Isuga nukliyeerka. isuga qabow. tamarta nukliyarka

isuga Cold kale oo la odhan karaa isuga qabow. Its nuxurka been Bulshda ee reaction isuga nuclear oo ka dhacdaa nidaam kasta oo kiimiko. Tani waxay u muuqataa lahayn kulayl weyn oo dhexdhexaad ah ee ka shaqeeya. Sida la og yahay, ee caadiga reaction nuclear marka la samaynayo abuuraan heerkulka a kaas oo la qiyaasi laga yaabaa million degrees Kelvin. Aragti isuga Cold uma baahna sida heerkulka sare.

Daraasado badan oo tijaabo

isuga qabow daraasadda, oo gacanta ku hal, waxaa loo tixgelinayaa xatooyo daahir ah. No meelaha kale ee cilmi-baarista ee aan la isaga la barbar dhigi karaa. Dhinaca kale, waxaa suurto gal ah in meesha this of science aan la bartay ilaa iyo dhamaadka, oo dhan ma loo arki karaa waxbaa la ah, laakiin khiyaamada dheeraad ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, taariikhda isuga qabow ayaa weli la joogo haddii aan khaa'innadu, aad u badan tahay waalan.

Aqoonsiga ee dacayadeed-jihada iyo dhibic dhaleeceyn, taas oo uu maray technology isuga qabow, waxay ahaayeen Guuldarrooyin badan oo ka mid ah cilmibaadhe oo ka shaqeeya arimahan, iyo sidoo kale shuqullada shakhsiyaad faragalin. Horeba tan iyo 2002dii, ugu saynisyahano aaminsanahay in shaqada on arrintan ayaa rajo lahayn.

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, qaar ka mid ah ayaa weli isku dayaysa in ay dareen-celin la mid sii. Sidaas daraaddeed, 2008, saynisyahan a Japanese ka University of Osaka si cad u muujiyeen tijaabo, sameeyo unugyada electrochemical. Waxay ahayd Yoshiaki Arata. Ka dib markii bandhig ah oo bulshada sayniska mar kale noqday in ay ka hadlaan suurtogalnimada ama ay adagtahay of isuga qabow, taas oo laga heli karin physics nuclear. saynisyahano Qaar ka mid ah, xaq u physics nuclear iyo kimistari, ayaa raadineysa inay xaq for this ifafaale. Oo iyana waxay u sameeyaan si aad u hesho sharaxaad ma nuclear, iyo kale kale. Intaa waxaa dheer, waxaa kale oo sabab u ah xaqiiqada ah in warbixin ku saabsan shucaaca neutron ka maqan yahay.

Taariikhda Fleyshmana iyo Pons

Taariikhda aad ee daabacaadda version this of jihada sayniska indhaha beesha caalamka ee waa laga shakiyo. Waxaa oo dhan bilaabay March 23, 1989. Waxay ahayd markaa in Professor Martin Fleyshman isaga iyo saaxiibkii Stenli Ponsom qabtay shir jaraa'id, kaas oo ka dhacay jaamacadda halkaas oo farmashiye ay ka shaqeeyeen, ee State of Utah (USA). Markaasay ku yidhaahdeen in ay lahaayeen reaction isuga qabow ayaa lagu fuliyay by ah ee hadda korontada caadiga ah iyada oo loo marayo elektrolytka ah. By farmashiye ayaa sheegaya in ay awoodaan in ay ka heli dhalidda tamarta wanaagsan oo sabab u ah dareen-celinta, ie kulaylka ahaayeen. Intaa waxaa dheer, waxay arkay shucaaca nuclear ka dhashay falcelin iyo imaatinka ka elektrolytka ah.

Samee qoraal ah oo macno ahaan ku abuuray kudhegaas ah ee bulshada sayniska. Dabcan, low-kulka isuga nuclear soo saaray miiska fudud, mitidnimo ah u beddesho laga yaabaa in dunida oo dhan. No dheer u baahan tahay nidaamka weyn oo adag kiimikada, kaas oo sidoo kale waa qadar weyn oo lacag ah, iyo natiijada qaab helo falcelin la doonayo marka Doono - Lama yaqaan. Haddii dhammaan xaqiijiyay Fleyshmana iyo Pons sugayay mustaqbalka wayn, iyo aadanaha - hoos u badan ee kharashka.

