Labonimada sida fikrad ah dunida of duality in falsafada

Erayga "labonimada" waxaa laga erayga Laatiin "dual". Cilmigaygu wuxuu ka kooban yahay fikradda ah in ay jiraan laba bilowday oo kala duwan oo adduunka ah. Ay duality waxaa lagu qeexay in jirka (wax) iyo gii ruuxiga ah. Fikirkan in falsafadda loo yaqaan tan iyo Zaratrusty (628-551 CH), kuwaas oo la wadaago wanaagga iyo xumaanta, labo qaybood oo kala duwan.

In Giriigga ee hore falsafada ee Plato ayaa fikradda duality jidhka iyo nafta (ee loo yaqaan labonimada ah anthropological) ee, iyo waxa ay malaysanayaan jiritaanka labonimada ah cosmological bixitaankii fikrado iyo macno ah. falsafada Baydka waxaa saamayn ku Iran, marka hore ay soo saareen Zarathustra. Waxay sheegtay in jiritaanka dunida ah oo wanaagsan oo dhalaalaya halganka ilaahnimada Shar iyo calool-xumida leh for awoodda badan caalamka oo ay nafaha dadka.

Tani labonimada in falsafada qadiimiga ah ayaa u qoondeeyey si xoog leh ka muujiyay anshax ah, wareejiyo gudbikaraa oo ka mid ah ruuxa iyo macno ah, taas oo ka dibna (in Gnosticism), macno ah iyo jidhka, oo sidaas daraaddeed dunida waxa uu la xidhiidhaa bilowga xun. Dhinaca kale, ruuxa (naf iyo saafi ah "I") waa nadiif ah oo dhalaalaya bilaabatay. In diimaha badan iyo meelaha falsafadeed oo xariiq aadanaha waxaa la horumariyey waxaa soo bixitaankii cilmiga ka mid ah nafta iyo jidhkaba Ilaah iyo Ibliiska.

Falsafadda Masiixiyada baabbi'iyaa "sallaan jacaylka iyo quruxda" ee Plato, halkaas oo kaamilka ah ee fikrado ah in Absolute dunida ka mid ah egyihiin khilaafta, xasilooneyn abuuray. In diinta kiristaanka, duality aadanaha - waa incompatibility asaasi ah, waxa uuna ku muujiyay mucaaradka in ay dambiga iyo wanaagga in inta badan si cad u muujiyay in qoraalladii Spinoza. Labonimada in falsafadda ah East waa la aqbali karin, sida dhaqanka ay ku lug is faham wadaaga iyo is dhexgalka ka dhaxeeya nafta iyo jidhka, joogitaanka "yin" iyo "a" ee wax ifafaale, qalab iyo ruuxi ah labadaba.

Sida fikirka ah labonimada in falsafadda ah mudada ka dib waxaa la soo saaray by Descartes, kuwaas oo u yeedhay wakiilka dhalaalaysa. Descartes ku dhashay France ee 1596 on March 31.

Life iyo waxbarashada Descartes siddeed sannadood ka dhacay dugsiga Jesuit ah, halkaas oo uu helo aqoon asaasi ah oo ay sii wataan waxbarashadooda Nederland. Waxaa uu u taagan si buuxda on habka ay u bartaan xisaabta, falsafada, physics, jirka, iyo xiddigaha. In Netherlands, ka bixi jiray hawshootay, oo ay noqdaan dad caan ah. warkiisii ugu weyn timid ka dib markii daabacaadda "hadal ah oo ku saabsan Habka". Shaqo on kitaabka iyo soo bandhiga adag tahay in la garaaco aarguda, sidaas beddelo Descartes magaca ooy qoraalka.

Qiyaastii buugga mar waxaa jira doodo kulul, waxaa jira walaac yar Descartes, waxa ay qaadataa in ka badan dareen-celin ah ka aarguda ah, sida dhawaan sida isgoyska qarnigii 17aad iyo 18aad gubay J. Bruno, Galileo, ayaa cambaareeyay iyo falsafo carrabka ku bakhtiistay, Vanini, taas oo ka dibna waxay sidoo kale la gubay. Ka dibna, shuqullada Descartes ayaa loo aqoonsaday in France sida dhaxaltooyo oo cambaareeyay in la gubo. Descartes inta badan naftiisa ku Holland. At da'da 54, wuxuu u dhintay pneumonia, hargabka, ee Switzerland, halkaas oo uu ku qasbay in ay tagaan on codsiga of Queen ah.

Ereyga "labonimada" in falsafada isu yimid qoraallada falsafo Jarmal C. Wolff (1679-1749) iyo qabanayaa jiritaanka iyo is dhexgalka mid ah waxyaabaha la iyo mabda'a ruuxiga ah ee adduun iyo nin. Muhiimadda mucaaradka khayr iyo shar kala, muddo by T. Hyde loo isticmaalay 1700, codsanaya fikrad this howlaha diinta. macnaha la mid ah in fikradda ah oo xariiq siiyey P. Bayle iyo Leibniz.

Followers iyo wakiillo ka labonimada horumariyo ay cilmi fikirka ah dhaqaaqin arrinta of Descartes, iyo sidoo kale fikirka ah nooca metaphysical xisaabta, Arab-iyo joomatariga analytic. shuqullada falsafadeed ee Spinoza, KANT, Rickert in falsafada casriga ah - Rorty iyo faylosuufiinta kale oo badan ay ku tiirsan yihiin gunaanad iyo postulates ee falsafada Cartesian oo xariiq.