Abuur ah "xoreynta shaqada": taariikhda, qaababka iyo howlaha. group "madaxbannaanida oo Shaqada" Barnaamijkan

Ka dib dilkii Alexander II, oo aan keentay in burburinta boqortooyada, kacaan ay go'aansatay in ay dib u eegaan mabaadi'da ay halganka ka dhanka ah dowladda Saarka. "Madaxbannaanida oo Shaqada" - In 1883kii, ururka ugu horeysay Ruush Markis la aasaasay Switzerland. Kooxda ayaa ka mid ahaa xubno ka mid ah "Narodnaya Volya" iyo "qaybin".

hay'ad

Waxa xiiso leh, Abuuridda "xoreynta shaqada" ayaa lagu bilaabay kaliya shan qof, Georgiem Plehanovym, Vasiliem Ignatovym, Vera Zasulich, Lvom Deychem iyo Pavlom Akselrodom. Waxay ahaayeen xubnaha kaliya ee ururka, marka laga reebo oggaadaan ogolaanshaha ee 1888 Sergei Ingerman.

Sababo la failure ee kacaan populists bilaabay inuu raadiyo aragti cusub, taas oo u noqon karta aasaas u ah hawlaha ay. Plekhanov dhacday yiqiin la hantiwadaagga Western Yurub. Abuur ah "xoreynta shaqada" ayaa ka dhacay tan iyo markii la ansaxiyo hoggaamiyayaasha dhaqdhaqaaqa Ruush kacaan fikrado Markis ku jira shuqullada Karla Marksa iyo Fridriha Engelsa. Kooxda ayaa laftiisa dhigay hawsha muhiimka ah - oo loo turjumi Ruush kitaabkii aragtiyaha luqadda. Iyadoo loona isla ahaa.

barnaamijka

Fikradaha in dallacsiiyey group of Plekhanov, ma ahaayeen cusub. hantiwadaagnimadu Ruush iyaga oo laga helay ilo shisheeye bartay. Barnaamijka oo ka mid ah "madaxbannaanida oo Shaqada" Waa on this sal iyo la soo saaro. aasaas muhiim ah, waxaa ka adeegay sidii dhaleeceyn ah loona keenay. In ay publications, Plekhanov ku dooday in Russia ayaa galay ee Jidka of raasammaaliyade horumarinta. Taasi waxay keentay in ciidamada muhim mustaqbalka kacaanka ma aha isku duba riday, taas oo ku tiirsanayd populists, iyo proletariat ah.

The dalabaadka siyaasadeed ee xisbiga Sooshal dimuqraadiga ayaa hoos u habaynta guud dimuqraadi ah. Ka dib markii iyaga, ay xoog u lahaa in ay sameeyaan tanaasulaad si ay shaqaalaha. SDG Barnaamijka "madaxbannaanida oo Shaqada" yaqaanna Lenin in uu articles saxaafadda, iyo ka dib waxaa ka mid ahaa in ururinta shuqullada classic hogaamiyaha Bolshevik ah. Qiimaha uu qoraalkani u ahaa dalabaadka ma aha oo kaliya uu. Barnaamijka Plekhanov The iyo kuwa uu ahaa barnaamijkii ugu horreeyay ee Ruush Social Democrats-. Waxay ka hor dukumenti la mid ah RSDLP ah, qoraal ah by Lenin iyo "Iskra" Guddiga Editorial u muuqday.

dhaxla Chernishevsky

Plekhanov iyo xubnaha kale ee kooxda ahaayeen "reer Chernyshevsky." Fikradaha iyo shuqullada this qoraa Ruush gaar ah lahaa iyaga on saamaynta ugu weyn ee weli ka hor abuuray ee "xoreynta shaqada" noqday ogyahay Marxism. "Capital" qoraaga ku dhintay 1883kii-th - sannadda unko kooxda Plekhanov ee. hantiwadaagnimadu Ruush xitaa u suurtagashay in ay si kooban u la aasaasihii fikirka cusub hadasho.

