Dzhonson Semyuel: Biography A, qoreysa hal abuur leh, xaqiiqada oo xiiso leh

Semyuel Dzhonson - Ingiriisi naqdiya, biographer, essayist, Abwaan iyo lexicographer. Waxaa loo arkaa mid ka mid ah tirooyinka weyn oo ka mid ah nolosha iyo suugaanta ee qarnigii XVIII ah. Sabab kale oo loogu talagalay dadka ku, kuwaas oo maanta jecel yahay Semyuel Dzhonson, - xigtay qoraaga.

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Dzhonson Semyuel wuxuu ku dhashay magaalada gobolka Lichfield, in Staffordshire, in qoyska Michael Johnson ayaa waxaa ku hawlan buugaagta ganacsiga iyo xafiisyada, oo Saarah 18 September 1709. Aabbaha (iyo ka dib wiilkiisa) ahaa u nugul joog- Walbahaar, laakiin ixtiraam: by waqtiga dhalashada Samuel, uu noqday sheriff a. Dzhonson Semyuel ilmo Afguduud oo aan la moodayay si ay u noolaadaan. In 1711, at da'da laba sano, waa ku dhawaad indha la ', qayb ahaan kuwii dhegahala'aana wax, ka cabanaya scrofula iyo qaaxada, ayaa loo qaaday Anne Queen si ay mid ka mid ah by taabasjadiis bukay ayuu bogsiiyey. Laakiin bogsiinta mucjisada ah, si kastaba ha ahaatee, ma aysan dhicin.

In 1716-m Johnson, oo xasaasi ah, sirgaxan, iyo ma by da'dooda, dhigta dugsiga Lichfield. Waxaa madax u aqoon laakiin rabshad Dzhon Hanter, kuwaas oo ku garaacday ardayda, si ay u, si ay hadalkiisa ugu, si ay iyaga ku badbaadin ka deldelaadda. Later Samuel sheegay in haddii uusan la garaacay, isagu ma uu ku gaari lahaa wax. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, hoos imaanaya hoggaanka Hunter uu ka bartay Latin iyo Greek, oo waxay bilaabeen gabayada qorayey. In 1725, isagoo jira da'da 16 sano, lix bilood, Johnson gobolka booqday adeerkiis Korneeliyos Ford, casri ah iyo ku heyso inay macallinka hore ee Cambridge. Waxaa marka hore uu ogaaday jiritaanka dunida caqliga iyo suugaanta.

baxsado

In 1726 wuxuu ka qalin jabiyay dugsiga sare oo u tegey si ay uga shaqeeyaan dukaanka buugaagta aabbihiis. Taasi waxay ahayd qalad. Nolosha Samuel Johnson in labada sano ee soo socda ku faraxsanayn, laakiin waqti isku mid ah ayuu ku tegey hammuun oo katimid bartaan Ingiriisi iyo suugaanta classical.

In 1728, iyadoo dhaxalka yar oo afartan pounds ka tagay by hooyadiis dhimashada qof qaraabo ah ka dib, ayuu si lama filaan ah ku soo gashay garoonka Pembroke College, Oxford. Waxaa, si kastaba ha ahaatee, wuxuu awoodi waayey inuu isu siiyaan cunto ku filan, waayo, xaalkan in, iyo sannado badan oo soo. Waxa kale oo ay bilaabeen inay muujiyaan calaamadaha Walbahaar isaga noqnoqon doona inta ka dhiman ee uu noloshiisa. Sidaas darteed, waxaa bixisay dareenka yar si ay waxbarashadooda iyo in 1789, waa mid aad u niyad-jabsan iyo aad u saboolka ah inay sii wataan waxbarashadooda, ayuu ka tagay Oxford, oo aan helin wax shahaado ah.