Laakiin in sidaas la sameeyo farmashiye codsiga waxay ahayd qalad. Iyo, yaa garanaya, laga yaabee ugu muhiimsan. Xaqiiqada ah in bulshada sayniska ayaa go'aansaday in ay sameeyaan wax kasta oo statements warbaahinta oo ku saabsan Been ama helay ka hor inta macluumaadka iyaga ku saabsan la daabici doonaa joornaalada sayniska gaar ah. Seynisyahanno soo socda si dhakhso dhaleeceyn helo, loo arko nooc ka mid ah dhadhanka xun ee bulshada sayniska. Sida ay xeerarka, in cilmi-kasta oo furitaanka dadban waajib ku ah inay u wargaliyaan bulshada ugu horeysay ee sayniska, taas oo go'aan ka gaari doona haddii ay tahay been abuurtay run, in ay lagama maarmaan tahay in guud ahaan in la aqoonsado furitaanka ka dhigi. Marka laga eego dhinaca sharciga ah loo arko ballanqaad buuxa si ay u ilaaliyaan sirta ku saabsan dhacdada, kuwaas oo discoverer waa inay waafaqsantahay xaraynta of articles ay daabacaadda iyo in xilligan ay daabacaadan. physics Nuclear arrintan la xiriira waa laga reebo lahayn.

Fleyshman la saaxiibkii diray this article weriyey cilmi ah, loo yaqaan Nature iyo waa daabacaadan ugu awood cilmiyaysan oo heer caalami ah. dadka ku xiran sayniska oo dhan, oo waxay ogaan in magazine this ma daabacaan macluumaad la xaqiijin, iyo xitaa ka sii badan ma daabici doonaa oo kaliya qof. Martin Fleyshman horay wakhtigaas waxaa loo arkaa in ay a saynisyahano ixtiraamo ka shaqeeya beerta electrochemistry, sidaas darteed, soo gudbin article waxay ahayd in ugu dhakhsaha badan loo sii daayo. Tani waa waxa dhacay. Saddex bilood ka dib markii la daabaco shirka ee dhicisoobay soo baxay, laakiin Crore ku xeeran furitaanka iyo hadda la jebiyey. Waxaa laga yaabaa in, sidaas darteed, editor sare ee Nature Dzhon Meddoks in arrinta labaad ee majaladda bil kasta la daabacay shaki uu ku saabsan daahfurka this Fleyshmana iyo Pons, iyo xaqiiqda ah in ay dareen-celin nuclear tamarta helay. In uu article, ayuu qoray in farmashiye waa in la ciqaabaa sida uu u siidaynta dhicis ah. Waxaa aad u sheegay in saynisyahano, kuwaas oo aan marnaba u ogolaan lahaa dadweynaha in ay siiso sumcad Been, iyo kuwa sidaas samayn yaabaa in loo tixgeliyo ah adventurers Diintooda.

markii qaar ka mid ah ka dib, Pons iyo Fleyshmanu waxaa dharbaaxo kale, taas oo la odhan karaa waa xun. Tiro ka mid ah cilmi-ka Maraykanka ah ee hay'adaha cilmi-American (Massachusetts Institute iyo California of Technology) sameeyay, taas oo ah, soo noqnoqda farmashiye tijaabo ah, abuurista xaaladaha iyo arrimo siman. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, natiijada ma keeni Fleyshmanom sheegay.

Macquulka ah ama aan macquul ahayn?

Tan iyo waqti in, waxaa jiray qeybinta cad oo bulshada oo dhan sayniska laba xeryaha. Taageerayaasha qanci isuga qabow oo dhan - taasi waa khayaali, taas oo aan waxba la aasaasay. Qaar kale, si kastaba ha ahaatee, weli aaminsan yihiin in isuga qabow suurto gal ah, in ay farmashiye ee dhicisoobay weli ka dhigay daahfurka ah in ugu danbeyn badbaadin lahaa Dadka dhammaan kamana, isaga oo siinaya il siyabo tamarta.

