Cagaf Crawler USSR. History of cagaf in USSR

In cagaf USSR ka bixisay dareenka. Beeraha waa degdeg ugu baahan mechanization iyo dhirta gaar ah ma ahaa ee dalka. Ogyahay baahida loo qabo in la kordhiyo wax soo saarka baadiyaha, V. I. Lenin saxiixday amar ee 1920 "On cagaf ku beer kaliya." Horeba 1922, waxay bilaabeen wax soo saarka yar-yar ee lagu daydo gudaha "Kolomenets" iyo "Zaporozhets." The cagaf horeysay Soviet ahaa farsamo-yari hayso oo khafiif ah, laakiin ka dib markii laba horumar degdeg ah oo shan sanno ah ku yimid dhismaha shirkadaha gaarka ah.

curadka "Ruush"

Russia ayaa had iyo jeer ahaa caan ku tahay alifay ay, laakiin ma aha fikradaha oo dhan ay awoodaan in ay u fulin. In Fiisooyinka qarnigii XVIII I. ee M. Komov kiciyey arrinta mechanization beeraha. In dhexe ee qarnigii XIX V. P. Gurev, ka dibna DA Zagryazhsky horumariyo cagaf uumi for beer ku qodaya. In 1888 F. A. Blinov sameeyey iyo tijaabiyey crawler ugu horeysay cagaf uumi. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, qalab ka yimid aad eheeyn. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, si rasmi ah sanadka dhalashada waxaa loo arkaa inay cagaf Ruush 1896-th, marka uumi marka hore cagaf nooca-track dunida ayaa si cad u muujiyey at Nizhny Novgorod Fair ah.

On marinkii naqshadeeye qarnigii XX ku Ya. V. Mamin (ardayga Blinov) beskompressorny abuurtay engine-riixo sare in waddaa on shidaalka culus ka. Waxay u eg tahay oo kale ma ku haboon isticmaalka baabuurta taayir dabagal waa. Sannadkii 1911, waxaa uu sidoo kale soo ururay oo cagaf ugu horeysay gudaha la motor 18-kilowatt ah sari gudaha in uu helo magaca waddani "Ruush". Ka dib markii casriyeynta waxaa u muuqday engine awood dheeraad ah - 33 kw. Ay wax soo saarka yar-yar ayaa la aasaasay at dhirta Balakovo ah - ilaa 1914 soo saaray oo ku saabsan boqol unugyada.

ka Balakovo, cagaf caadadiisu-dhigay soo saaray Bryansk, Kolomna, Rostov, Kharkov, Barvinkove, Kichkasse iyo tiro ka mid ah degsiimooyinka kale reebo. Laakiin wax soo saarka guud ee dhan cagaf ee shirkadaha guryaha ahaa sidaas u yar in gebi ahaanba aan waxtar lahayn oo ku saabsan xaaladda beeraha. In 1913, wadarta guud ee farsamadaa waxa lagu qiyaasay inuu yahay 165 koobiyada. Laakiin si firfircoon iibsiga qalabka shisheeye, in 1917 in Empire Ruush ah ayaa la keeno 1,500 cagaf.

History of cagaf in USSR

At hindisaha horumarka Lenin iyo wax soo saarka ee beeruhu matoorada ayaa la siiyey fiiro gaar ah. Mabda'a ah hal beeraha cagaf ah oo muujinaysa ma aha oo kaliya in la sii daayo "fardo bir ah", sida ay u yeedheen cagaf ah, laakiin sidoo kale set oo ah tallaabooyin ururka xarumaha cilmi-baarista iyo tijaabada, abaabulka saadka ee dayactir iyo dayactirka, furitaanka ee sayid koorsooyinka, macallimiinta iyo cagaf.

cagaf kowaad ee USSR soo saaray warshad Kolomna ee 1922. agaasimaha mashruuca ahaa aasaasihii cagaf qaranka dugsiga E. D. Lvov. baabuurta taayir loo yaqaan "Kolomenets-1" iyo calaamad bilaw u yahay marxalad cusub oo baadiyaha. Lenin, in kasta oo ay jirro halis ah, si shakhsi ah ugu hambalyeeyay samaynta ay si guul leh.

In isla sannaddaas Kichkasse ganacsi "horumarka Red" sameeyey cagaf "Zaporozhets." model Wax La Isbamariyay. Lead ahaa wheel gadaal ka mid ah oo kaliya. The low-xoog laba-stroke engine by 8.8 kw in 3.4 km / h ayaa ku orday "faras bir ah". kala iibsiga waxa uu ahaa mid hore oo keliya. Power on jillaab - 4,4 kw. Laakiin gaari this waxa si wayn u fududeeyay shaqo ee tuulada.

