Alexander 2: baabiiyo of serfdom, dib u habaynta sababaha

Muxuu ahaa doorka of Alexander 2 in la baabiiyo of serfdom? Waa maxay sababta uu go'aansaday in uu ka dhigi qastaan ee bilaashka ah? On iyo su'aalo kale oo aan ka jawaabi doonaa in this article. dibuhabaynta soo ridayeen burin serfdom ee Russia bilaabay 1861. Waxay ahayd mid ka mid ah transformations ugu weyn gooyo.

Sababta asaasiga ah

The caanka Alexander 2? baabiiyo of serfdom - waa in uu credit. Maxay tahay sababta loo baahan yahay in dib u habaynta of this aan caadi ahayn? Shuruud ay soo bixitaanka la sameeyey qarnigii dabayaaqadii XVII. All lakab oo bulshada loo arkaa serfdom sida arrin qalaad, oo waa ku ceeb naag Russia. Qaar badan oo jeclaan lahaa inuu arko dalkooda waa on par a la leedahay dalalka Yurub taas oo ay jirto ahaa gurigii addoonsiga lahayn. Sidaa darteed, dawladda Ruush bilaabay inuu ka fikiro la baabiiyo of serfdom.

Sababaha aasaasiga ah ee dib u habaynta:

• Sababo la xiriira shaqada aan wax soo saar ee serfs (serfdom waxqabadka saboolka ah) dhaqaalaha mulkiilaha wuxuu galay hoos u dhac.
• Serfdom hor joogsaday horumarinta warshadaha iyo ganacsiga, kaas oo looga hortagi korodhka magaalada oo ay Russia ee category ah ee dalalka yaryar.
• guuldaradii in dagaalkii Crimean ah (1853-1856 GG.) Found backwardness ee taliskii siyaasadeed ee dalka.
• Kordhinta tirada beeralayda rabshado tilmaamay in serfdom waa "qoriga."

tallaabooyinka u horeeya ee

Sidaas daraaddeed, waxaan sii wadi si aad u ogaato wixii uu sameeyey oo Alexander 2. baabiiyo ee serfdom markii ugu horaysay bilaabay more Alexander 1, laakiin guddiga ma ay garan lahaa sida loo fulinayo dib u habaynta this. Markaas gooyo waxaa xadiday sharciga sanadkii 1803 on beeralayda free.

In 1842. Nicholas 1 Law la ansixiyay "On yaroow aan waxba galabsan", sida uu sheegay mulkiilaha lahaa xaq u leeyahay inuu sii daayo dadka tuuladu by wuxuuna iyaga siiyey meel dhul ah oo. Taa baddalkeeda, tuuladu for isticmaalka meelaha lahaa si ay u fuliyaan qasabka ah ay guushu ku sayidkiisa. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, sharcigan ayaa jiray muddo dheer, sababtoo ah milkiilayaasha ma doonayaan in ay ha serfs ay.

Great Emperor Alexander ahaa 2. baabiiyo ee serfdom - habaynta weyn. Her tababar rasmi ah bilaabay 1857. Markaasaa boqorkii wuxuu ku amray in ay sameeyaan guddi gobollada, oo waxay ahaayeen in la sameeyo mashaariic lagu horumarinayo nolosha maalin kasta ee tuulada. Iyada oo barnaamijyadan, guddiga tifaftirka qoray biilka, taas oo ahayd in la tixgeliyo oo la dhiso Guddiga Main ah.

In 1861, February 19, Tsar Alexander 2 shaabadeeyey by Maanafesto ee la baabiiyo of serfdom oo ansixiyay "Regulations on yaroow ka status addoon la xoreeyay." Tani boqor taariikhda ayaa loo magacaabay Liberator.

mudnaanta

Waa maxay wanaagsan sameeyey Alexander 2? baabiiyo of serfdom siiyey tuulada qaar ka mid ah xorriyadda madaniga ah iyo shakhsiga sida xaq u leedahay inaad tagto maxkamad, si aad u guursato, in ay galaan hawshii madani ah, galaan ganacsi, iyo wixii la mid ah. Nasiib darro, dadkan ayaa ku koobnayn xoriyadda dhaqdhaqaaqa. Intaa waxaa dheer, beeralayda ahaayeen guryaha gaarka ah oo la hoos laga yaabaa inay ciqaab jirka ah iyo qasabka qaadeen.