Buuggu wuxuu ugu horeysay

ka Laatiin "Masiixa" Pope ee la turjumay, Johnson ayaa ah inta ay waxbarashadu uu, waxaa la daabacay 1731, laakiin by waqtiga masaakiinta, oo deyn, murugada, qayb ahaan Indho Beeleen oo Dhago, baqayo by scrofula iyo furuqa Samuu'eelna waa ka cabsaday oo uu saaxiga. Intaa waxaa dheer, in December ee isla sannadkaas aabbihiis dhintay, sidoo kale kacda.

In 1732, Johnson helay shaqo doorman Suuqa Bosworth dugsiga sare. Intii lagu guda jiray booqasho uu ku Birmingham, uu kula kulmay Genri Porterom iyo xaaskiisa, Elizabeth. sanadka soo socda, ku jiifa sariirta waqtiga booqasho dheer ku soo socda si ay saaxiibo cusub Samuel loo Yeedhiyaa version Ingiriisi Kooban ee tarjumaadda Faransiis ah buugga "Journey galay Abyssinia," qoran qarnigii XVII ah. Portuguese Jesuit. Waxay noqday buugga ugu horeysay la daabacay, oo Johnson helay shan guineas iyada.

guurka

In 1735, ee da'da shan iyo labaatan sannadood, Johnson guursaday a maqiyaasi karaan 46-sano jir ah Elizabeth Porter. yarad A oo uu naagtiisa, taasoo noqonaysa in 700 pounds, Samuel aasaasay academy gaarka loo leeyahay u dhow Lichfield. Ka mid ah ardayda ka ahaa David Garrick, oo noqday actor ugu caansan oo uu waqti iyo saaxiib dhow ee Johnson. By 1737 Academy kacday, iyo Samuu'eel ay go'aansatay inay maal ah oo duurka ku suugaanta, oo wuxuu aaday inuu London Ulasocto Garrick.

abuuridda

In 1738, halka ku nool London in faqri, Johnson wuxuu bilaabay inuu qoro ee "Journal of mudane," Edvarda Keyva. Waxaa uu daabacay "London" - dayashada korhin Juvenal ee decadence ee qadiimiga Rome, taas oo uu ku helay toban guineas. Intaa waxaa dheer, uu kula kulmay Richard Savage, gabayaa kale oo miskiin ah oo leh sumcad sugina.

Inta u dhaxaysa 1740 m iyo 1743 m, waxaa la saxar u leeyahay ka doodista "mudane Journal" Baarlamaanka. Years ka dib, oo uu ku amaanay muujinaya dhexdhexaadnimo.

In 1744, Richard Sevidzh ku dhintay xabsiga Bristol. Johnson ku qoray "Savage Life" waa mid cajiib ah ay asaanay daacad ah oo ka mid ah liito iyo dabeecadeed oo kale. wax soo saarka waxa uu ahaa qoraaga tiraab ugu horeysay, soo jiitay dareenka dadweynaha la akhriyey.

In 1745, uu daabacay "kala duwan oo ka mid ah indha-indhaynta ku saabsan masiibada" Macbeth. " sanadka soo socda, ayuu saxiixay qandaraas kula koox ka mid ah iyo daabacayaasha oo sameeyey shaqo badan oo ururinayaan dictionary ah luqadda Ingiriisiga, isku daabacay afartan xubnaha France ee Academy Faransiis ah. Waxa uu la uu "erayada Plan" jeestay in ay Tiri Chesterfield, laakiin waxa uu ahaa mid aad u kaydadka xumo. Natiijada waxa ay aheyd qeexitaanka ereyga Johnson soo socda "gargaare": "Tani waa mid ka mid ah kuwaas oo ka caawisaa, waxay ka caawisaa oo ka ilaaliya. Sida caadiga ah waa gool kulaad ah oo taageera is qaadqaad soo sasabasho ah. "

In 1748 iyadoo lix caawiyeyaasha Johnson dhaqaaqay guri weyn ee Fleet Street, oo ay shaqo ka bilowdey on duwidda ee qaamuuska. In 1749 waxaa u muuqday shuqulkiisa Walbahaar "wax aan waxba tarayn rabitaanadayda aadanaha," Garrick iyo Johnson saaray masiibada ka mid ah "Irene" at Drury Lane.

