Feofan Grek: icon ah "Our Lady of Don ah"

In 1370 wuxuu ka Byzantium yimid oo degay Novgorod soddon rinjiile icon magacaabay Theophane. Novgorod isaga siiyey naaneesta ah ee Giriigga - waana meesha uu ku dhashay waxay ahayd la mid ah, iyo sayidkii erayga Ruush si joogto ah khaldin Giriigga. Marka barakayn doonaa, wuxuuna bilaabay rinjiyaynta kaniisad isbeddelid taagnaa jidka Ilyina, muujisay amakaag indhaha u Novgorod sida images cajiib ah oo ka mid ah ciidamada primeval isaga xaqiijisatay ammaanta, ma pomerknuvshaya ilaa maantadan la joogo ka hor.

Iconographer s xeebaha Bosfora

On nolosha Feofana Greka hadhay macluumaad yar. Waxaa la og yahay in uu u baxay inuu Volkhov si Volga ee Nizhny Novgorod, ka dibna ku Serpukhov iyo Kolomna, ilaa ugu dambeyn uu deganaa ee Moscow. Laakiin meel walba, meel kasta oo uu ku amray cagta, ka tago ka danbeeya ah macbudyo si qurux badan rinji baaraan in buugaagta kaniisadda iyo astaamo u noqday model la haleeli waayo qarniyada badan ee fanaaniinta.

In kasta oo xaqiiqda ah in laga bilaabo wakhtiga marka uu ku noolaa iyo shaqeeyay Feofan Grek, wuxuu ahaa lix qarniyo, waxaannu ku badbaaday badan shuqulladiisa. rinjiyeynta Tani waxay hore u soo sheegnay Novgorod Church of isbeddelid sida ku jirta, iyo frescoes on darbiyada ku cathedrals Kremlin - Mikaa'iil iyo Annunciation iyo Church of Our Lady ayaa dhalatay. Laakiin kale oo aan ahayn in khasnadda tahay qaran ka mid ah qoraal uu burush icon, ugu caansan oo waa suuraddii Virgin Mary barakaysan, hoos ugu tegey, taariikhda sida "The Virgin ee Don ah."

Gift in Prince Dmitry Donskoy

On taariikhda this saaxir ugu caansan hadhin yar la og yahay in ka mid ah dadka dhaleeceeya ku taswiiran noocyo kala duwan oo fikradaha ku saabsan taariikhda iyo meesha ay qoraal ahaan. xitaa waxaa jira fallaagadii, isku dayaya in ay ka dooddo qoray ee Theophanes (in ay opinion, wejiga quduuska ah rinji by mid ka mid ah ardayda uu). Si kastaba ha ahaatee, muddo dheer waxaa jiray dhaqan ah in ay la siman oo ku salaysan waxyaabaha taariikhiga ah iyo in dhaqan afka ah, sida uu sheegay, kuwaas oo u Feofan Grek abuuray masterpiece this, iyo sidaas ku sameeyey ilaa iyo 1380.

Maxaad sidaa? Jawaabta waxaa laga heli karaa in ay "description taariikhiga ah ee Donskoy Moscow ee keniisad", ururiyey in 1865 by I. caanka ah taariikhyahan E. Zabelinym. Bogagga ay, qoraaga soo xigtay qoraal gacmeedyada hore, taas oo uu ka hadlayaa sida ka hor Battle of Kulikov Cossacks keenay Grand Duke Dmitriyu Donskomu image ee Virgin Mary barakaysan, kaas oo Queen aad u jannada siiyey Orthodox xoog ciidan iyo geesinimo at gudbo howlno.

About meesha Hooyo Don Ilaah ka dib guuldaradii of Mamaia on beerta Kulikovo ee 1380, waxaa jira dhowr mala. U badan tahay waxa loo arkaa in ay mid ka mid ah kaas oo image quduuska ah in ka badan laba boqol iyo toddobaatan sannadood, lagu hayay keniisad waseeqeeyay Cathedral Simonov ah oo uu sida la filayo la qoray. Waxaa soo beegay, tan iyo icon waa double-dhinac, oo ay dib ugu qoran tahay goobta of male ah oo ka mid ah Hooyo Ilaah in xalka caadiga ah farcan Church Orthodox.