Waxay lahaa chat dheer la Somalisch, kuwaas oo ku dhintay 1895. Waa muddo 1883-1895 GG ah. dhici Pub horeysay Markis Plehanova. On ku salaysan fikradaha cusub, ayuu reinterpreted dhaxalkooda "oo ka mid ah si demoqaraadiyad-populists".

The guulaha ugu horeysay ee Plekhanov

wadadii uu cilmi baaris ah dhaxalka cusub Chernyshevsky Plekhanov ahaa dhimashada qoraaga in Saratov 1889 iyo xasillooni la raadiyo ardayga in qabsadey magaalooyin badan oo waaweyn ee Russia. Against asalka this, aasaasihii oo ka mid ah "madaxbannaanida oo Shaqada" waxay bilaabeen inay ururiyaan waxyaabaha ay shuqulkiisa u sameeyaan cusub asaasiga u huray in nidaam dhaqdhaqaaqa hantiwadaagga qaranka shakhsiga.

Plekhanov suurtagashay in ay hesho qoraal gaar ah ee codsi ka mid ah qorka ah kacaan Peter Lavrov. The "madaxbannaanida oo Shaqada" daabacay afar articles on Chernyshevsky, taas oo loogu talagalay ugu horeysay ee taariikhda ee Ruush hantiwadaagga fikradaha iyo falsafada ah qoraa wada hadleen ka Markis eegaysana. muuqaalka kore ee qalabkan iyo faafinta balaadhan oo ka mid ah dadweynaha reading waa guul muhiim ah oo ku faafinta iyo horumarinta qoraaga "Capital" cilmiga.

hawlo dheeraad ah

In kastoo kooxda "madaxbannaanida oo Shaqada" - ugu horrayn waxa weeyi urur xogagga agagaarka Plekhanov, xubnaha oo dhammu ay qaab ama mid kale ka qeyb galay ku faafinta iyo popularization oo ka mid ah fikradaha Markis. In 1884, Axelrod qoray "dhaqdhaqaaqa shaqada iyo dimuqraadiyadda bulshada", iyo in 1888th dadaalka ururka oo dhan waxa uu ku dhashay duwidda "xisbiga Sooshal dimuqraadiga."

Intaa waxaa dheer, in 1890-1892 GG. Waxaa la daabacay dib u eegis suugaanta. In qaabka guud ee afarta buugaag ayaa la soo saaray. Review waxay u adeegtaa saddex ujeedo: In la dhiirigeliyo Marxism, loona dhaleeceeyay, loona faafiyo xogta ku saabsan hawlaha taageerayaasha dimuqraadiyadda bulshada ee dalalka shisheeye.

Dagaalka looga soo horjeedo economism

Time ayaa muujisay in Abuuridda of a Markis group "madaxbannaanida oo Shaqada" ayaa ma aha oo kaliya ayaa ka caawisay dacaayad ee Marxism ee Russia, laakiin sidoo kale wayn ee bilowga midoobidda ah Ruush Social Democrats-, kuwaas oo ku noolaa dibedda. taageerayaasha Rally ee garabka bidix ma ahaa si fudud. Si Sidan yeela, Plekhanov ee group nidaamsan dagaalami fikradaha of economism. Taageerayaasha dhaqdhaqaaqa this sarkhaansan Eduard Bernstein bilaabay inuu hadlo, kana soo horjeestay xaqiiqda ah in shaqaalaha la Yimaadeen dalabaadka siyaasadeed.

Sida laga soo xigtay dhaqaaleyahannada, proletariat ku lahaa si ay ula dagaalamaan oo keliya danahooda bulsho iyo dhaqaale. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waa ujeedooyin kale bilaabay Abuuridda "madaxbannaanida oo Shaqada". Taariikhda la aasaasay (1883kii) waa bar billow in mucaaradka proletarian dowladda Saarka sababta oo ah khilaaf siyaasadeed. Ka dib oo dhan, dhaqaaleyahannada looga adkaaday. Mid ka mid ah dhacdooyinka ugu weerarka ka qabashada iyaga la jiray daabacaadda ee "Vademecum" mudaaharaadaan xisbiga Sooshal dimuqraadiga, ka kooban by Lenin noqotay mid dibad joog.