Xaqiiqada ah in haddii wax walba oo dhaca alifay ee hab cusub oo suurtogal noqon in reaction isuga qabow, iyo, sida, qiimaha daahfurka ku noqon doonaa mid qiimo leh, waayo, dadka oo dhan adduunka barbaro in jihada sayniska this of saynisyahano iyo aad u badan, qayb ka mid ah kuwaas oo dhab ahaantii la oran karo waa fiisa. dalalka oo dhan waxaa dadaal badan si ay u dhisaan hal saldhigga isuga, lumin qadar weyn oo lacag ah, iyo dad isuga qabow waa awood soo saarida tamarta ay tahay gabi ahaanba fudud oo aan qaali ahayn. Taasi waa waxa ay soo jiidataa kuwa doonaya in ay ka macaashaan by musuqmaasuq, iyo sidoo kale dadka kale ee qaba xanuunada dhimirka. Waxaa ka mid ah taageerayaasha habkan wax soo saarka tamarta laga heli karaa, iyo kuwa dadka kale iyo.

Sheekada of isuga qabow oo keliya lahaa si aad u hesho archive-ka loo yaqaan sheekooyinka dacayadeed-cilmiyeed ah. Haddii aad eegto habka by kaas oo aan u hesho tamarta ee isuga nuclear, eegtid oo aan balwad lahayn, waa la fahmi karaa in isku xidha laba atamka in tiro aad u badan ee tamarta loo baahan yahay. Waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in ay ka gudbaan iska caabin ah korontada. dhismaha ah oo ka hooseeya xilligan heerka caalami ee nuclear-isuga, kaas oo laga dhisi doonaa Cadarache ee France qorsheeyay si ay u qabtaan soo biiray laba atamka, kuwaas oo ah daaraysaa ah ee hadda jira ee dabiiciga ah. Sidaas darteed of xarunta noocan oo kale ah ayaa la filayaa in qiiqa tamar togan. Labadan atamka - tritium iyo deuterium. Waxaa ka mid ah isotopes ah hydrogen, sidaas hydrogen isuga nuclear noqon doontaa saldhig u. Si loo fuliyo xiriir noocan oo kale ah, waa heerkulka fakari karin loo baahan yahay - boqolaal malaayiin degrees. Dabcan, tani waxay u baahan tahay iyo cadaadis aad u weyn. Sababtan awgeed, saynisyahano badan oo ay aaminsan yihiin in isuga qabow aan la xakameyn karaa.

Guulihii iyo Guuldarrooyin

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, xaq ah ee ereygu wuxuu hoos tixgelin waa in la ogaadaa in aan waxaa jira dad keliya dhibaatooyinkooda iyo scammers, laakiin khubarada waa kuwo ka mid ah taageerayaasha uu caadi. Ka dib markii Fleyshmana ka hadalka iyo Pons, iyo failure tirada furitaanka ee saynisyahano iyo hay'adaha cilmi-baarista ah ayaa sii waday in ay ku hawlan yihiin jihada this. Waxaa jiray halkan oo aan khubarada Ruushka, kaas oo sidoo kale qaadan isku day ku haboon. Oo waxaasuna wuu xiiso leh waa in tijaabo mararka qaar ku dhammaaday guul, iyo in qaar ka mid ah - failure.

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, sayniska si adag yahay, haddii ay jiraan in la helay, oo tijaabo u ahaa guul, waa in mar kale soo noqnoqda, iyadoo natiijo wanaagsan. Haddii aanay ahayn, daahfurka noocan oo kale ah lahaa ma waxa loo aqoonsanayaa qof. Waxaa intaa dheer, celceliyay of tijaabo guul ma uu samayn karin oo isu cilmi. Xaaladaha qaarkood, waxay sidaas u yeelaan, in kale - maya. Sababta oo ah waxa ka socda, ka mid ma sharixi kartaa, weli ma jirto sabab cilmiyeysan ku salaysan variable this.