Icon - gargaare of Russia

ifafaale Next dhalaalaya oo icon ah, kaas oo la helay by Dmitry Donskoi hor Battle of Kulikov, waxaa loola jeedaa 1552, markii tegaya uu olole guul ka dhanka ah Khanate Kazan ah, ku tukaday ka hor icon this Tsar Ivan Xun ee. Iyadoo la weydiiyay samaawi ah u doode Her bacdi, wuu u kaxeeyey iyo sanamkii la rinji by Theophanes Greek la, ayay dib u noqdeen oo wuxuu geliyey Mikaa'iil Cathedral ee Kremlin. Weheliyay icon boqorka, iyo in ololaha ka dhanka ah Polotsk ee 1563.

Sidaas waxa uu ahaa ka farxiyey boqoradda samada, in image mucjiso ah "Our Lady of Don ah" in Ruushku u muuqday in times of tijaabooyin military halis ah, raja in iyaga geesinimada iyo naxariisi korkiisa ha ciidanka Orthodox ah. Oo waxay noqotay in 1591, markii Carshiga koowaad ee soo dhawaaday guutooyinkaaga oo xad-dhaaf ah oo ka mid ah Tatar Khan Kazi Giray II. Horeba tan iyo height of Hills Vorobyovy ah, waxay eegi Laabeen ugaadhsiga ee caasimada Ruushka, laakiin Muscovites ayaa laga soo saaray cathedral Don icon ah oo ka mid ah Hooyo Ilaah, iyada israac socday darbiyada magaalada, oo waxay noqon karin in cadowgu ku.

Maalintii xigtay, August 19, ayaa lagu dilay qeybta ciidanka daran cross Tatar Khan, oo isna wuxuu la haraadiga u faaruqiyeen uu dirqi baxsaday iyo mucjisooyin ku soo laabtay Crimea ahaa. All this time Don icon ah Hooyo Ilaah jiray kiniisaddii regimental, oo ninna ma lahaa wax shaki ah in ay ahayd iyada shafeeco caawiyay eryi cadowga ka ciidda Ruush.

In xasuusta of guul weyn in meeshii uu ahaa inta lagu guda jiro Battle of kaniisadda regimental, aasaasay keniisad a kaas oo uu helay magaca Don ah. Waayo, kanu keniisad cusub waxaa laga dhigay liiska la icon ee mucjisada ah, kaas oo siiyey magaceeda, ka dibna waxaa ku rakiban maalinta ay dabaal vsetserkovnogo - 19 August (1 September). Tan iyo waqti in, Our Lady of Don waxaa qadarin wali oo jannada ka mid ah dalka Ruushka ka yimid iyada oo soo qaadatay seef oo dhan.

King, rabshado dhilif

Marka, ee 1589, dhimashada Tsar Fodora Ioannovicha ka dib - ina saddexaad Ivana Groznogo, gooyey guri ammaan Rurik ee Russia, oo carshiga madhan tegey Borisu Godunovu, ka Wadaad koowaad ee Moscow iyo Dhamaan Russia , Ayuub u duceeyey oo ahaa boqorkii dalka icon this gaar ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Boris sharci ma ku faraxsan yahay. Waxay ku soo beegantay waqti adag ee taariikhda Ruush, loogu magac daray Time ee rabshado.

Ka dib markii toddoba sannadood madaxa quruun bakhtiistay faragelinta shisheeye iyo khilaafyada gudaha bulshada labadaba, boqorkii u dhintay ee 1605, wax yar ka hor da'da saddex iyo konton sannadood. Meeshu nasasiiyay of Qaranimo dhintay wuxuu ahaa Kremlin ee Mikaa'iil Cathedral, halkaasoo uu Taalladaas nasiib u eegi ka derbiga ee icon Don oo ka mid ah Hooyo Ilaah, oo uu dhawaan kaliya, hoos isqabqabsi ka wacaya ee dawannadii waxay, dhaartay daacad dibadda ee uu Fatherland ah.