Anigu ma fadhiisan agagaarka hindisa halyeeyga Mamin. Waxa uu la sugay oo uu qaab-dhismeedka pre-kacaan. In 1924, Midowga Soofiyeeti kaabaya daydo cagaf ah qoyska "cilin":

• Bishkleetiga "cilin-1" la isugu gudbiyo iyo xawaaraha ah 3-4 km / h.
• Afar-wheel "Little 2" la dambe.

Qabatinka aragnimo shisheeye

Iyadoo USSR ah cagaf "dhisi muruqa", iyo samaynta Soviet addoonsada dhaqankan cusub, in dawladdu goaansatay in la dhiso wax soo saarka ee liisanka technology shisheeye. In 1923 at dhirta Kharkov kor u bilaabay in taxane ah oo track "Kommunar", waa bedelka ee model ah Jarmal "Z-50 Ganomag". Waxaa inta badan loo isticmaalaa in ciidanka oo gaadiidka xabbadood madaafiic ilaa 1945 (iyo ka dib).

In 1924, dhirta Leningrad ee "Red Putilovets" (oo goor danbe Kirov) ayaa isaga addoonsada soo saarka ee raqiis ah iyo qaab fudud "American" shirkad "Fordson". cagaf Old Soviet ee sumadda this cadeeyay inuu yahay arrin wanaagsan. Waxay u jiheysan sifooyinka ka xoogbadan, iyo "Zaporozhets", iyo "Kolomenets". carburetor la shito engine (14.7 kw) horumariyo xawaaraha ah 10.8 km / h, xoogga on jillaab - 6,6 kw. gear - saddex-xawaaraha. Waxaa soo saaray model ilaa 1932. Dhab ahaantii, waxay ahayd wax soo saarka oo baaxad weyn oo ugu horreeya ee qalabka.

dhirta cagaf Construction

Waxaa caddaatay in beeraha wadareed cagaf wax soo saar u baahan tahay in la dhiso warshadaha gaar ah, isku daraa sayniska, xafiisyada injineernimada iyo goobaha warshadaha. bilaabaha ee mashruuca ahaa F. E. Dzerzhinsky. Sida laga soo xigtay fikradda, ee shirkadaha cusub ee la qorsheeyey in ay qalabeeyaan leh qalab casri ah oo lagu daydo in ay soo saaraan ballaaran u raqiis ah oo lagu kalsoonaan karo oo jar taayir leh iyo dabagal.

wax soo saarka The baaxad weyn oo ugu horreeya ee cagaf in USSR waxay ku sii dhisnaatay Stalingrad. In mustaqbalka, xoogga dhirta Kharkov iyo Leningrad ayaa si weyn u balaariyay. shirkadaha waaweyn ayaa u muuqday in Chabrovsk, Minsk, Barnaul iyo magaalooyinka kale ee USSR.

Stalingrad warshad cagaf

Stalingrad noqday magaalada halkaas oo ka xoq dhisay warshad cagaf weyn ugu horeysay. Sababtoo ah halka ay meel istiraatiiji ah (isgoyska of sahayda saliidda Baku, biraha Ural iyo dhuxusha Donbass) iyo joogitaanka ciidanka reer shaqaale xirfad leh, uu tartanka in Kharkov, Rostov, Zaporozhye, Voronezh, Taganrog guuleystay. In 1925 waxaa la ansixiyay qaraar ku saabsan dhismaha ganacsi oo casri ah, iyo in 1930 line kiniisadda hoos ugu tegey, cagaf wheel brand Soviet halyeeyga STZ-1. In mustaqbalka, halkan waxa ay soo saartaa tiro balaadhan oo ah moodooyinka taayir leh iyo dabagal.

By muddada Soviet ka mid ah:

• STZ-1 (wheel, 1930).
• SKHTZ 15/30 (Rim, 1930).
• STZ-3 (diir, 1937).
• SKHTZ nagga (Track, 1937).
• DT-54 (diir, 1949).
• DT-75 (diir, 1963).
• DT-175 (Track, 1986).

In 2005, cagaf Volgograd ee (hore FCZ) ku dhawaaqay kacda. Its bedelka noqday VgTZ.

