I-180 (Fighter): taariikhda diyaaradda, dhimashada Valery Chkalov

Diyaarad-180 (dagaalyahanada iyo qarxiyayaal) loo sameeyay OKB Polikarpov. By wakhtigaas wuxuu lahaa sifooyin diyaarad u fiican, qaadan karaan on board 200 bam kg oo waxaa lagu qalabaysan afar qoryaha synchronously rasaas.

History of abuurka

The naqshadeeye Soviet si fiican u yaqaan Nikolay Nikolaevich Polikarpov ma joogay. Waxa uu si cad u ogaaday in xogta si weyn u hagaajin diyaarad u baahan engine awood leh. Dagaalka-monoplane I-16, horumariyo isaga by ee 1932 oo ahaa in adeegga ee Air Force Soofiyeeti, 5 sano ka dib mar dambe ma ay buuxiyaan shuruudaha casriga ah.

Polikarpov, ee 1936, waxay bilaabeen inay u malaynayso oo ku saabsan sida loo sameeyo beddelid halis ah oo I-16 ee la engine salka M-62. Laakiinse isagu ma uu fuliyo fikrad this, sida ugu dhakhsaha badan tirada dhirta Zaporozhye 29, aasaasay in aan bilowno matoorada cusub M-88, kaas oo lahaa awood badan oo u dhaw in la doonayo. Oo saas aawadeed waxaa jiray mashaariic I-164 iyo 165. Isla mar ahaantaana warshad fur la amray in ay horumariyaan rafaasad ah garoonka variable. Iyadoo ay taasi jirto, ka dibna madaxa Ciidamada Cirka ayaa muujisay xiisaha ay ugu yar ee diyaaradda. Sidaa darteed, waxaa jiray go'aan ku saabsan design ee dagaalka kale.

Diyaaradda cusub

Polikarpov Design Bureau bilaabay naqshadaynta. horumarka cusub ayaa loogu talagalay I-180. dagaalka waa u diyaar by February 1938 waa inaan sheegaa in guud ahaan design ka mid ah I-180 waa badan sida I-16, laakiin wuxuu ahaa wax yar ka weyn ee size. Markii hore waxay ku tashadeen inay qalabeeyaan diyaaradaha oo afar qoryo synchronously rasaas, iyo mar dambe iyaga ama qoryaha heerkiisa weyn ka bedelo.

Ka dib kala iibsiga ee OKB Polikarpov, tirada geedka 156 waxaa jiray xaalad xun, oo ma ay gacan ka tayo iyo wax soo saarka si degdeg ah qaybo ka mid ah loo baahan yahay. Xaqiiqada ah in ka hor shirkadaan intooda badan ku hawlan in la sii daayo diyaarad weyn, oo haatanna wuxuu lahaa inay si degdeg ah u horumariyaan farsamada in ay soo saaraan dagaalka iftiin badan.

failure ugu horeysay ee

Release of mishiinka uu ahaa mas'uul ka ah maaraynta Chief Belyaykin. waa waxaan idinku leeyahay in uu mar walba soo dhaqsaday inay ku dhameystaan shirka dadka sida ugu dhakhsaha badan ee suurtogalka ah, oo waxaa jiray jeer markii uu soo dhexgalay si toos ah in habka wax soo saarka. Tallaabooyinkan waxay ka dhigtay isku yaacsanaan dheeraadka ah ee waxqabadka sida xafiiska iyo geedka oo dhan. gacan weyn ka dardargelinta shaqada iyo ka dhigay agaasimaha shirkadda MA Usachev. Sidaa darteed, diyaaradda la dhisay November 1938

Horraantii December gaadhiga ku jiray oo si fiican loo kormeero, ka dib markii taas oo ay ka heleen hana ka badan toona yar, iyo sida ugu badan 190 cilladaha (!), 40 ka mid ah oo waxaa la helay in motooborudovanii. Laakiin leh ayna duleella u badan oo lagu sii daayay I-180. Dagaalka ayaa weli loo qaaday Airporka ah, ka dib markii baabi'inta ee dukaamada, wax badan oo ka mid ah.

Waa inaan sheegaa in samaynta is- Diyaaradaha had iyo jeer waa mid aad u xasaasi ah oo dalbanaya dabeecad mashaariicda ay, oo lagu daray ay, in ka badan qof kasta oo kale, og qiimaha qalad farsamo. Taasi waa sababta Polikarpov sida uu uga mudaaharaadaan karin degdegaan in diyaarinta Caruurtooda si tijaabo ugu horeysay, taas oo uu ganaax ku maqan ka shaqo dheeraad ah.