Land hadhay hantida ka mid ah dadka dhulka leh iyo tuulooyinka istaagay oo ku dhejiyey dhaqd- duurka ku degeen jidka nolosha, taas oo ay looga baahan yahay inay ugu adeegaan xilkooda (shaqada ama lacag). Xeerar cusub ka qalcadda shiidaa indistinguishable. Sharci ahaan, dadka tuuladu lahaa xaq u leeyahay inuu soo furto estate ama dhul yar. Sidaas darteed, waxay noqdeen madax banaan tuulooyinka leh. Ilaa iyo markaas, ayaa lagu magacaabay "ku meel gaar". Madaxfurashada ahayd quitrent siman, siiyey sanadka by 17 bateen!

awood Help

Maxaa horseeday dib u habaynta of Alexander 2? baabiiyo of serfdom uu ahaa hannaan caddaalad ah u adag. Dowladda si ay u caawiyaan joog isku duba riday gaarka ah "hawlgalka furashada." Ka dib markii lagu rakibay qaybtii, gobolka mulkiilaha bixisay 80% qiimihiisa. 20% ayaa loo aaneeyey inay u tuuladiisa ah in amaah khasnaddii, oo wuxuu qaaday in qaybood oo waa abaalmarin 49 sano gudahood.

Beeralaydu midoobeen in bulshooyinka reer miyiga ah, iyo kuwa, markeeda, waxaa lagu daray kaniisadda. dhulka Field riyaaqay bulshada. In si ay u hirgeliyaan "lacag madax furasho ah", qastaan bilaabay inuu midba midka kale caawiyo.

Yard dadka dalka aan la xaaqay, laakiin laba sano gudahood ay ku meel gaar ah waajib. Next, ay ogol yahay in ay loo saarin in tuulada ama bulshada reer magaalka. Inta u dhaxaysa yaroow iyo dadka dhulka leh inay galaan heshiisyo kuwaas oo ka soo baxay ee "axdiga." Waxaa la aasaasay boostada maslaxaya ah, kuwaas oo la fahmo khilaafaadka. dib u habaynta Business keentay "joogaan gobolka Arrimaha Miyiga."

saamaynta

Waa maxay shuruudaha ku abuuray by Alexander Reform 2? baabiiyo of serfdom bedelay shaqada galay badeecooyin, saamayn horumarinta xiriirka suuqa, in uu yahay, in dalalka raasammaaliyade. Sida natiijo ah oo Isbadal this aamusnaan bilaabay si ay u sameeyaan ceegaagta dabaqa cusub ee bulshada u - bourgeoisie iyo proletariat ah.

Sababta oo ah isbeddel ah ee nolosha siyaasadeed, bulsho iyo dhaqaale ee Empire Ruush ah ka dib markii la baabiiyo of serfdom, xukuumadda lahaa si ay u horumariyaan habaynta kale oo macno leh in saameyn isbeddel ah ee dalka soo galay Boqortooyada ah ganacsade.

On si kooban dib u habaynta

Yaa loo baahan yahay la baabiiyo of serfdom hoos Alexander 2? In Russia, in bartamihii qarnigii 19aad bilaabay dhibaatooyinka dhaqaale iyo bulsho ee ba'an, isha taas oo ah nidaam heer hoose dhulgoosadka-dhulgoosadka dhaqaale. midka Tani waxay caqabad ku ah horumarka shuuciyad iyo farqiga u aqoonsaday total u dhexeeya Russia iyo dalalka sare. Aad u badan oo dhibaatada u muuqataa in guuldaradii Ruush in dagaalkii Crimean ah.

Dhulgoosadka dhiig-miirashada ku adkaystay, keenaya qanacsanayn ka mid ah beeralayda, reyn. tuulooyinka badan ayaa ka hawl carareen. Qeybta abtirsan deeqsi ogaaday baahida loo qabo isbedelka.

In 1855-1857 GG. King 63 waraaqaha la soo jeedinta ku saabsan tirtiridda serfdom helay. Muddo ka dib, Alexander 2 ogaaday in waxa fiican in ay sii daayaan dadka tuuladu ay xal u gaar ah, si ay "top" halkii ay ka sugi kacdoonka "ka hoos".

