Booska juquraafi ahaaneed ee South America. Description of booska juquraafi ahaaneed ee South America

Waqtiyadii hore, South America ayaa qayb muhiim ah oo dadweynaha kale ee dalka. Ka dib markii ay kala, iyo fakadaan in dhulweynaha koonfur-galbeed muddo dheer jiraye ka go'doonsan dunida inteeda kale ka. Ilaa bilowgii qarnigii XX ah, laba qaaradood ee Hemisphere Western ku biiray halkay ku of Panama. Markaas, waxaa la dhigay iyada oo loo marayo channel navigable cinwaankeedu yahay. Inta badan eegno casriga ah ma aha oo kaliya ay go'aamiso booska juquraafi ahaaneed ee South America (Søes) iyo qaab-dhismeedka dhulka, laakiin sidoo kale hawlaha dadweynaha.

macluumaad guud oo ku saabsan qaaradda of South America. Qiimaha dhulka

territory ee qaaradda (oo ay ku jiraan jasiiradaha ku xiga) - waa 18 million km ² (aagga afaraad) .. Waqtiyadii hore gariir tectonic xoog gaysay dalka iyo taarikada South American iska galbeed fakadaan - jihada of saxan Nazca ah. Natiijadu waxay of this counter-dhaqaaqa waxa uu noqday awood lithosphere Arrays isku dhaceen, buuraha duubnaadaan (geedka kokaha) la xirrira. Cimilada noqday diiran, ayaa la bedelay ka badan Amazon ah, waxaa jiray eutrophication xoog iyo overgrowing kaymaha qoyan kaymo dooxada ay dhexe iyo hoose. Maaddaama ay meesha fog ee dunida organic of South America hadhay noocyada-gud iyo relict ee dhirta iyo xayawaanka. Description of booska juquraafi ahaaneed ee South America ka caawin doonaa in ay fahmaan kaas oo arrimo waa muhim, waayo, formation of cimilada casriga ah iyo meelaha dabiiciga ah, hawlaha dadweynaha.

booska juquraafi ahaaneed ee South America. qorshe

Qaabka uu leeyahay qaarada ay la mid tahay dhibic ah, caaradda oo wajahaya in Peninsula Antarctic iyo South reer Poland. saldhig Wide waxa uu ku yaalaa Waqooyiga Dhulbadhaha, iyo in subtropics - qaybta cidhiidhi ah. dabeecad dhulweynaha kala iibsiga SE ka mid ah waxyaalaha ugu muhiimsan ee ay meesha on dunida dacaladeeda iyo khariidada muuqaalada juquraafi ku xiga. Qabtaan tallaabooyinka soo socda:

1. Imtixaan xaaladda marka la eego dhulbaraha, ra'iisul suusho.
2. Go'aamiyaan wadataa oo ka mid ah dhibcood waqooyiga, koonfurta, galbeedka iyo bariga ugu xad-dhaaf ah.
3. Si kooban u sharax xeebta, maydhayeen badaha waynaha, ka cidhiidhi badda ugu weyn oo talgaley.

Description of booska juquraafi ahaaneed ee South America

bulk ee qaaradda ku yaalla koonfurta isbarbar 0 ° (dhulbaraha), iyo in latitudes waqooyiga - aag yar. Meridian 0 ° maraa qaaradda this.

booska juquraafi ahaaneed ee South America at loolka:

• 12 ° c. w. - Punta Gallinas m xagga woqooyi.
• 54 ° S. w. . - m Frouord qarkii koonfureed ee qaarada,
• 56 ° S. w. - dhibic jasiiradda - m Diego Ramirez oo ku yaalla koonfurta ..

booska juquraafi ahaaneed ee South America ee dhigaha - ka wadataa oo ka mid ah laba dhibcood xad-dhaaf ah on bari iyo galbeed,

• Of 35 °. d - m Cabo Branco,..
• Of 81 °. d -. m Punta Pariñas ..