beegay dilaa ah

Winter 1938 Valeriya Pavlovicha Chkalova si degdeg ah dib loogu soo yeero ka fasax. Sabab: jirrabaya cusub diyaarad-180. Dagaalka la qorsheeyay si ay u tijaabiso December 15, laakiin uu orod ugu horeysay lagu qabtay saddex maalmood ka hor. Waxaa loo aqoonsaday tiro ka mid ah cilladaha, oo ay ku jiraan dillaacin waxaa laga helay oo gacanta ku jar Gaza. Mushkiladii loo xaliyo, iyo taariikhda horyaalka ugu horeysay isma badelin. In goob, soo saaray Tchkalov amray in aan duuli ka badan diktaatoorka ee 600 m 10-15 daqiiqo iyo dalka oo aan ka saareen jiifku ka, kaas oo weliba waxay ahaayeen Lock ka hor.

waa waxaan idinku leeyahay, Maalintaas, Faynuus ee Moscow dhawr todobaad ka hor, cimilada oo xun. Oo aroorta, magaalada waxaa hoos imanaya ceeryaanta qaro weyn, mararka qaarkood waxaa la baraf da'ayo. heerkulka Air dhaxaysey 0 ilaa -2⁰C. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, maalinta imtixaanka samada ka bariyeelay. qorax Bright, laakiin heerkulka hoos -27 ⁰ C. isbedel Tani lama filaan ah waxaa lama filayo, laakiin diyaarad qorsheeyey aan la baajiyay.

December 15, sida caadiga ah ee prototypes imtixaanka ugu horeysay, oo dhan tageen ayaa la hakiyey, iyo shuqulladiisii Airporka ma ay qaadeen on maanta. I-180 ee katabaan istaagay. Diyaargarowgii ugu danbeeyay for duulimaadka imtixaanka ee diyaaradda ah: dhajinta qalabka gacanta iyo unugyada lagama maarmaan ah, oo ay ku jiraan daahyada ah. Going in ay ka shaqeeyaan, Chkalov weydiiyay muddada ay ku qaadan lahaa si ay u rakibi. Waxa uu sheegay in qiyaastii 2-3 saacadood, waxaana laga yaabaa in mar dambe. Noocan oo kale ah jawaab caddayn ma ay aqbalin Valery Pavlovich, kuwaas oo ogaaday in dayuurada maalintaas laga yaabaa in aanay ku dhacay tan iyo markii ay ahayd wakhtiga qabowga, oo waxaa loo qaadan gudcur aad u hore. Waxa uu go'aansaday inuu u duulo oo aan daahyada rakibidda, malaha rajeynaya natiijo wanaagsan ee imtixaanada.

pilot dhimasho № 1

Wareegii ugu horeeyey ee tijaabada ahaa kama wixii la amray, anigoo goor hawada, waxay u duulay badan Postoo at sare ah 500-600 m Markaas ayuu u baxay inuu wareega labaad, laakiin at sare ah 2-2.5 kun oo mitir oo meel fog ka weyn garoonka .. . Markii uu Kobocii iyo gaaska bilaabay inuu hoos u, ku talo jiray inuu dalka diyaarada, engine ah hakad. Airporka waxay ahayd meel aad u fog, oo lagu arki karo hoose ee xeryaha degan yahay iyo antenna radio sare.

Sida la og yahay, diyaaradda ahaayeen Lock jiifku ka, iyo markay bilaabeen inay ku dhici, Chkalov fahamsan yahay in ay iska taabto saqafka sare ee mid ka mid ah xeryaha, halkaas oo wakhtigaas, u badan tahay, waxaa jiray dadka. pilot kale malayn kartaa oo ku saabsan oo aan waxa ku saabsan, ka sokow saqafka u badan tahay in uu u nuugo lahaa weerarka. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Chkalov ayaa go'aansaday inuu gees uga leexdo, iyo diyaarad la engine ah oonay burburtay taageero biraha a high-voltage.

Chkalov tasoo awood ka cab la gacanta ku soo tuuray. Oo dhaca, pilot ku dhuftay madaxiisa. dhaawacyada ayaa waxay ahaayeen leheyn nolosha, iyo 2 saacadood ka dib, wuxuu ku geeriyooday Isbitaalka Botkin ah. aaska Chkalov ee ka dhacay Moscow. sanduuq The oo dambas uu weli ku jiro derbiga Kremlin.

Sababaha musiibada

Dhimashada Valery Chkalov isla markiiba siiyey kor u tiro badan oo xan ah iyo halyeeyadoodii hore. In kasta oo xaqiiqda ah in uu jiro gunaanad rasmi ah by guddi gaar ah u sameeyey si ay u baaraan masiibada, waxaa jira versions kale in ay u soo degin inuu hal su'aal: in ay ahayd isku jira dhimasho ah xaaladaha ama pilot noqday qof sharka leh oo uu kaliya la dilay?