DT-54

cagaf Crawler USSR qarnigii XX bartamihii, wuxuu noqday mid baahsan, tirada lagu daydo, waxay ahaayeen kuwo ka xoogbadan si wheel. Tusaale A heer sare ah mashiinada beeraha , ujeeddada guud ee ay tahay in aynu ka soo sannadaha 1949-1979 cagaf DT-54. Waxaan u soo saaraan Stalingrad, Kharkov iyo Altay warshadaha guud ee 957.900 unugyada. Waxa uu "xiddig" filimada badan ( "Ivan Brovkin dhulka bikrad," "Waxa dhacay in Penkovo", "Kalina Krasnaya" iyo kuwa kale), aasaasay sida xusuus ah u noqdaan daraasiin degsiimooyinka.

fasalka Engine D-54 ee-line, afar-dhululubo, afar-stroke, dareere-qaboojiyey, dhab dhajinta on jir ah. Speed (awood) engine 1300 rev / min (54 l. C.). A shan xawaaraha saddex hab gudbinta la ugu weyn xajin xiran driveline. xawaaraha shaqeynta: 3,59-7,9 km / h, jar: kg 1000-2850.

Kharkov cagaf Plant

Dhismaha HTZ iyaga. Sergo Ordzhonikidze bilaabay in 1930, 15 kilomitir bari ee Kharkov. Total dhismaha Rafaa qaaday 15 bilood. cagaf ugu horeeyay ee tagay conveyor 1 October 1931 - waxaa laga soo amaahday geedka model SKHTZ Stalingrad 15/30 ahaa. Laakiin Ujeeddada ugu weyn waxay ahayd in la abuuro nooc ka mid ah qoyska cagaf "diir" 50 hooras. Waxaa kaloo jira koox ka mid ah naqshadeeye PI Andrusenko hormariyey engine naaftada rajo, taas oo la gelin kara oo dhan USSR cagaf crawler. In 1937 geedka bilaabay taxane ah model diir maaisaaniyadda ku salaysan SKHTZ nagga. abuurnimo ugu weyn ee ahaa ka dhaqaale badan iyo sidaas ku ool ah engine naaftada.

Tan iyo bilowgii dagaalka warshad la daad gureeyay in ay Barnaul, halkaas oo uu abuuray saleysan cagaf Altai ah Plant. Ka dib markii xoraynta Kharkov ee 1944, wax soo saarka ayaa waxaa dib u bilaabay on site ka mid ah - ee lagu daydo cagaf Soviet halyeeyga SKHTZ nagga haddana wuxuu galay taxanaha ah. daydo Basic HZT muddo Soviet:

• SKHTZ 15/30 (Rim, 1930).
• SKHZT nagga Ita (Track, 1937).
• HTZ-7 (wheel, 1949).
• HTZ-DT-54 (diir, 1949).
• DT-14 (diir, 1955).
• T-75 (diir, 1960).
• T-74 (diir, 1962).
• T-125 (diir, 1962).

Dibudhiska xagjirka ah waxaa fuliyey 70 sano oo HTZ ah, wax soo saarka ee aan la joojin. Xooga la saaray in la sii daayo "trehtonnikov" T-150K (wheel) iyo T-150 (diir). The-awood sare T-150K on maxkamad Mareykanka (1979) tusay waxqabadka ugu wanaagsan ka mid ah dadka dhiggooda caalamka, isagoo caddaynaya inuu cagaf tan iyo Midowga Soofiyeeti ma liidataan shisheeye. In dabayaaqadii '80s daydo lagu soosaaray HTZ-HTZ-180 iyo 200, waxay 20% ku ool ah ka badan 150 Taxanaha yihiin, iyo 50% wax soo saar badan.

T-150

Cagaf USSR ahaayeen caan ku tahay in ay isku halaynta. Taasi waa a-xawaaraha sare ee caalamiga ah cagaf T-150 (T-150K) kasbatay sumcad wanaagsan. Waxa uu leeyahay ballaaran codsiyada: gaadiidka, dhismaha wadooyinka, gudbikaraa beeraha. Waxaa weli loo isticmaalaa in lagu qaado xamuul in ay adag tahay off-road, ee beeraha (beer ku qodaya, hoolmay, beerashada, iyo D. sidaas on.), On kabxidda. Awood u qaado isjiidka waday awooda of 10-20 tons. T-150 (C) si gaar ah loogu talagalay turbonaduvnoy 6-dhululubo engine naaftada la qaabeynta V-qaabeeya la qaboojinta dareere ah.