Bilowgii boqornimadii Peter aan

Waxaa la og yahay in bilowgii boqornimadii Peter waxaan Russia ahaa dagaal kula Turkey, kaas oo socday muddo afar iyo toban sano oo uu qayb ka mid ah Yurub Great Turkish War noqon. Waxay ku bilaabantay xilli ciidanka Ruushka ee Crimean ah. Wuxuu by ay Saaxiibkiis aamin ah Sovereign Prince Vasiliy Vasilevich Golitsyn madax.

Icon of "Our Lady of Don ah" isaga la socda inta lagu guda jiro xilli oo dhan, kaas oo noqday, waayo, Russia dhibtani waxaana uu ku kici dhibbanayaal badan iyada. Laakiin shafeeca ah ee hooyada u ah Ilaah, mariyo iyada oo image la kaydiyaa-sare teendhada, caawiyay Warriors ah, inkastoo khasaare culus, laakiin inay dib u laabtaan, dhamaystirka hawsha loo xilsaaray iyagii u soo waajibaadka huwanta. sano ee la soo dhaafay qarnigii XVII ee image mucjisada qabtay jooga qolladaha walaashiis of Peter waxaan Natalia Alekseevna Tsarina, halkaas oo walxood badan oo jirka ah, iyo halkaas oo uu markii danbe loo wareejiyay Annunciation Cathedral ee Kremlin ee la soo ururiyay.

Masiirka ee image ee qarniyadii XVIII iyo XIX.

In qarniyadii XVIII iyo XIX, icon loo isticmaalo xurmayn caanka ah. Waxay ku tukaday oo ku qoray erayadii ammaantaada. Waxaa intaa dheer, image caanka ah ee xarunta of tixaha badan iyo sheekooyin gaaban, qaar ka mid ah kuwaas oo ka tarjumaya dhacdooyinka dhabta ah, faahfaahinta oo la soo qaadey oo laga helay ilo documentary, oo qayb ka ah midhaha male dadka, kuwaas oo doonayay in ay muujiyaan jacaylka iyo mahad samaawi ah Mediatrix.

decoration ee icon ah uma u tudhin lacag. Waxaa la og yahay in ay u Napoleon duulaankii image qariyeen mushaar hodan dhagaxyo qaali ah. dhagaxyada ayaa la xaday by Faransiis ah, oo ka dib markii ay dhabtu tahay oo kaliya jir dahab icon ah in boobaya qaldo copper.

Art qoreysa walxood

Waxaa ku qoran on hadalno ah muuqaalada image iconographic sabuurada xajmi 86h68 cm., Waxaa la ogaadaa in icon ah "Don Virgin" waxa loola jeedaa nooc ka qaatay in farshaxanka Marian walxood "Nuglaan", taas oo ah feature a caan xarunta wajahaya Virgin iyo Her Child weligeed ah. Laakiin muhiimada fiqi soo jireenka ah ee astaanta noocan aado meel ka durugsan goobaha maalin kasta, iyagoo muujinayay in hooyo iyo kalgacal iyada ilmahaaga.

Xaaladdan oo soo bandhigaysaa hadal muuqaal ah uu aamino diimeed, kaas oo qeexaya xiriirka ah oo abuura in uu abuuray. Kitaabka hadla jacaylka u ballaadhan sida Ilaah dadka si ay iyaga ku badbaadin ka dhimashada weligeed ah, ayuu siiyey Wiilkiisa keliya oo dhashay.

tirooyinka iid ku lifaaqan Gaarka ah ee haatan laga badiyay asalka ah oo dahab ah oo ku saabsan, kuwaasi oo ay ka muujinayaa ee Virgin iyo Child. Waxa aan si fiican u sii raagayaan iyo gilding in daboolay Halos, laakiin nasiib wanaag, Wajiyada iyo dhar ayaa ka badbaaday xaalad wanaagsan.

Compositional iyo midabka astaanta

image darka of go'aan caddaalad ah caadiga ah ee calanka u recension this (noocyo qaadanin). Virgin Mary marxabeynaysa ina on iyada dhabta fadhiya oo u iishay iyada dhabanka. Child weligeed ah waxaa lagu sawiray vozdevshim gacanta midig ee barakada iyo gacantiisii bidix haysta duudduuban.