Guuldaradan ayaa ah opportunists iyo revisionists

Marxism Ruush waxa uu ahaa dhaqdhaqaaq kale oo kacaan muran ku murmeen dhexdooda. block lagu turunturoodo ka ahaa fursad. Ka mid ah Maarkiistaha eraygii uu noqday hadal haynta badan, kuwaasi oo ay ku tilmaamay colka barnaamijka Social-Democratic. opportunists Xaqa dooday baxsi ah ee hababka kacaan halganka. Waxay rumaysan yahay in caddaaladda bulshada lagu gaari karaa iyada oo loo marayo iskaashi ee fasalada oo dhan, oo ay ku jiraan proletariat iyo bourgeoisie ah. Fursad ahaa oo ka tagay. Taageerayaasha of this aragtida ay aaminsan yihiin in ay lagama maarmaan tahay in la keeno kacaan rabshadaha u badnaan.

Labada midig iyo bidix garabka opportunists horeysay dhaleeceeyay Plekhanov in "madaxbannaanida oo Shaqada", markaas ayaa Bolsheviks, hogaaminayo Lenin. khilaafka dhinaca fikirka ah ee deegaanka bulshada dimuqraadiga ayaa keentay in revisionist ah. Waxay loolan gabagabeeyo Marx in dhibaatada of shuuciyad waa lama huraan ay sabab u tahay ujeedada iyo sababaha ka baxsan awoodiisa. Sidaa darteed, revisionists waxaa lagu casuumay in ay iskaashi la xisbiyada kale si ay u gaaraan hantiwadaagga. Inkastoo jiritaanka kooxo badan oo kala duwan in ay fikirka, waa taageerayaasha Plekhanov diiwaan taageerada iyo dareenka ka mid ah tirada ugu weyn ka mid ah bidixda. Guusha waxaa inta badan mahad gaaray in publicist iyo u doodidda kooxda firfircoon "madaxbannaanida oo Shaqada".

Taageerayaasha guriga

Inkastoo Plekhanovites soo maray dhibaatooyin badan oo urur iyo dhaqaale, ay awoodaan in ay si deg deg ah la dhiso xiriir la dhaqdhaqaaqa guud ahaan Empire Ruush ahaayeen. Hantiwadaagnimadu Moscow, St. Petersburg, Kharkov, Kiev, Vilnius, Riga, Odessa, Minsk, Nizhny Novgorod iyo magaalooyin kale oo waaweyn oo xiriir la leh urur si rasmi ah u jiray ee Switzerland. Waa sida jawaab ballaadhan sababay Abuuridda "madaxbannaanida oo Shaqada". Sannad ka sannad, saameynta ay Plekhanov iyo taageerayaashiisa oo kaliya kor u kacay.

In 1895, ee "Midowga Halganka waayo xoraynta ee fasalka shaqada" ayaa aasaasay koox ka mid ah xiriir aad u dhow. iskaashiga Arrintan ayaa saameyn xeel dheer. In 1896 ee London, Socialist International ee Congress. Lenin ee "Midowga" sameeyey Plekhanov ay ergay at dhacdo. Dhawr bilood ka dib, Vladimir Ulyanov la xiray iyo diray maxaabiis ahaan. Ka dib markii this "League ee Halganka ee madaxbannaanida oo ka mid ah Class Shaqeeya" noqday qalcad dhaqaaleyahannada ah, iyo xiriirka ka dhexeeya labada hay'adood ayaa laga badiyay.