. Guddiyada ka hawlgala 1938 iyo 1955, ayaa la sameeyey gabagabada kala duwan, laakiin mid ka mid ah wax ay ahaayeen loo dhan yahay, shil ka dhacay ay sabab u tahay hypothermia dagaalka engine, iyo sidoo kale khaladaadka ku jira qalabka gacanta ceejinta. Intaa waxaa dheer, baaritaan labaad oo shaaca ka qaaday in qaybo badan oo mishiinka ayaa la soo maray iyo waligeeda iskama baarin hawada. Laga soo bilaabo tan oo dhan soo gunaanaday in diyaaradda Polikarpov I-180 waqtiga uu ka soo tagay hore underfulfilled sabab u degdegaan xad-dhaaf ah gacanta ku habka of meydadka sare, taas oo keentay in masiibo la hagaajin.

The shil diyaaradeed labaad

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, taariikhda diyaaradda I-180 ma waxaa loo soo afjaro. Imtixaanadu waxay sii waday. By February 1939 noocooda labaad waxaa la dhisay dagaalka. Waa ficil indistinguishable ka mid ah la soo dhaafay, marka laga reebo in goobta howlgal iyo Garbihiisa ayaa in yar kordhay, iyo halkii motor ee M-88 waxaa lagu rakibay on board waxaa loo arkaa more lagu kalsoonaan karo M-87A.

Duulimaadka ugu horeeya ee mashiinka la casriyeeyay lagu qabtay on April 27 ee isla sannadkaas. Uu tijaabo S. P. Suprun. mar walba Tani waxay u tageen iyaga oo aan wax comments nuxurkiisa. Sababtoo ah aaminsanahay in diyaaradda Polikarpov si kordhay in dagaalka ay xitaa ka qayb-galay Ixtifaalka of May 1 iyo duulay badan Red Square. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, horraantii Sebtembar, I-180, mar kale ku burburtay, this time dilay imtixaanka tijaabada ah Tomas Pavlovich Suzi. Marka diyaarada ahaa ayaa bilaabay inay galaan wareejin ah, pilot ka booday gaariga oo aan haysan in la furo baarashuud ah.

Wax yar ka dib masiibada, guddi gaar ah uu ahaa fal taas oo sababta shilka ayaa u yeedhay burburinta meeldhexaadka ah saliidda ee giraanta ah, sida qol oo dhan, iyo sidoo kale wejiga iyo yuunifoomka duuliye ayaa rusheeyey saliid.

Ka kaxaynta wax soo saarka

mid ka mid ah diyaaradaha waxaa la dhisay sanadka soo socda, laakiin uu maray waxaa u sarreeyey si deg deg ah. Bilowga July 1940 pilot imtixaanka Proshakov qalad sameeyay inta lagu guda jiro tijaabinta iyo ayaa lagu qasbay in uu ka tago guddiga la baarashuud ah. Komishanka kale, markan laakiin kama ay helin wax cilado, oo eedda ka bixisay geeridii mishiinka ayaa si buuxda loo xilsaaray in ay tijaabo ah.

Dhacdadan ka dib, waxaan weli dhisay beddelid kale oo diyaarad - "I-180 Standard". Waxa uu sameeyay tiro ka mid ah isbedel, oo ay ku jiraan oo ku saabsan waxa lagu badalay motor hore M-87A ee cusub ee M-88A. Its xawaaraha lagu qiyaasay noqon lahaa 590 km / h, oo markii rakibidda awood badan engine M-89 ah, oo dhan ayaa gaartay 650 km / h. Laakiin sheekada oo ahaa I-180, sida bishii December ee isla sannadkaas waxaa jiray amar la joojiyo shaqada on diyaaradaha this. All mashiinada diiqid, kaas oo lagu rido-soo-saarka hore, u baxay inuu la burburinayo. By markii ugu bilaabay in ay u muuqdaan noocyada kale ee Xarakada Soviet kii xilka mashruuca ku guuldareystay.

dagaal cusub

horumarinta xigtay waxay ahayd diyaaradda Polikarpov OKB-185. Wadarta oo dhan sifooyinka of dagaalka this ka xoogbadanyahay labada mashiinada qalab Soviet iyo dibadda waqtiga. dhowr diyaaradood ayaa la dhisay matoorada kala duwan. November 18, 1942, waxay tageen imtixaannada gobolka, kuwaas oo lagu sameeyay duuliye P. M Stefanovsky. Inta lagu jiro dayuurada diyaaradda ay muujiyeen natiijo fiican ayaa lagu talinayaa in la bilaabay galay wax soo saarka.

April 5, 1943 inta lagu jiro imtixaanada dhacay joojinta engine ah, taasoo keentay dhimashada duuliyihii VA Stepanchonok. By dhammaan xisaabaadka, musiibadan noqday dilaa, waayo diyaaradda I-185 - waxaa la marna la gelin wax soo saarka, laakiin halkii ay bilaabeen inay ku soo shirin in warshadda La-5FN. Ka dib markii Edo in horumarinta diyaarad kale - I-188, laakiin ugu dhakhsaha badan in shuqulka oo dhan lagu joojiyey sabab u tahay dhimashada naqshadeeye sare N. N. Polikarpova.