10 ° fog midka ah ee dhulweynaha gaaro 4655 km iyo 5150 km - waa size ugu weyn latitudes qaarada of South America. Sida Wacan ee si ixtiraam leh in dhulbaraha ee dhulka - 5 ° S. w.

qof ee xeebta

margin galbeed ee qaaradda by Badweynta Pacific iyo qabow hadda Peru. Waxaa wax yar waa qayb ka mid diisnaan ee xeebta. Halkan waxa ku jira safafka buurta ugu sareeya iyo kuwa ugu ballaaran ee geedka kokaha. South America iyo saamiyada Jacaylku Strait, kaas oo la magacaabay ka dib markii burcad badeed ah Dr Makumbe Francis Drake. dusha Water kala for 460 kiiloomitir u jirta Atlantic si Pacific. width ee Strait yahay 818 si 1120 km, oo ay si qoto dheer -. From 276 si 5249 m meesha dhuleed ee qaaradda of South America dhow Jacaylku keentay in xaaladaha adag ee koonfurta qaarada, in ay Strait of Magellan iyo jasiiradaha Seychelles ee Tierra del Fuego. dabiiciga ah ee Falkland ee Islands (Malvinas) waxaa sidoo kale saamaysay gobollada koonfurta kala horjeeda. On xeebta bari la dhaqo by Atlantic ah, ee waqooyiga - Badda Caribbean.

safar Columbus ee

On maps Greek iyo sawiro Blotemigii qaaradood ee Hemisphere Western uusan ka codsatay. Waxaa jira tiro ka mid ah halyeeyada iyo fikradaha ku salaysan caddaymo ku saabsan safar si jasiiradaha iyo xeebaha of America, qadiimiga dadyowga of Eurasia (ku Phoenicians, Masriyiintii, Vikings), deggan Oceania. Qubarada iyo Socdaalba waqtiga soo jeediyay in uu jiro wadada galbeedka in dalalka hodanka ah ee East. booska dhuleed ee South America sababay go'doomin daba dheeraaday ee qaaradda ka World Hore, ay si liidata fahamsan yahay ilaa qarnigii XV ah. Muddadan, Yurub waxay bilaabeen inay degaan iyo sahamiyaan America. Explorer iyo ganacsade Hristofor Kolumb hoos calanka of the Spanish taaj afar jeer (1492-1504) ayaa booqday World Cusub. Waayo, markii ugu horeysay ee uu iska galbeed ku tegey madaxa raxan yar oo u dhoofaysa - raadiyo wadada ugu gaaban si Hindiya. Inta lagu guda jiro duulaan ku ah mid ka mid ah ruux.dalka la furay. Bishii August 1498 maraakiibta Columbus afka Orinoco galay, laga bilaabo qabsashadii qaarada Yurub by. Explorer, caga xeebta oo aan la garanayn, waxay ahayd in uu hubiyo in ay gaareen Hindiya. dadka Aborijiniska ah gacanta light of Columbus la noqday kuwa loo yaqaan Hindida ah.

Warbixin kooban oo ku saabsan gumaysigii ee qaarada Yurub by

Amerigo Vespucci sarcaadka waxa ugu horeeya in Columbus helay dalka oo aan la garaneyn. In sharaf of Navigator ku Waswaasiyo xariif ah koonfurta qaaradda bilaabay in loogu yeedho America (1507). Vespucci booqday America dhowr jeer in uu naftiisa. Oo wuxuu sameeyey khariidado iyo u tilmaamay. Waayo, laba qarniyo, Spain iyo Portugal ayaa isaga addoonsada bannaan ee ku sugan bartamaha iyo koonfurta. Waxaa loo beddelay arkaynin Guryohoodii mooyee magaalada Indian hore, ilbaxnimooyinka of Incas ah, Aztecs iyo Mayans dhisay. Waayo, gumaysigii oo baaxad weyn ee South America ka Peninsula guulo ka iman qarnigii XVI ayaa la soo biiray by, Faransiis ah Ingiriisi iyo Holland. Hagaha dulmaray qaaradda qoto dheer galay qayb hawdka dhexe ee ugaarsi khasnad Eldorado ah, iyo ilo biyo daruyuschego dhalinyarada weligeed ah. Duulaan fuusho geesaha geedka kokaha kor iyo hoos ku, Amazon, Parana webiyada kale tegey. guulayste Spanish Halyeeyga F. Orellana gudbeen qaaradda (1542), dabaalan hoos Amazon ka ilaha ay geedka kokaha ilaa Delta xeebta Atlantiga.