In saaxadda caalamka

"Madaxbannaanida oo Shaqada" in ay iskaashi ma aha oo kaliya taageerayaasha Russian, laakiin hantiwadaagnimadu ee Europe. Kooxdu waxay la xidhiidhay ururada iyo xisbiyada ee France, Germany, Poland, England, Switzerland, Bulgaria iyo Austria-Hungary. Iyada oo Plekhanovites iska kaashaday madaxda dhalaalaya dhaqdhaqaaqa Yurub hantiwadaagga. Taxanaha magacyada laga yaabaa in loo tixgeliyo Eduarda Evelinga, Antonio Labriola, Avgusta Bebelya, Vilgelma Libknehta, Klaru Tsetkin, iyo wixii la mid ah. D.

Wakiillada oo ka mid ah "madaxbannaanida oo Shaqada" ka qaybgalay dhowr dhacdooyinka caalamiga ah ee Left Yurub. Waxay joogay Congress ee Paris, Zurich, London.

baabiiyo

In 1901, koox ka mid ah "madaxbannaanida oo Shaqada" ayaa Ciyaalle la tafatirayaasha "Iskra", madax Lenin istaagay. dhaqdhaqaaqa Ruush hantiwadaagga gudahood bilaabay muddo iskaashiga badan dhala. Tirokoobyada ugu weyn waxaa ku jira noqday Lenin iyo Plekhanov. In 1903, caqiideedka khilaafka u dhexeeya iyaga bilaabay. gooye The muhim in khilaafka, kanu wuxuu ahaa xisbiga Congress II. xisbiga cusub ee abuuray kala Bolsheviks iyo Mensheviks.

Plekhanov iyo qaar ka mid ah hantiwadaagnimadu kale, oo ay ku jiraan Chaposhinkov, rumeysan yahay in halganka ka dhanka ah taliska Saarka isku hallayn karo oo taageero ka bourgeoisie ah. Lenin ahayd ka badan ayaa xagjirka ah. Waxa uu tixgeliyaa bourgeoisie ah cadowga ugu weyn ee fasalka proletariat ah. Mensheviks sidoo kale ka soo horjeeda bixinta ee golaha dhexe ee xisbiga xoogga badan, waayo, waxa Bolsheviks ku dooday. Farqiga u caddaatay. Oo in kastoo ay hantiwadaagnimadu Ruush sii waday in ay ilaaliyaan xidhiidhka kasta oo kale, waxaa la dhigay ka dibna asalka ah ee soo gaartay iyo dhimasho of Mensheviks tan iyo 1917. The "madaxbannaanida oo Shaqada" oo ay taageerayaan Plekhanov oo u tegey Chaposhinkov, ka dibna iska daayeen inay ka jiraan.

qiimaha

Cawaaqib xumada taas oo keentay in Abuuridda "madaxbannaanida oo Shaqada" cad noqday wax badan ka dambayn joojinta hawlaha ururka this. Ka dib markii kacaanka, Lenin sheegay in Plekhanov aasaaskii hantiwadaagga Ruush dhigay oo marka hore u baxay inuu ka hor tago rabitaanka proletariat ah. Sidoo kale hogaamiyaha Bolshevik rumeysan nahay in uunka oo ka mid ah "xoreynta shaqada" ogol yahay in ay iska la Populists, xigano ah, revisionists iyo kale "qaldan" bidixda sameeyo.

Iyada oo ah urur, la aasaasay 1883kii, kacaan-Ruush ugu dambeyntii ay awoodaan in ay eegaan hantiwadaagga sida aragti cilmiyeed oo leh saldhig ay caddayn iyo macquulka qanci karo. Lenin rumeysan yahay in bilowga taariikhda Ruush Marxism si hufan ahaa abuurista koox Markis "madaxbannaanida oo Shaqada". 1883rd Year waxaan u qaadan karnaa this muhiim u ah taariikhda benchmark Ruush. In ka USSR, waxbarasho oo ka mid ah hawlaha "xoreynta shaqada" mushaarka weyn dareenka. taariikhyahanadu Soviet aqoonsadeen in waxa laga yaabaa gebi ahaanba kala duwan oo aan qaddar ee ururka 1917 kacaanka.