alifay joogo iyo hanad

In dhammaan sheekooyinka kor ku xusan la Fleyshmanom Pons oo waxaa jira koox kale oo ka mid ah qadaadiic ah, si sax noqoto, si taxadar leh u qarinaayay runta dalalka reer galbeedka. Xaqiiqada ah in Stanley Pons, hore wuxuu ahaa muwaadin u dhashay USSR. In 1970, waxa uu ahaa xubin ka mid ah Attam qurxiyo rakibo thermionic ah khabiir. Dabcan, Pons ahaa suurta gashay in ay qarsoon badan oo gobolka Soviet, ee Hijrooday ee Maraykanka, isku dayeen in ay iyaga loo fuliyo.

horyaal A run ah yaa gaaray guulo gaar ah isuga nuclear qabow, wuxuu ahaa Ivan Stepanovich Filimonenko.

Warbixin kooban oo ku saabsan cilmiga Soofiyeeti

JS Filimonenko ku dhintay 2013. Waxa uu ahaa aqoonyahan ah oo ku dhow joojiyay horumarka dhan awoodda nuclear, ma aha oo kaliya in uu dalka, laakiin sidoo kale adduunka oo dhan. Waxa uu ahaa kii ku dhowaad sameeyey rakibo of isuga qabow nuclear, taasoo, ka duwan dhirta nukliyeerka noqon lahaa dheeraad ah oo ammaan ah oo aad u raqiis ah. Waxa intaa dheer in rakibaadda this, saynisyahan a Soviet ayaa abuuray mashiinka la duubo oo duulaya, oo ku salaysan mabda'a antigravity. Waxa uu yaqaan debunker ka mid ah khataraha qarsoon taasoo keeni karto aadanaha warshadaha nukliyeerka. Saynisyahanka ka shaqeeya warshadaha difaaca ee USSR ah, wuxuu ahaa nin aqoonyahan ah oo khabiir ku ah ammaanka shucaaca. Waxaa xusid mudan in qaar ka mid ah shuqulladii Academician, oo ay ku jiraan dad isuga qabow Filimonenko weli lagu tilmaamay. Ivan Stepanovich ahayd ka qaybgale toos ah Abuuridda bambooyin hydrogen, nuclear iyo neutron, ku hawlan horumarinta tigoodu nuclear loogu talagalay in lagu daahfuri gantaallo meel.

Ku xiridda academician ee Soviet

In 1957, Ivan Filimonenko horumariyo warshad koronto ah oo isuga nuclear qabow, by kaas oo dalka u noqon karaan inuu ku badbaadiyo kuwo ilaa saddex boqol oo bilyan oo dollar sanadkii, waxaa codsanaya in waaxda tamarta. war abuurashadoodii ah ee cilmiga ah waxaa markii hore si xoog leh ay taageerayaan gobolka, iyo sidoo kale shaqaalaha tacliinta sida si fiican u yaqaan sida Kurchatov, Keldysh, Korolev. horumar dheeraad ah oo la alifay iyo keeno Filimonenko inay ku dhameysatay gobolka xayirayo halka Marshal Zhukov qudhiisa. Furitaanka Ivan Stepanovich ahaa isha ka taas oo lagu bixiyay tamarta nukliyeerka nadiif ah, iyo marka lagu daro, waxay ka caawin kartaa in la helaa difaac ka shucaaca nuclear oo la baabi'iyo cawaaqibka wasakhda shucaaca.