Dhacdooyinkaasi waxay qaateen meel ka dhanka ah asalka ah oo ah xoojinta niyadda xagjirka dimuqraadi-kacaan bulshada. NA Dobrolyubov iyo N. G. Chernyshevsky caan fikradaha helay taageero wayn ka abtirsan.

opinion of abtirsan

Sidaas, aad hore u ogaato waxa go'aanka la qaatay by Alexander 2. Sababaha la baabiiyo of serfdom aannu kor lagu sharaxay. Waxaa la og yahay in waqtiga ahaa wargeys aad loo jecel yahay "Casriga", on go'yaal kaas oo qof ayaa la hadlayaan mustaqbalka ee Russia. In London, daabacay "Polar Star" iyo "Bell" - waxaa iyaga ka buuxsamay rajo hogaanka Boqortooyada in tirtiridda serfdom ee Russia ka.

Ka dib markii wadatashi badan, Alexander 2 bilaabay inuu diyaariyo qabyo ah dibuhabaynta soo ridayeen ah. In 1857-1858 GG. Guddiyada gobollada la sameeyey, kaas oo ka mid ahaa wakiilo ka aqoon iyo horumar ah ee ku abtirsan (NA Milyukov, Yi Rostovtsev, iyo kuwo kale). Si kastaba ha ahaatee, in badan oo ka mid ah aristocracy iyo Sidukiinta horjeeda tabo cusub oo wuxuu damcay inuu sii wado sida ugu badan ee ay maamuuska kaga. Sidaas darteed, waxaa saameeyey sharciyada qabyada ah ee ay Guddiga.

xaaladda

Sida xaqiiqada ah aad leedahay in la xasuusto in qastaan xoreeyey Alexander 2. baabiiyo ee serfdom si kooban u sharaxay treatises badan oo cilmi ah. Sidaas daraaddeed, in 1861, 19 ka mid ah February, ashtakooday in countersign Bayaanka ku saabsan Tirtiridda fikirka adag. State Maaliyadda bilaabaan bixinta guryaha, waayo, dalka gacanata ku haystaa ee tuulada. qaybtii Average beeralay size wuxuu u dhigmaa 3.3 acres. yaroow ma uusan ayaa loo qoondeeyey sirqoollada, sidaa darteed ayay u dhowaadeen inay dalka ka kireeya ay jeexjeexay, bixinta ay shaqada iyo lacag. midka Tani ayaa ku tiirsanaanta ridayeen on sayidkiisa oo sababay in ay style hore dhulgoosadka ah ee shaqada ku laabto.

Inkastoo horumarinta deg deg ah ee wax soo saarka iyo guulaha kale, booska uu ka soo ridayeen Ruush weli joogay xaalad aad u dulmi. canshuurta State, xiriirka dhulgoosadka haray, daymaha in dadka dhulka leh oo kharribma horumarinta beeraha.

bulshooyinka soo ridayeen ee xuquuqda ay u leeyihiin dalka u soo side of xiriirka midaysan in dambiilood oo jajab ka dhaqdhaqaaqa dhaqaale xubnaha ugu ganacsiga jeestay.

prehistory

Heshii, sababa la baabiiyo of serfdom hoos Alexander 2 waa soo jiidasho leh miisaan weyn. Tallaabooyinka koowaad ee ku wajahan xoraynta yaroow ka adag tiirsanaanta sameeyey Paul Alexander 1 iyo 1. waxay ka mid yihiin in 1797 iyo 1803 siday u kala horreeyaan saxiixay Maanafesto ee corvee saddex maalmood ah, kaas oo ku eg tahay hawl, iyo amarka on beeralaydu hadhuudh free, kuwaas oo ku tilmaamay xaaladda mid ah yaroow madax banaan.

Alexander 1 ogolaaday barnaamijka of A. A. Arakcheeva on burburinta tartiib ah serfdom by tuuladu ay dubaan, foreclosure ay u qoondeysnaa khasnadda. Laakiin barnaamijkan aan la fulin ficil ahaan. Kaliya ee 1816-1819 sannad xisaabeedka. Waxaa la siiyay xorriyadda shakhsi ahaaneed si yaroow Baltic, laakiin aan lahayn dalka.

Mabaadi'da beeralayda dhul on taas oo ay u dhisaan fikrado dibuhabaynta midaysan yihiin VA Kokoreva iyo K. D. Kavelina helay jawaab cajiib ah ee bulshada ee 1850naadkii. Waxaa la og yahay in Cavelin ee "Letter in la sii daayo dadka tuuladu" (1855) soo jeediyay in dadka tuuladu ay ku iibsadaan dalka iyadoo la kaashanayo amaah ah oo lacag khidmad ah 5% sanadkiiba muddo 37 sannadood ah iyada oo a Beeralayda Bank gaar ah.