Inta u dhaxaysa 1750 iyo 1752 sano muddo laba toddobaad ah, wuxuu u abuuray in ka badan laba boqol oo maqaalo "Rembler". In 1752-m naagtiisa ku dhintay. Laba sano ka dib, Johnson in Oxford, halkaasoo uu kula kulmay Thomas Wharton, horumoodka ee Abwaan mustaqbalka ku soo laabtay. sanadka soo socda, iyadoo la kaashanayo Uortona Semyuel ugu danbeyn helay shahaadada Masterka ee Oxford. Isla sanadkaas uu English Dictionary weyn ayaa ugu dambeyntii dhameystirtay oo la daabacay, oo inkastoo uu weli ahaa mid aad u liita, markii uu sumcad suugaanta waadax ah loo adkeeyey. Muddadan uu noqday ogyahay dhallinyarada ahaa Yashuuca Reynolds, Bennet Langton iyo Tofamom Boklerkom.

In 1756, Dzhonson Semyuel qoray, "Soo jeedinta edition cusub ee Shakespeare", taas oo, si kastaba ha ahaatee, uma ay muuqan ilaa 1765. Waxa uu sidoo kale uu shaqada sii suxufi, editor iyo prefaces compiler. Marka la xiray uu deynta, rahaamaddii ka dhigay Semyuel Richardson. Inta u dhaxaysa 1758 iyo 1760 uu qoray taxane ah oo maqaalo "Bummer." In 1759, hooyadiis Saarah u dhintay, oo ku haray niyadda-xumida, ayuu qoray a sheeko "Rasselas" moral in ay bixiyaan, ayuu yiri, aaska.

fariistay

In 1762, ka dib markii uu goysiga carshiga reer binu King George III, Semyuel Dzhonson, kuwaas oo buugaag badan dakhli ma u soo shuqulkaba farxaddiisa si ay u helaan hawlgabka 300 pounds sano ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ballan guriga martida tareenka ka sii wareersan ahaa, maxaa yeelay, wuxuu ahaa taageere u ahaa xisbiga Tory ah, iyo, xusuusnaan xadgudubka ee Whigs ah, qeexaa erayga "hawlgabka" in uu qaamuuska sida "bixiyo shaqaalaha rayidka ah, waayo, gacan geliyey dalka." Waayo, markii ugu horeysay isagu kuma uu jirin oo uu ku qasbay in uu badbaadiyo on lagama maarmaan nolosha iyo inkastoo uu view ahaa la yaab leh, iyo ciday xunxunna-ka qodnayd, mid ka mid ah ugu caansan uu noqday bulshada sare oo libaaxyada suugaanta. Marka laba gabdhood oo yar yar la kulmay at suugaanta fiidkii ah, ayaa muujiyay qariibnimo lama filaan ah oo uu tiradaasi, sida haddii ay ahayd nooc ka mid ah yaxaas ka saxaraha Africa, Johnson wuxuu ku rabbeeyey arkay iyo in la stroked karo.

In 1763, wuxuu ugu horeysay la kulmay James riksdagen. In kasta oo asal ahaan ay Scottish (Johnson waaban Scotland - halkan uu qeexidda caan ah: "miro - waa hadhuudh, taas oo England waxay wax ku cunayeen faraska, iyo Scotland dadka"), waxay wada socdo si wanaagsan u leh kasta oo kale. In 1764 waxaa la aasaasay "Suugaanta Club" kuwaas oo xubno ka ahaayeen Reynolds, Edmund Burke, Garrick, riksdagen iyo Johnson.

Samuel ee 1765 under uu editorship daabacay Shakespeare la Hordhac weyn iyo xeeldheer oo helay Doctor sharaf of Sciences Law at Trinity College ee Dublin. Waxa uu sidoo kale la kulmay hodanka Henry iyo Esther Trail, taas oo inta badan waqtigiisa ku qaadan doonaan ka badan lix iyo toban sano ee soo socota (farabadan oo hadlaya, laakiin samaynaya yar hal-abuurka a). Johnson mar xusay: "Free qori chumps oo kaliya."