Hakinta shaqada Filimonenko

Waxaa suurto gal ah in muddo ka dib la alifay waxaa laga sameeyey by Ivan Filimonenko si heer warshadeed, iyo aadanaha takhalusi lahaa dhibaatooyin badan. Laakiin qaddar wejigiisa dadka qaar si kale ku amray. asxaabta Kurchatov iyo Korolev uu u dhintay, oo Marshal Zhukov iska casilay. Tani waxa ay ahayd bilowgii waxa loogu yeero kulan-Muuqaallo ee bulshada sayniska. Natiijadan ayaa waxaa la joojiyo oo dhan shaqo Filimonenko, iyo in 1967 ku dhacay casaan uu qaatay. Sababta oo dheeraad ah si loogu soo daweeyo sida uu noqday cilmiga ay u qalmeen oo uu halganka soo afjaro in baaritaano hubka nukliyeerka. shuqulladiisii uu si joogto ah dooday waxyeelo soo gaaray iyo dabeecadda oo si toos ah dadka la fayl la joojiyey mashaariic badan oo ay u bilowdo gantaallo meel la tigoodu nuclear (shil kasta oo si gantaal ah oo ka dhacay falagiisuu, halis wasakhda shucaaca ah ee dunida oo dhan). Marka la eego tartanka hubka in la helo dardar halka Academician Filimonenko noqday objectionable in ay dadka qaar sare. Uu goobaha tijaabo la ogaaday in ay ka horimanaya shuruucda dabeecadda, saynisyahan rasaas iyo soo hijrooday xisbiga shuuciga iyo loogama qaadi of dhan safafka iyo guud ahaan wax ka sheegi qof maskax deranged.

Horeba ku tiris ah daahay - bilowgii sagaashankii shaqada ee academician cusboonaaday, horumariyo goobaha cusub tijaabo ah, laakiin waxay dhan yihiin keenay natiijo wanaagsan ma ahaa. Ivan Filimonenko soo jeediyey fikrad ah ee la isticmaalayo uu unit mobile ujeeddo ah baabi'inta cawaaqibka Chernobyl, laakiin waa la soo diiday. In muddo ah ka 1968 si ay u 1989 Filimonenko ayaa laga saaray baaritaanka kasta oo camal xagga isuga qabow, oo waxay isku horumarinta, jaantus iyo sawiro qaar ka mid ah shaqaalaha sayniska Soviet dibadda ahaayeen.

In the 90s hore Maraykanka ayaa sheegay tijaabooyin guulaystay in ay la sheegay in laga heli tamarta nukliyeerka oo sabab u ah isuga qabow. Tani waxay keentay in xaqiiqda ah in cilmiga halyeeyga Soviet mar kale dib u soo celin ee uu gobolka. Waxa uu dib uu post, laakiin waxa ma caawin. By markii ugu Midowga Soofiyeeti wuxuu bilaabay inuu sii muuq, maaliyad ahaa kooban, siday u kala horreeyaan, iyo natiijooyinka oo aan ahaayeen. Sida lagu qeexay qaybta dambe wareysi uu siiyay Ivan Stepanovich, maxaa yeelay, joogto ah iyo waqti isku mid ah isku day lagu guulaysan ee saynisyahano badan oo dunida ku baahsan si loo helo natiijo wanaagsan ee isuga qabow, ayuu fahmay in ay iyada oo aan ninna ma awoodaan in ay u arkaan dhex ahaan doonaa. Iyo, runtii, uu run sheegaysaan. Laga soo bilaabo 1991 ilaa 1993, cilmi Maraykanka ka heleen rakibo Filimonenko, oo aan fahmi waayey sida ficilada iyada, iyo xitaa sanad ka dib oo aanu la baabiiyo. In 1996, dadka saameynta badan ee Mareykanka ku bixiyeen in Ivan Stepanovich boqol oo milyan oo doolar oo kaliya, waayo, xaqiiqda ah in uu iyaga la siiyaa talo, sharxaya sida nuclear-isuga qabow, oo uu ku diiday.

Nuxurka of tijaabo academician Soviet

Ivan Filimonenko by tijaabo lagu ogaaday in kala daatay ee loogu yeero biyaha culus by electrolysis waxa decomposes galay oxygen iyo deuterium. Arintaan, markeeda, waxaa kala diri ee cathode palladium, kuna waari dhexdeeda horumarinta reaction isuga nuclear. In geeddi-socodka ah ee ka dhacaya Filimonenko siiyey maqnaanshaha labada hadhaaga qashinka nukliyarka iyo shucaaca neutron. Intaa waxaa dheer, iyadoo ay sabab u tijaabo uu, Ivan Stepanovich helay in nuclear-isuga nuclear shanqarta shucaaca aan xad lahayn, iyo taasi si weyn u yaraynaysaa shahwaddiisu ka mid ah bar-nolosha ee isotopes shucaaca. Taas waxaa la socdo meelo kale faddarayn.

