Caawintu toosinta - waa technology horumar leh kula taariikhda qadiimiga ah

guryaha waxtar leh oo saliid ah waxaa lagu yaqaan in Dadka ilaa iyo waqti. Waxa loo isticmaalaa shidaal iyo alaabta ceeriin ee wax soo saarka macdantaa dardaro iyo bacyaal. Isla mar ahaantaana Dadka ayaa had iyo jeer waxay dooneen si loo kordhiyo gargaarka ka processing ee shidaalka lafo helay. Mid ka mid ah habka noocaas ah wuxuu ahaa horseed u habaynta - habka ah in siiyey kor u qaada shidaalka oo tayo sare leh iyo Consort leedahay beduliyum. waxaa Qaabkan processing saliid dib u abuurtay in 1911, iyo tan iyo 1939, technology loo isticmaalo on scale warshadaha. Tan iyo shidaalka lafo hab muxaadaro waxaa si joogto ah hagaagtay. Maanta waa mid ka mid ah siyaabaha ugu casri ah iyo wax ku ool ah in ay soo saaraan shidaalka tirada falkaas.

muxaadaro shidaalka

Caawintu toosinta - waa habka of dehydrogenation (sidaynu hydrogen ka ah xeryahooda Britain organic) naphthenes lix membered in joogitaanka nickel iyo qaar ka mid ah oo kale biraha ee group platina ee heerkulka sare, taas oo horseedaysa formation of xeryahooda leedahay beduliyum. In si kale loo dhigo, nidaamka ah in ay soo saartaa wax soo saarka falkaas - reformate - ka alaabta ceeriin tayadiisu hoosayso - gaas si toos ah maamusho.

Sababta ugu weyn ee ay sabab u tahay taas oo si balaadhan looga faafin toosinta - walaac ah deegaanka. Ka hor inta in, si ay u helaan shidaal la sare tirada falkaas xun loo isticmaalo antiknock hogaanka ku salaysan. Markii toobad qiiqa waa shiidaa maqan.

The alaabta keentay

By codsanaya technology this waxaa suurto gal ah in ay soo saaraan feedstock kiimikada ka ugu qiimaha badan ee - benzene, toluene, hydrocarbon leedahay beduliyum. Maanta, horseed u habaynta - waa habka by kaas oo kor u hesho in ay 480 million tons oo ah waxyaabaha kiimikada sannadkii dunida oo dhan.

The dhammaadka-saarka ugu weyn ee wareegga-soo-saarka waa reformate - baatrool la rating falkaas of 93-102 ah. Isla, waxaa jira by-products - Consort paraffinic, iyo 90% gaaska hydrogen, taas oo ugu badan oo saafi ah laga heli by habab kale.

wax soo saarka kale oo la socda horseed u habaynta, waa coke. Waxaa lagu shubo on dusha sare ee Hannaan ah, si weyn u yareeyo ay waxqabad. Its isku dayaya in la yareeyo tirada.

Technology toobad caawintu

Sida feedstock ah horseed u habaynta falalka naphtha - shidaalka tirada falkaas hooseeyo. Geedi socodka oo dhan waa la fuliyay in 3-4 tigoodu kaas oo ay leeyihiin sariir go'an Hannaan. tigoodu waa tuubooyinka xiran nidaamka multi-qolkii adag iyo wax soo saarka kulul KMG ah.

Xoojiya horseed u habaynta tahay side - alumina (A1203) interspersed kiristaalo platina. In tigoodu heerkulka a of 480-520 ° C iyo cadaadis ah oo ka soo 1.2 ilaa 4 feedstock MPA waa beddelay xabakta falkaas iyo isoparaffin. Inta badan, si loo horumariyo xasiloonida of technology geedi socodka fulinta biraha qaali (rhenium, germanium, iridium), iyo halogens - chlorine iyo fluorine.

Noocyada horseed u habaynta

Maanta abuurtay habab badan oo soo saara shidaalka falkaas iyo xabakta by reactions toobad horseed. Shirkadda kasta oo shisheeye ku hayaa si qarsoodi ah ay hab wax soo saarka gaar ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxay ku salaysan yihiin saddex dariiqo oo waaweyn:

1. saliid Dib u qaabaynta qabtay isku mar gudaha saddex ama afar tigoodu joogto ah. Its nuxurka been in xaqiiqda ah in geeddi-socodka lagu Hannaan ugu horeeyay ee si buuxda uu yeesho ay ka iman karta, ka dib markii taas warshadan la joojiyey ilaa inta uu xawaaraha ma soo celin doonaa guryaha ay.
2. unugyada dareen-celin joogto ah 2-3 - reagent xilliyo soo celiyo nidaamka kasta sida ay wax soo saarka. Marka habkan aan la joojin, iyo nuclear-cusboonaysiinta waxaa la bedelay a "sabayn", optional.

waxqabadka ugu badan waxaa lagu gaari karaa in uu cadaanyo socodka joogto ah la isticmaalayo dhirta noolaynayo iyo tigoodu. Hannaan The, sida daraysa ee hantida, waxaa la dhigayaa in qolkii regenerative, iyo in ay meel waa "reactant dhowaan la xoreeyay" wareegga dhacdaa xeryahooda aljumoplatinovyh.

dhibaato oo muhiim ah

dhibaatada ugu weyn ee ah in uu weheliyo reformer ah - waa formation of xaddi weyn oo qalabka aljumoplatinovyh awoodda horseed coke-dhimista. Xalka dhibaatada this ka kooban yahay gubasho baxay coke ah oo korka ka mid ah xubno ka Waxyeelo by yahay walxo oxygen-inert ah heerkulka a of 300-500 degrees Celsius. Tani geeddi-socodka ee bulshada sayniska waxaa lagu magacaabaa cusboonaysiinta. Si buuxda u soo celin element ka horseed suurtogal ma aha. Sida howlgalka uu Isguursadaan sii weynaanayaa, ka dibna soo diray in warshad gaar ah, halka uu ku soo bixiyay platina iyo biraha kale oo qaali ah.

tigoodu toobad caawintu

Qaabkan processing shidaalka lafo waxaa la sameeyaa by noocyada kala duwan ee dhirta. La magacaabo wax yar oo ka mid ah:

• Selectoforming. Halkan, habka reformer isku daraa dehydrogenation horseed la hydrocracking la xushay.
• Platforming. Waxaa lagu daro nuclear-3, iyo waqtiga Xoojiya waa 6 ilaa 12 bilood.
• Ultraforming. Mid ka mid ah goobaha ugu horeysay oo leh "sabayn" nuclear in sameeyaa nidaamka dib u soo kabashada ee reagent ah.
• Isoplus. Waayo, wax soo saarka ayaa la isku daro habaynta geeddi socodka iyo arrinkaas kaamerada.

saliidda ugu ballaaran toobad helay in North America - sannad kasta waa maaraysa ilaa 180 million tons oo shidaal ah dabiiciga ah. In kaalinta labaad waa dal oo Yurub ah - waxay warsan oo ku saabsan 93 milyan oo tan. Russia oo xiray seddexda ugu sareysa la soo saarka sanadle ah oo ku saabsan 50 million tons oo saliid ah.