Heerarka Ururka nool arrinta

Heerarka Ururka nool arrinta - calaamad u qaatay, waayo, kala soocidda ee noolaha oo dhan on dhulkeenna. Duur-joogta Earth waa run ahaantii kala duwan. Noolaha qaadan karaa noocyo kala duwan oo tirada, ka microbes hal-unuglaha fudud, iyo, socotay inay xayawaan multicellular, iyo dhamaanayey xayawaanka ugu weyn ee dhulka - nibiriyada badda.

Evolution on Earth ka dhacay sidan oo kale in noolaha waxaad fartaan ka fudud (macno ahaan) si ay u sii adag ah. Sayidka, ka kacay, iyo baaba ', noocyo cusub oo la sugay in koorsada ah ee horumar, qaadashada eegno more whimsical.

Si aad u abaabuli qadarka this cajiib ah noolaha, iyo heerka abaabulka ee ku nool arrinta ayaa la soo bandhigay. Xaqiiqdu waxay tahay in, inkastoo ay ku kala duwan muuqaalka iyo qaab-dhismeedka, oo dhan organisms ee dabiiciga way wada kulmaan, waxay bartey ka kooban yihiin taagoo in ka kooban yihiin xubno ka soo noqnoqda, in mid ka mid ah ama qaab kale - hawlaha guud ee xubnaha ah, iyo inay i quudiyaan, dhalid, duugoobin oo dhiman. In si kale loo dhigo, guryaha ee u shaqeeyo nool, inkastoo ay kala duwan ee muuqaalka la mid yihiin. Dhab ahaantii, oo diiradda saaraya xogta kuwan, waxaa suurtagal ah si loo raad raaco sida horumar ah ee dhulkeenna.

Sidaas darteed, waxaanu ka fiirsan heerarka urur ee arrinta ku nool si faahfaahsan. Heerka ugu horeysay waxay khusaysaa noolaha oo dhan, iyada oo aan laga reebo. Waxa uu (heerka) kor ku xusan, tirada sii kordhaysa ee wakiillo ka socda duurjoogta la tirtiro.

1. Heerka kelli caadi ah in dhammaan noolaha. In heerka this waxaa jira aan la arki karin in ay isha qaawan, geedi socodka ka dhacaya shaqeeyo wax kasta oo nool, oo ereygu iyo burburka ka mid ah nafaqooyinka, dhismaha, ama walxaha difaaca. Tani heerka xeryahooda weyn kelli (borotiinada, acids nucleic iyo wixii la mid ah. D.)

2. supramolecular ama subcellular. Heerka at taas oo u taagoo nidaamsan galay organelles unugyada: xuub gacanta, koromosoomyada, vacuole, xuduntii, iwm ...

3. Cell. Heerkan, arrinta la soo bandhigay qaab unit functional hoose - unugyada.

4. Heerka jirka-cadka. Waxaa heerkan loo sameeyay dhammaan xubnaha iyo unugyada ee u shaqeeyo ku nool, iyadoo aan loo eegin ay kakanaanta: maskaxda, carrabka, kelyaha, iwm Waa in la dhasha maskaxda ku haysaa in dhar - set oo ah unugyada, midoobeen qaab caadi ah oo shaqo .. Body - qayb ka mid ah jidhka, "waajib" oo ka mid ah hirgelinta function cad oo qeexan.

5. heerka ontogenetic ama organismal. Heerkan, hay'adaha kala duwan marka la eego ka shaqeynayaan waxaa la isugu shaqeeyo oo dhan. In si kale loo dhigo, heerka this ayaa hore u soo bandhigay shaqsi guud ee nooc kasta.

6. Population-gaar ah. Noolaha ama shakhsiyaadka in ay leeyihiin qaab la mid ah, shaqo, iyo muuqaalka la mid ah, iyo sidaas ka tirsan noocyada la mid ah, waxaa ka mid ah mid ka mid ah dadka. In biology, dadka fahmin gabi ahaanna ee dhammaan dadka of a noocyada siiyey. Taa baddalkeeda, kulligood way wada sameeyaan hiddo labis iyo nidaamka go'doonsan. Tirada dadka ku nool a meel gaar ah - kala duwan iyo, sida caadiga ah, ma ahaan midaysan yihiin noocyada kale. View, markeeda, waa wadar ahaan labada lug ah oo dadka oo dhan. noolaha interbreed karo lana imaan karo Farac oo keliya qaabka guud ee noocyada iyaga u gaar ah.

7. biocenotic. heerka uu noolaha waxa lagu biocenoses - gabi ahaanna ee dhammaan dadka ku nool meel gaar ah. Ka tirsan yahay mid ama qaab kale, haddii ay taasi macno ah ma.

8. biogeocenotic. Heerka Tani waxay sabab u tahay biogeocoenoses dhismaha, i.e. biocenosis wadar ahaan iyo arrimo abiotic (ciidda, xaaladaha cimilada) ee gobolka halkaas oo biocenosis deggan.

9. Biosphere. Level, la isu keeno oo dhan noolaha caalamka.

Sidaas darteed, heerarka ururka nool arrinta ka mid ah sagaal dhibcood. kala soocidda Tani waxay go'aan ka jira in habaynta sayniska casriga ah ee noolaha.