Studies ee South America (XVII-XX)

geographer Jarmal Alexander von Humboldt inta lagu guda jiro guutadii wax cilmi baaris lagu sameeyo map a faahfaahsan ee qaaradda, hadda badda ee xeebaha ay reer galbeedka. Waxa uu marka hore laga helay qiimaha socodka qabow si ay u sameeyaan cimilada geedka kokaha, sare tilmaamay Dhirta saarridda oo kulul (oo la France E. Bonplanom). Waxaan bartay dabiiciga ah ee South America ee qarnigii XIX ku naturalist British caanka Charles Darwin. Xoolaha waxaa lagu eegayaa oo aan caadi ahayn Galapagos jasiiradaha Kobenhagen ayaa horseeday cilmi fikradda ah ee horumar ah ee noolaha. saynisyahano Ruush G. Langsdorf iyo N. Rubtsov baaritaan qarnigii XIX ah, gudaha ee Highlands reer Brazil. Duulaan madax Voeikov A. iyo N. Vavilov bartay xarumaha ka soo jeedo iyo faafinta dalagyada beeraha ee muhiimka ah (1932-1933).

kala duwanaanta dabeecadda qaarada

qaarada South American gudahood, waxaa jira farqi weyn oo ka mid ah dabeecadda, ay sabab u tahay dhowr arrimood. iyaga ka mid ah ugu muhiimsan ee - xaddiga shucaaca qoraxda, taas oo ku xiran loolka ah. On waynaha dabiiciga ah ee saamaynta:

• meel juquraafi ee South America,
• size ee dhulka;
• wareegga of jawiga;
• badaha ku wareegsanaa;
• socodka kulul iyo kuwa qabow,
• dusha dahsoon (buuraha, bannaanka, iyo cidlada).

In South America ma aha cimilada si qalalan, sida in Africa. Waxaan ku qor zone ugu weyn (waqooyi ilaa koonfur): Equatorial, kulaylaha iyo qoraxda leh, meel gaarka ah - sub-Equatorial iyo dadka fareen.

gunaanad

Astaamaha u gaarka ah booska juquraafi ahaaneed ee South America - element muhiim ah in daraasad ah ee qaaradda. Waqtiyadii hore dhulweynaha ma ahaa in qayb ka mid ah dhulka, taas oo hadda degan. Wuxuu raacay jidkii dheer - ka qayb ka mid ah Pangea iyo Gondwana in Epoch la joogo dhulka.

Continent waxa uu ku yaalaa Hemisphere Galbeed, inta badan - xagga koonfureed oo dalka dhulbaraha. Si galbeed waa suunka buur - geedka kokaha. Near xeebaha u gudbinayaa leefay, taasoo keentay ka dhaceen laba blocks of lithosphere ah. In gobolka this, waxaa jira marno firfircoon, dhulgariir burbur dhacaan, complicating nolosha iyo hawlaha dadweynaha.

dadka degan dhulweynaha Modern - Wiilashii Hindida, guulaysannaa Spain iyo Portugal, addoommo keenay in ay ka shaqeeyaan beeraha. Tirada guud ee 12 dal ee qaaradda in ka badan 380 million. Man. qaarada waa hodan ku ah indhaha, iyaga ka mid ah - ugu sareeya ee buuraha, waterfalls, arkaynin Guryohoodii mooyee magaalo qadiimi ah, walxaha kale oo badan oo ka mid ah dalxiiska gudaha iyo kuwa caalamiga ah.