Caddaymaha T-150K:

• Width / dhererka / height, m -. 2.4 / 5.6 / 3.2.
• Lagu qiyaaso, m -. 1.7 / 1.8.
• Mass, m -. 7.5 / 8.1.
• Power, hp - 150.
• xawaaraha ugu sareeya, km / h - 31.

Minsk cagaf Works

Iyada oo ku saleysan MTZ May 29, 1946, oo waxaa loo arkaa inay u Dhawdahay ugu guulaha badan markan hadda, ceshan awood tan iyo wakhtiyadii Soviet. Dhamaadkii 2013 waxaa jiray in ka badan 21,000 oo qof. Warshad xajisto 8-10% ka mid ah suuqa caalamka ee ay cagaf iyo waa muhiim oo istiraatiiji u ah Belarus. Waxay soo saartaa tiro balaadhan oo ah baabuurta ka hooseeya "Belarus" summad. By waqtiga burburkii Soviet waxaa soo saaray ku dhawaad 3 milyan oo unugyada tahay.

• KD-35 (diir, 1950).
• CT-12 (diir, 1951).
• MTZ-1 iyo MTZ-2 (wheel, 1954).
• TDT-40 (diir, 1956).
• MTZ-5 (wheel, 1956).
• MTZ-7 (wheel, 1957).

dib u dhiska oo baaxad weyn oo ah warshad Minsk ku bilaabay 1960. Mawqifkaa waxaa la rakibo ee samaynta qalabka cusub ee ka shaqeeya hordhaca ah ee lagu daydo sare ee cagaf MTZ-50 iyo awood badan MTZ-52 oo dhan-wheel drive. In taxanaha ah ee ay u tageen, siday u kala horreeyaan, 1961 iyo 1964. Tan iyo 1967, waxaa soo saaray dabagal-habeynta of the-T 54B in qoraalkii kala duwan. Haddii aan ka hadlo USSR ah cagaf oo aan caadi ahayn, ka dibna si la oran karo waa wax ka beddelid ka mid ah suuf MTZ-50X la giraangiraha dual hore iyo ansixin dhulka sare, kaas oo la soo saaray 1969, iyo sidoo kale uga yaacday ilaa MTZ-82K.

Tallaabada xigta ahaa taliyihii MTZ-80 (1974) - ugu weyn dunida oo dhan, iyo wax ka beddelid gaarka ah ee MTZ-82R, MTZ-82H. Tan iyo markii ay 80s bartamihii MTZ baasana farsamada ka badan boqol hooras: MTP-102 (100 hp), MTP-142 (150 hp.), Oo low-xoog mini-cagaf:. 5, 6, 8, 12, 22 l. a.

KD-35

Crawler cultivator cagaf dheggan, fududahay in la shaqeeyaan iyo dayactirka. Si ballaaran loo isticmaalo beeraha ee dalalka Midowga Soofiyeeti iyo Warsaw Heshiiska. Ujeeddo - la mixaraatka saara ah iyo qalab kale oo shaqo. Tan iyo 1950, warshadda soo saarta beddelid ah KDP 35, kuna waari dhexdeeda kabaha yar width, track ballaaran oo kor u ansixin dhulka.

Enough engine awood D-35, siday u kala horreeyaan, siiyey 37 litir. s., gear ku lahaa 5 marxaladaha (mid ka mid ah weeraryahanka dib shan). Engine waa dhaqaale: isticmaalka celceliska shidaalka naaftada halkii 1 ha ahayd 13 litir. taangiga shidaalka ku filan muddo 10 saacadood oo shaqo ah - waxay ahayd filan beerihiisay 6 hektar oo dhul ah. C qalabaysan 1959 model sano powertrain casriyeeyay D-40 (45 l. C.) Oo xawaaraha kor u kacay (1600 rev / min). Sidoo kale hagaajiyo isku halaynta of jiifku ka.

Chabrovsk cagaf Plant dagaalka ka hor

Ka hadalka ku saabsan cagaf ah USSR is illowsiin kartaa taariikhda dhirta Chabrovsk ah, ayaa gacan weyn ka arrinta tahay nabadda, iyo inta lagu jiro dagaalkii labaad ee adduunka noqday smithy ee taangiyada iyo "is-gano". Caan CTZ dhisay berrin bannaan ka jidadka waaweyn iska isticmaalaya xulatay, iyo majarafadihii iyo crowbars. Go'aanka ah in la dhiso lagu qabtay May 1929 at 14 Congress ee Soofiyeedku ee USSR. In June 1929 GIPROMEZ Leningrad bilaabay shaqo ku saabsan mashruuca warshadda. design CTZ waxaa fuliyey la account ee waayo-aragnimo ah ee gaari oo cagaf ah shirkadaha Maraykanka, inta badan diir.