Icon Feofana Greka ka duwan sanamyada kale ee image recension lugaha Bogomladentsa qaawan oo jilib ku salaysan gacanta bidix Virgin. Xeryo daboolaya uu ocher qaawanaanta - dhar, hoosta ka xariiqay khadadka dahab network lagaga, aasaasay in lala midab dhar ah iyo dhawaaqa buluug iiddii iyo dabaaldeg eegno. Waxaa dhameystirta aragti guud ee shalash dahab, constricting duudduuban.

Sidoo kale xarrago leh iyo waqti isku mid ah ula xiriiri ah oo ku abtirsan wakiil u keen Virgin. Her go'iisii sare - mafory - sameeyey in midabada cherry madow iyo hagaajiyeen soohdinta dahab, qurxiyey maradiisa. Saddex xiddigood oo dahab ah, dhaqan ahaan u adeegaya Her decoration decoration, waa dareen Gaarna iwm. ka hor, inta lagu guda jiro iyo kadib dhalashada Ciise - Waxay astaan bikradnimadayda u daa'imiska ah ee hooyada u ah Ilaah.

Duwanaanta ka Buzadag Byzantine

Waa in la ogaadaa in, sida ay dhaleecayn ugu, rinjiile Feofan Grek (asal Byzantine) in uu shaqo u tegey oo ka baxsan dhaqanka aasaasay dugsiga of Constantinople, taas oo ah odayga ma naftooda u ogolaan in tijaabo hal abuur ku xad Buzadag ah. icon Don Our Lady waa tusaale Ra'iisul.

Si aad u samayso sifooyinka wajiga Virgin koboca weyn oo artist muujinta waxay u ogolaataa qaar ka kaqabto in meesha uu afka iyo indhaha. Iyagu ma siman, labada walxood oo ka mid ah Byzantine sayidyadiinna, oo waxay ku yaalaan on the faasas top-down. Intaa waxaa dheer, afka xoogaa mowjadda midig.

Kuwani faahfaahin darradaas aan qiimo lahayn, by qoraaga loo isticmaalo a ujeeddooyin farsamo ahaayeen, si kastaba ha ahaatee, xadgudub ku ah Buzadag dhisay by Church of Constantinople iyo Byzantium ayaa loo arkaa la aqbali karin. Iyo tusaalooyin badan oo caynkaas ah in calanka iyo frescoes, oo Feofan Grek qoray. "Our Lady of Don ah" - waa mid ka mid ah.

dhanka dambe ee icon

dan weyn sidoo kale waa waddada tooska ah ee guddiga, taas oo muujinaysa kuwo waseeqeeyay - icon, sida kor ku xusan, dabaq. Farshaxankiisa waa sii raagayaan badan ka wanaagsan yahay wajiga. Si cad u akhrin xataa qorniinkan khiyaano ku sameeyey mariya. Waxa laga yaabaa inuu door ku icon mar mushaar hore, afduubay by Faransiis ee 1812, taas oo u adeegta sida xusuusin ah ee jir kaliya extant dahab icon ah.

Marka eegaya image ee maqnaanshaha duwanyihiin xubno dhaqanka goobta. Master kuma jirto halabuurka ee caadiga ah ee kiisaska noocaas ah, images of malaa'igaha, kori rasuulladii, murugaysan haweenka iyo sifooyinka kale oo badan oo la mid ah. Central waa tiradaasi Ciise Masiix haysta tiradaasi zapelenovannuyu yar, naftaydu weligeed ah ee Virgin ka turjumaya.

Ka hor inta tirada Masiixa oo sariir ku nasan hadhaagii dhimanaya of Virgin ah, oo colal ku eg tan iyo tobankii rasuul iyo laba kiniisadda - joogay, sida Qorniinku leeyahay, at dhimashada Maryan oo bikrad ah. Lagu gartaa laba qaybood, kuwaas oo ra'yi ah ee heshiisyada la ansixiyay bishii iconography ah: dhismaha waxaa la dhigayaa on cidhifyada icon ah oo macnaheedu yahay in goobta ay tani ku dhacdo gudaha, iyo laambadda ka hor inta sariirta of Mary Virgin dhigay - calaamad nolosha engegay.