In 1769 riksdagen, inuu noqdo qareen ee Edinburgh, ayaa guursaday, oo ku sugnaa gudaha dalka Scotland ilaa 1772-kii. Inta u dhaxaysa 1770 iyo 1775 Johnson sii daayay taxane ah oo rabshado wata, laakiin dabeecad ahaan soodajiyo qoraalo siyaasadeed. Bishii Agoosto 1773, inkasta oo uu mar walba Scotland quudhsaday, Samuu'eel wuxuu qaaday safar xusuus in riksdagen on Hebrides ah. In July 1774 Johnson Trail u tageen inay Wales. Isla sanadkaas, Oliver Goldsmith, mid ka mid ah saffarro yar, kii uu si weyn u jeclaa, ayaa ku dhintay, iyo qoraaga dareemay khasaaro wayn.

Semyuel Dzhonson Patriot

Markaas ayuu qoray buug yar "Patriot", taas oo dhaleeceeyay waxa uu viewed wadaninimo sida beenta ah. Evening, April 7, 1775, famously uu sheegay in wadaninimada waa magangalkayga ee la soo dhaafay, Xoolocirdoonku ah. Ku lidi ah aaminaada, bayaankan ma waxaa loola jeedaa wadaninimo guud ahaan, laakiin adeegsiga qaldan ee muddada, John Stewart, Earl ah Bute iyo taageerayaashiisa oo cadaawayaashiinna, ciyaaro uu asal aan Ingiriiska. Johnson soo horjeeda ee waddaniyiin-goboleedka is magacaabay ee guud, laakiin mahad u wadaninimo "run".

madaxfurashada

In 1775 wuxuu daabacay uu "Journey in Islands Western ee Scotland." Isla sanadkaas, Johnson helay shahaado sharaf oo ka tirsan jaamacadda Oxford, iyo sidoo kale raad ah booqday France (taas oo laga helay Scotland xun). Samuel xoog ku jawaabay Kacaanka American ah, ku tilmaamay ka degay caasi ah sida "tartan ee dembiilayaasha." In 1776, uu u safray Oxford riksdagen, Ashbourne iyo Lichfield, halkaas oo roobka bareheaded in square suuqa hore ee dhismaha, taas oo ku yaaliin dukaan aabbihiis istaagay, faa'iidaysta ah "xad gudub ku ah dhawrsashada filial" go'an 50 sano ka hor. Maanta Waxaa ku yaala Museum ee Samuel Johnson.

sano ee la soo dhaafay ee uu noloshiisa

In 1778 oo uu kula kulmay Fanni ku Berni 24-sano jir ah, ugu dhakhsaha badan noqday author guul "Evelyn". sanadka soo socda, David Garrick, ardayga da 'ah Johnson oo uu saaxiib dhow, dhintay, oo Samuu'eelna mar gariirin. In 1781, ka dib markii la daabaco buugga "Joogo of Poets Ingiriisida ah ee", dhintay Genri Treyl. Samuel qalbi qabowjiiyey carmalka oo intuu tegayay inuu guursado. In 1783, si kastaba ha ahaatee, uu caafimaad bilaabay inay ka sii darto oo uu ka cabanayay Xanuuno ah. sannadka soo socda, wax yar ka soo kabsaday, ayuu kala jejebiyey la Mrs. Trail markii ay ku dhawaaqday iyada doonayo inuu guursado Gabriel Piotstsi.

Dr. Semyuel Dzhonson, kuwaas oo la ildaran turqo, neefta, barar iyo barar, ogaaday in cabsida dhimashada bilaabay inuu u bartaan, laakiin isaga si geesinimo la kulmay sida kulmay dhan iyaguba ee uu noloshiisa. December 13, uu ku dhintay da'da 75 sano. Oo waxaa lagu aasay Westminster Abbey on 20 December.