Warshad soo bilaabo February in November 1930 oo la dhisay pilot lagu riday hawlgalka. Waxay ahayd November toddobaad 1930. taariikhda aasaasay CTZ waxaa loo arkaa inay August 10, 1930, marka waxaa jiray dul saarin ka mid ah aasaaska koowaad ee macdantu. June 1, 1933 cagaf ugu horeysay crawler shaqaalaha Chabrovsk u tageen inay line diyaar - ". Stalinets-60" in ka badan 61,000 cagaf ayaa la soo saaray 1936. Hadda waxa cagaf Retro USSR, iyo in model ah 30-C-60 ka xoogbadanyahay in sifooyinka analogues Stalingrad iyo dhirta Kharkov labanlaab.

In 1937, mar hanashada saarka ee matoorada naaftada C-60, dhirta pereshѐl in ay soo saaraan cagaf dheeraad ah shidaal ku habboon C-65. Sannad ka dib, cagaf this waxaa la guddoonsiiyey abaalmarinta ugu sareysa ee ah "Grand Prix" at saaxiibtinimo taasoo ka dhacday Paris, iyo waxa loo adeegsaday filim ee nidaam filimka Soviet "cagaf." In 1940, cagaf Chabrovsk ee Plant la amray in ay si wax soo saarka ee dagaal u bixi - taangiyada, unugyada is-baasuukayaal, matoorada, dayactir.

The taariikhda post-dagaal

In kasta oo dhibaato ah SOFHURA, cagaf ma iloobin oo ku saabsan ganacsiga aad ugu jeceshahay. Fikrad ah: sababta aan u isticmaali waayo aragnimada ee Maraykanka? Indeed, ee dalka Mareykanka inta lagu jiro dagaalkii labaad ee dunida ma aysan joogsan soo saarka ee cagaf. Falanqaynta ayaa muujisay, in sida ugu fiican ee ku dayashada cagaf American waa D-7. In 1944 wuxuu bilaabay horumarinta diiwaangelinta iyo design.

2 sano ka dib, oo ay la socdaan dib u dhiska ah ee geedka, January 5, 1946 cagaf ugu horeeyay ee S-80 ayaa la sii daayay. By 1948, shirkadda dhameystirtay Manhajkooda maalinta la sii daayay 20-25 cutub oo baabuurta wasakheeyey. In 1955 xafiisyada design ayaa bilaabay shaqo on a, cagaf cusub oo awood badan 100 oo ku sii socda in la kordhiyo socdeyba ee cagaf ah S-80.

daydo:

• C-60 (diir, 1933).
• C-65 (diir, 1937).
• C-80 (diir, 1946).
• C-100 (diir, 1956).
• DET-250 (diir, 1957).
• T-100M (diir, 1963).
• T-130 (diir, 1969).
• T-800 (diir, 1983).
• T-170 (diir, 1988).
• DET-250M2 (Track, 1989),.
• T-10 (diir, 1990).

DET-250

In 50s soo daahay waxaa loo xilsaaray si loo hindiso iyo soosaarka for awoodda shaybaarka baaritaan la kulmay cagaf 250 hooras. Laga soo bilaabo tallaabooyinka u horeeya oo ka mid ah qorayaasha of model cusub tagay jidadka dhaqanka iyo si fiican u yaqaan. Waayo, markii ugu horeysay ee dhaqanka cagaf Soviet waxay abuuray qol ah hermetic iyo raaxo leh qaboojiyaha. darawal mashiin culus oo la qalo karaa hal gacan. Natiijadu waxay tahay weyn cagaf DET-250. Golaha Guddiga Dhaqaalaha Qaranka USSR abaal warshadda for model this Bilad Gold iyo Diploma of heerka 1-dii.

saarayaasha kale

Dabcan, liiska kuma jiraan dhammaan dhirta cagaf. Cagaf ah USSR iyo Russia ayaa sidoo kale soo saaray iyo waxaa laga heli karaa Altai ah (Barnaul), Kirov (St. Petersburg), Onega (Petrozavodsk), Usbakis (xidshiidha) TK, Bryansk, Vladimir, Kolomna, Lipetsk, Moscow, Cheboksary, Dnipropetrovsk (Ukraine), Tokmak ( Ukraine), Pavlodar (Kazakhstan) iyo magaalooyin kale.