Dooda badan qoray ee icon

Waa dabeecad in goobta ka muujinayaa on dhinaca dambe ee icon ah, xanbaarsan weecasho cad ka dhaqanka farshaxanka Byzantine. Tani waxay marka hore muujiyaan Wajiyada rasuulladii, dabeecad u diiday caadooyinka Constantinople muuqaalada laandheere. Sida ku adkeeyay shuqulladiisa, culimada qaar badan oo Feofana Greka, waxay sii kordheysa lagu gartaa ah sifooyin Gaarna ridayeen dadka caadiga ah ka mid caadi ah.

Ma aha la yaab leh, kala duwan ee shuqullada by Feofana Greka Buzadag Byzantine iyo dhaqanka farshaxanka ku abuuray tiro ka mid ah dadka dhaleeceeya warsan qoray ee shuqullada aaneeyey isaga. Fekerkooda waa la fahmi karo, maxaa yeelay, on the bangiyada of artist Bosphoru ma aha oo kaliya dhashay, laakiin sidoo kale soo muuqday macallinka iconography - mid ka mid ah waa in aysan iloobin inuu Russia yimid sida ugu da'da soddon.

Uu brushwork waa dugsi Novgorod dhow yahay dalkiisa hooyo ee Byzantine. dood dilka ah ku saabsan mowduuca ma joojin ilaa maantadan la joogo, laakiin waxa ay heysatay aragtida ah in, in uu dalka ku cusub isaga iyo isagoo fursad ay ku arkaan astaanta badan oo jirka abuuray by sayid Ruush, artist lagu shuqulkiisa sifooyinka ay.

nuqul The ugu caansan ee icon

Waxaa la og yahay in inta lagu jiro taariikhda dheer ee icon ah iyada liiska dhowr ah ayaa la dhigay. Ugu horreeya ee taariikhdee ka dhammaadkii qarnigii XIV ah. Waxaa la soo saaray amarka of ina adeerkiis ah ee Dmitry Donskoy - Prince Vladimir Andreyevich, oo lagu qurxiyey mushaar gilt lacag hadiyaddiisa ugu Lavra Trinity-taliye Sergiyos Bawlos.

In wakhtiyada Ivana Groznogo inuu si la fuliyay laba liis, mid ka mid ah oo loo diray Kolomna, waxaa markii dambe laga badiyay, iyo kale, meeleeyay Cathedral male ah, sii raagayaan ilaa maantadan la joogo. Marka samaawi ah hodana ee 1591 ka caawiyay Muscovites fikiri duulaankii of Khan Giray, isla goobta halkaas taagnaa kaniisadda regimental waxaa la aasaasay Donskoy keniisad, ka dibna wuxuu isagii u dhigay liiska kale oo image mucjisada ah. Waxaa sidoo kale jira nuqulo dhowr ah oo muddo ka dib.

Donskoy cinwaanka keniisad iyo tikidhada gaadiidka degaanka

muddo Soviet noqday marxaladda cusub ee taariikhda Hooyo Don Ilaah. Tan iyo 1919, tirada this ku jira ururinta Tretyakov Gallery ah. Halkan waxaa ka mid ah qeybta soo bandhigaa ugu cajiibsan ee rinjiyeynta Ruush Old. Sanadkiiba hal mar, maalinta dabaal uu vsetserkovnogo, image ah u gudbiyey in keniisad ah Donskoy (cinwaanka :. Moscow, Don Square 1-3), halkaas oo ka hor inta ay qaadanayso meel diimed weyn, oo waxay isu keentaa kun oo qof. Qof kasta oo, isagoo waqtigan ee Moscow, ayaa doonaya in uu ka qayb qaadato waxaa ku jira, ka heli karaa convent ah, waxaa ka soo baxay tareenka dhulka hoostiisa ku Shabolovskaya.

Waxaa lagu soo beegay this waa suuraddii Virgin ee barakaysan jecel yahay jacaylka gaar ah ka soo Russia. Sida kor ku xusan, waa dhan ay taariikhda ayaa la xidhiidha guulahaas hubka ee daafacyada of Fatherland, oo waxay ku dhex sameeyaan boqoradda samada joogta ah waa Orthodox Ludu caawimo iyo shafeeco.