Waxaa la rumeysan yahay in Filimonenko waqtiga diiday inuu bedeli ay rakibaadda nuclear-nuclear ee hoyga dhulka hoostiisa, loo tababaray in ay madaxda ugu sareeya ee USSR ah haddii ay dhacdo dagaal nukliyeerka. Oo waagaas, ayaa xoog ku galay xiisadda gantaal Cuba, oo sidaas daraaddeed ayaa macquul ah aad u sarreeya oo ay bilowgii. Ku hadhay wareegyada talada haya ee Maraykanka iyo Midowga Soofiyeeti waa in ee ka mid ah magaalooyinka dhulka hoostiisa wasakhda ka tigoodu nuclear weli ku dili lahaa wax kasta oo nool oo dhawr bilood ka dib. Lug nuclear-Filimonenko isuga qabow waxay abuuri kartaa zone ammaanka faddarayn radioactive ah, sidaas darteed haddii academician isku raacay in this, jaaniska dagaalka ah nuclear la kordhin karo dhowr-laab. Haddii ay taasi runtii ahayd kiiska, isaga loo diiday oo dhan abaalmarinta iyo cadaadis dheeraad ah ka heli ay Fikirka.

isuga diiran

JS Filimonenko hydrolysis warshad warshadu hawada kaamerada loo abuuray, kaas oo gabi ahaanba waa nadiif ah. Ilaa hadda qofna ma ayaa ku guuldareystay inuu abuuro TEGEU a analoogga la mid ah. Nuxurka geedka iyo waqti isku mid ah, ka duwan unugyada kale ee la midka ahaa xaqiiqada ah in aan la isticmaali tigoodu nuclear, iyo rakibaadda ee isuga nuclear ka dhaca heerkulka celcelis ahaan 1150 degrees. Sidaa darteed, war abuurashadoodii this ayaa loo magacaabay goob isuga nuclear diiran. In tiris ah daahay hoos caasimadda, taasoo ah magaalada Podolsk, waxaa la abuuray 3 of rakibo. Soviet academician Filimonenko ka qayb qaatay si toos ah in this, maamulka hawsha oo dhan. Power of TEGEU kasta ahayd 12.5 kw, sida shidaalka la isticmaalaa by biyaha culus. Just hal kiilo ay dareen-celin u dhiganta soo saarta tamarta si wixii laga heli karaa by gubanaya laba milyan oo kiiloogaraam oo shidaal! Tani oo keliya ku hadlaa oo ka mid ah mugga iyo muhiimadda ay leedahay oo ka mid ah waxay Been ah saynisyahan weyn, in dareen diidmo oo isuga nuclear qabow horumariyo iyaga by keeni kara natiijada la rabay.

Sidaas darteed, waqtiga xaadirka ah lama yaqaan, waayo hubin in xaq u leeyihiin inay ka jiraan ama aan la isuga qabow. Waxaa macquul ah in haddii aysan cadaadis ee hanad this of science Filimonenko, maanta dunida ahaan lahaydeen sidaas ma aha, iyo cimri dadka kordhin karaan by dhowr jeer. Ka dib oo dhan, xataa haddii Ivan Filimonenko sheegay in shucaaca radioactive - Jidka gabowga aadanaha iyo dhimashada hore. Waa shucaaca in haatan waxaa macno yihiin meel kasta, in aan ku xuso magaalooyinka waaweyn, waxaa ku xad koromosoomyada aadanaha. Waxaa laga yaabaa in sababta characters Bible noolaa intii kun sannadood ah, tan iyo wakhtigii shucaaca waxyeello badan tahay ma jiraan.

Dhidibada loo rakibo Filimonenko academician oo muddo dheer ka takhalusi laga yaabaa caalamka ka mid ah dili sunta ah, marka lagu daro bixinta il siyabo tamarta raqiis ah. sidaas oo kale ah ama aan, waqtiga ayaa sheegi doona, laakiin waa nixi ah in waqtigan waxaa la degay karin.