qeexay by van't Hoff:

V2 = V1 * y (T2-T1) / 10

diidanyihiin V2 - waa heerka reaction kiimikada heerkulka ugu beddelay, V1 - xawaare reaction hore, y - tilmaame of farqiga heerkulka.

saynisyahan Swedish Arrhenius dheefay formula tiirsanaanta a jibbaaranaha heerka fal-celin on heerkulka.

K = A • e (-E (RT)), halkaas oo E - tamarta dardargelinta, R - joogta gaaska universal, T- heerkulka nidaamka. Qiimaha A waa joogto ah.

Sida shaqada cadaadis kordhay arkay hoganaya kiimikada jihada meesha walxaha kor u qaado mugga yar. Haddii mugga qalabka bilaabo mugga weyn ee alaabta reaction, hoganaya la wareejiyay xagga qaybaha bilaabo. Iyadoo la raacayo, haddii mugga ka badan mugga waxyaabaha reaction ee reactants ah, hoganaya la wareejiyay dhinaca kiimiko keentay. Waxaa la malaysan in bar kasta oo ka mid gaaska degan mug isku hoos jira xaalad caadi ah. Laakiin isbedelka cadaadiska ee nidaamka aanu had iyo jeer saamayn ku dheelitirka kiimikada. Mabda 'Le Chatelier ayaa waxay muujinaysaa in fal-celin Intaa waxaa dheer in ay gaaska ah inert badala cadaadiska, laakiin nidaamka waa in hoganaya. In reaction this si weyn kaliya cadaadiska la xidhiidha reactants ah (helium laha electrons free, waxa aanu fal la walxaha ee nidaamka).

Intaa waxaa dheer in falcelinta xaddi gaar ah oo walax keenaysaa in wareeg ah ee hoganaya in ay dhinaca geedi socodka meesha walax uu noqdo ka yar.

Hoganaya waa firfircoon. Waxaa la "jebiyey" iyo "waafaqsan" si dabiici ah in koorsada of falcelinta. Sharax xaaladda this iyada oo tusaale ahaan ah. xal bromine Hydrogenation sameeyay hydrobromic acid. Waxaa jira yimaado waqti marka wax soo saarka ugu dambeeya waxaa la aasaasay aad u badan, oo ay mugga ka badan wadarta guud ee hydrogen monomolecule iyo bromine, heerka falcelinta gaabisaa. Haddii intaa ku daray in nidaamka waa hydrogen ama bromo, falcelinta aado dhinaca ka soo horjeeda.