Halkee abuurtay muraayada? Maxay yihiin muraayada?

Dad badan ayaa la yaabi ku saabsan halka la Abuurtay muraayada. Sidee tani u dhici? Markii ugu horeysay waxaa jiray muraayad wakhtiyadii hore ee Turkey. Kuwaasu waxay ahaayeen gogo 'oo obsidian safeeyey, iyo da'dooda qiyaas ahaan ku saabsan tahay 7500 sano jir ah. Markaasaa abuuray of muraayadaha isticmaali dhagaxyada iyo macdanaha: dahab, iyo waxa daasadda, lacag, rhinestone iyo copper. Laakiin oo dhan muraayadaha qaraami ah mid khasaare - in laga fekerayo ma kala duwan yihiin oo midabo kala midabka.
Currently, muraayad la abuuray Franciscan John Peckham ee 1279, uu ku tilmaamay hab ka mid ah galaas dahaarka leh kula lakabka khafiif ah oo hogaanka. In Venice, halkaas oo muraayad ka abuurtay codsatay in technology adag waqtiga - warqada on lakabka khafiifka ah ee-bireed iyo qasacad ahaa codsatay, ka dibna waxaa la dahaarka leh kula lakabka ah ee mercury, mar warqad, ka dibna galaaska. Markaas warqada ay ka soo baxdo.
Dabcan, muraayadaha kuwanu waxay ahaayeen carceero leh. Production of muraayadaha in Venice socday muddo saddex qarniyo. Laga bilaabo 1773, wax soo saarka ee warshadaha muraayadaha noqdo arrin muhiim ah in Europe. Venice ahaa dalkii ugu horeeyay oo uu xaq u leeyahay in la siiyo shatiyada for soo saaridda ee muraayadaha. In France, halkaas oo muraayad la Been abuurtay inta lagu guda jiro boqortooyada Louis XIV, iyo saanacyadii shirkadda "San-Gobain" fagi qarsoodiga ah uguurtay muraayad-saarka. Oo by dhammaadkii qarnigii XVIII ka leeyihiin ku dhowaad dhammaan guryaha Paris yihiin muraayadaha. A Mudanayaal PSG ahaayeen in kiishad ama suunka ku lifaaqan muraayadaha yar. Tan waxaa jiray muraayad marka hore, waqti badan ayaa ka gudbay. Haddaba si sax ah sheeg meesha abuurtay muraayad adag. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxay ka ciyaaraan door muhiim ah ka dhaqan dad iyo Sixir. Gabdhaha yar yar iyo haweenka ayaa weli murmin xaalkooda arooska, iyadoo la isticmaalayo muraayadaha. In Russia, halkaas oo muraayad la Been abuurtay bilowgii qarnigii XVIII ah, ayay waxay ku isticmaaleen lacag dhammaataan safeeyey, dahab, copper iyo rhinestone. The ugu caansan waa cajaladood oo bir in qaawi on gacanta ku hal ilaa dhamaad muraayad, iyo dhanka kale lagu qurxiyey. Si aad u taariikhda, muraayad - waa element a caadiga ah ee gudaha, ma raaxo ah.

muraayadaha derbiga

Wall waxay muraayad in baahida meel kasta. Ma jiro qurxinta dumarka, Olimpico, guriga iyo goobta kale, meel kasta ku qurxinay derbiga muraayad. Waxaa loo adeegsan karaa si loo ballaariyo aragga meel gudaha, ku dar mugga iyo Nuur.

muraayad Wall soo saaray dhowr embodiments. Waxay noqon karaan:

1. qaab oo kala duwan - wareega, qaab, square, gadood. Intaa waxaa dheer, waxaa laga yaabaa in sidoo kale noocyo aan caadi ahayn oo cusub, qaab xoolaha, shimbiraha, sinnayn oo aan joogto ahayn.
2. tirada kala duwan, ka yar in ay buugii derbigii oo dhan.
3. On cidhifyada, loola dhaqmo siyaabo kala duwan.
4. Iyadoo ansixin kala duwan: qurxiyey ama sharraxay codsiyada kala duwan.
5. baxsan in jir ah ama caadiga ah.

Noocyada kale ee muraayadaha

Weli waxaa jira noocyo kale oo muraayadaha: hal-jidka muraayad, muraayad badh, spyware, muraayad Gesell ... In movies badan Baare waxaa muraayadaha halka jid ah loo isticmaalo inta lagu jiro filim. Waxay sida caadiga ah laga helay
qolalka halkaas oo aad u arki weyday kuwa daawanaya, oo arka kaliya aad digtoonaan. muraayadaha semi-hufan noocan oo kale ah waxaa loo isticmaalaa la-socoshada qarsoon ee dadka indhaha prying rabin ka ilaaliyaan dhismaha.