Kokorev daabacaadan "Billion in Xagaa ah" (1859) la soo jeediyey si ay u iibsadaan beeraleyda hadhuudhka by yahay ee si ula kac ah ee ay bangi gaar loo leeyahay. Waxa uu talinayaa beeralayda in ay sii daayeen la Barriga iyo dadka dhulka leh in ay bixiso lacag la isticmaalayo credit bixisay tuulada muddo 37 sannadood ah.

Falanqaynta of dib u habaynta

khubaro badan ayaa waxbarasho waxa sameeyey Alexander 2. baabiiyo ee serfdom in Russia ayaa la bartay by taariikhyahan iyo dhakhtar Alexander Skrebitskim, kaas oo isku keenay dhamaan macluumaadka laga heli karaa horumarinta dibuhabaynta in uu buugga. Shaqadiisii waa la daabacay 60 ah. qarnigii XIX ee Bonn.

chroniclers Later wax ku bartay su'aasha ka mid ah tuulooyinka, ee comments on duwan qodobada aasaaska u ah sharciyadaan. Tusaale ahaan, Pokrovsky ayaa sheegay in dib u habaynta oo dhan in inta badan ee beeralayda ayaa waxaa hoos u dhigay xaqiiqda ah in ay si rasmi ah joojisay horyaalka "serfs." "Waajib" Hadda ayaa lagu magacaabay. Si rasmi ah, haddana waxaa lagu tiriyaa sida free, Laakiinse noloshoodii uusan waxba iska badalin, iyo xataa sii xumaatay. Tusaale ahaan, milkiilayaasha guryaha u noqday xitaa ka sii badan ku Gana yaroow.

taariikhyahan ayaa qoray in "waajib" yaroow adag u aaminsan yihiin in ay tani - abuur ah a. Waxa uu ku dooday in lagu dhawaaqi boqorka nin free by, iyo waqti isku mid ah sii wadaan in ay bixiyaan kirada oo taga si serfdom - this Meelaan arin argagax ah, soo jiidata dareenka. opinion la mid ahayd, tusaale ahaan, mid ka mid ah khubarada badankooda ixtiraamo on dhibaatada Itobiya jir ah taariikhyahan Ruush beeraha NA Rozhkov, iyo sidoo kale tiro ka mid ah qorayaasha kale oo qoray oo ku saabsan qastaan.

Qaar badan waxay aaminsan yihiin in sharciyada February 1861, sharci ahaan la baabiiyo serfdom, aan soo reebay sida hay'ad dhaqaalaha iyo arrimaha bulshada. Laakiin waxay jidka u bannaysay for this in ay ka dhacaan a sano ee yar.

dhaleeceyn

Maxaad sidan u badan ayaa ku dhalleeceeyay boqornimadii Alexander 2? baabiiyo of serfdom ma jeclaan ah saffarro xagjirka ah iyo taariikhyahanadu badan (gaar ahaan Soviet). Waxay tixgeliyo dibuhabaynta this badh oo sheegtay in aysan noqonin mid horseeda in la sii daayo tuulada, laakiin ku cad oo kaliya farsamo ee habkan, iyadoo aan caddaalad ahayn oo cilladaysan.

Taariikhyahanadu ku doodaya in habeynta this fududeeyey salka loogu yeero nidaam-field u furan - meelaynta aan caadi ahayn oo dalka ka mid ah milkiilaha, interspersed sirqoollada shisheeye. Dhab ahaantii, qaybinta this si tartiib tartiib ah waxaad fartaan Wannaagga qarniyo badan. Waxa ay aheyd natiijo ah oo qeybiyey joogtada ah ee dalalkan oo la wadaago, inta badan ee dadka waaweyn ee wiilashii waaxda qoysaska.

Dhab ahaantii, waxay Dhagri ridayeen ka dib habeynta ee 1861 ayaa lagu dhoco by mulkiilayaasha ee tiro ka mid ah gobollada oo in ka yeesheen dalka ka beeralayda, haddii dhigay per capita ahaa in ka badan qoray degmada. Dabcan, odaygii iyo meel dhul ah oo ku siin karaan, laakiin inta badan ma yeeleen. Waa in tuulada xaafadaha waaweyn by waxqabadka dib u habaynta iyo heshay qaybo siman heerka ugu hooseeya ee ay saameeyeen.