Xisbiga Hantiwadaagga Kacaanka-ee Russia. Foomka dowladda ee xisbiga SR ah

Qof walba waa ogyahay in ay sabab u tahay Revolution October iyo dagaalka sokeeye ee la raadiyo, xisbiga Bolshevik in ay awood u yimid in Russia, kuwaas oo, at vibrations kala duwan oo ay line guud, hogaanka ku dhawaad ilamaa uu xilligan bulshada ee burbur ee USSR ee (1991). sano taariikheeya Soviet rasmiga ah dadka u waxyoonay fikradda ah in ay tahay xoog this riyaaqay taageerada ugu weyn ee tacsida ah, halka dhammaan ururada kale ee siyaasadeed ee ka mid ah ama qaab kale oo damcay inuu soo nooleeyo shuuciyad. Tani ma aha arrin run ah. Tusaale ahaan, xisbiga SF-Kacaanka ahaa daarna on boosteejo ah, marka la barbardhigo kaas oo booska uu ka Bolsheviks ee jeer u muuqday nabad. Isla mar ahaantaana kacaan bulshada dhaleeceeyay "ciidamo dagaal ee proletariat ah", madax Lenin waayo-gudubyada ay awoodda iyo dulmiga ah ee dimuqraadiyadda. Sidaas nooca xisbiga ahaa this?

Mid ka mid ah oo dhan

Dabcan, ka dib markii images badan farshaxanka abuuray by sayid oo ka mid ah "tahay xaqiiqda og hantiwadaagga", eegno khiyaanadu indhaha oo ka mid ah dadka of Socialist Party Kacaanka Soviet in. SRS xusuustay marka sheekada ahaa oo ku saabsan isku day on Lenin ee 1918, dilka Uritsky, caasinimo Kronstadt ah (caasinimo) iyo xaqiiqooyinka kale ee xun Communists ah. Waxa ay u muuqatay in ay ahaayeen "shubay gacmaha galay" counter-kacaanka, isku dayeen in ay ku ceejiyo ka awood Soviet iyo in ay jir ahaan la baabi'iyo madaxda Bolshevik. Isla mar ahaantaana bartey iloobin in ururka hoggaamiyay halgankii awood dhulka hoostiisa la "amiirradii reer boqor", ayuu ku qaatay lacagta cajiib ah ee weerarrada argaggixisada ayaa labada Kacdoonkii Ruush, oo socday dagaalkii sokeeye ee uu keeno badan oo dhibaatooyin dhaqdhaqaaqa Cad. madmadowga noocan oo kale ah ayaa keentay in xaqiiqda ah in xisbiga SF-Kacaanka ahaa cadowga ku dhowaad dhammaan dhinacyada dagaalamaya, galaya iyaga la galay gaashaanbuur ku meel gaar ah iyo joojinta la mid ah u guto si loo gaaro gool ay madax banaan u gaar ah. Waa maxay waxa ay ahayd? Tani waa wax aan macquul aheyn in la fahmo oo aan reading barnaamijka xisbiga.

Asalka iyo Abuuridda

Waxaa la rumeysan yahay in abuurka ah ee xisbiga kacaanka Social ka dhacay 1902. Tani waxay ku dareen waa run, laakiin ma aha arrin. In 1894 Saratov Dadka Freedom Society (qarsoodi ah, dabcan) ayaa sameeyay barnaamijka u gaar ah, kaasoo xoogaa ka sii xag ka badan ka hor. lamaane da'da ah u tageen inay wax soo saarka ee barnaamijka, waxa ay soo diraan dibadda, daabacaadda, daabacaadda waraaqo, iyaga bixinta ee Russia iyo manipulations kale ee la xiriira soo bixitaanka meeshii bannaanayd siyaasadeed ee ciidanka cusub. Markaas marka hore goobo yar oo madax Argun ah, kuwaas oo u baxshay, loo yaqaan "Midowga of Socialist kacaan." cabbirkii hore lagu xisaabo wuxuu ahaa abuurka ah laamaha xisbiga cusub iyo dhisidda xidhiidh degan iyaga ka mid ah, waxa ay u muuqataa ilaa xad macquul ah. Xafiisyada waxaa la aasaasay in magaalooyinka waaweyn ee boqortooyada - Kharkiv, Odessa, Voronezh, Poltava, Penza iyo, dabcan, magaalada, St. Petersburg. Caleemo saaray habka dhismaha xisbiga muuqday xubnaha. Wargeyska The barnaamijka "Kacaanka Russia" waxaa la daabacay. Qoraalkan yari waxa uu ku dhawaaqay in abuurka ah ee xisbiga kacaanka Social ahaa dhammays ah sinnaba. Waxa ay ahayd in 1902.

gool

Qof kasta oo falal xoog siyaasadeed, hanuuniyey by barnaamijka. Dokumentigan, ansixiyay aqlabiyad ah shirweynaha aasaasay, sheegay in ujeedooyinka iyo hababka, sokeeye iyo soo horjeeda, ugu weyn ee ciidamada wadidda iyo caqabadaha in laga gudbo. Intaa waxaa dheer, tilmaamaha maamulka cayimay, ururrada maamulka iyo shuruudihii xubinnimada. hawlaha xisbiga SRS diyaariyey hab soo socda:

1. Samaynta in Russia ee gobolka xor iyo dimoqraadi ah oo leh nidaam federaal ah.

2. Siinta xilldhibaan oo loo siman yahay dhammaan muwaadiniinta.

3. Bayaanka oo xuquuqda iyo xorriyaadka lagu damiirka, saxaafadda, hadalka, ururka, ururada iyo wixii la mid ah.

4. Xaq u leeyahay inuu waxbarasho lacag la'aan ah.

5. baabiiyo ciidamada qalabka sida qaab-dhismeedka dawlad joogto ah.

6. maalinta sideed saac.

7. Kala of kaniisadda iyo dawladda.

Waxaa jiray dhawr qodob, laakiin guud ahaan waxay inta badan soo noqnoqda ee dhigyo ka mid ah Mensheviks, Bolsheviks iyo ururo kale oo sidoo kale doonayeen inay ku qabsadaan xoog sidii SRS. barnaamijka xisbiga ayaa ku dhawaaqay in uu qiimuhu isku mid ah iyo rabitaanka.

Guud ee qaab-dhismeedka muujiyey in charter madaxda tilmaamay. Form xisbiga dawladda Socialist Revolutionary ka koobnaa laba heer. Miyi iyo Golayaasha (muddo mezhsezdovsky) si ay u sameeyaan go'aamada istiraatiiji ah loo sameeyey Guddiga Dhexe, jidhka fulinta.

Kacaan iyo su'aasha beerolay

Dhammaadkii qarnigii XIX ah, Russia ahaa dal inta badan beeraha, halkaas oo beeralay ah ka koobnaan intooda badan ee dadka. Fasalka in Bolsheviks ah gaar ahaan, iyo guud ahaan xisbiga Sooshal dimuqraadiga tixgeliyo dareenkaaga gaarka loo leeyahay-lahaanshaha dib ugu siyaasad qaawan, iyo ka qayb ugu liitay oo keliya doorka xulufada ugu dhaw ee proletariat ah, tareenka ee kacaanka soo kabsaday. Dhowr view kala duwan oo ku saabsan arrintan SRS. barnaamijka xisbiga ayaa ka mid bulsheed ee dalka. Xaaladdan oo kale, ma ahayn oo ku saabsan qaramayn, sida guurka ah si ay u lahaanshaha guud, laakiin aan qaybinta shaqaalaha. Guud ahaan, sida uu sheegay ku-Socialist kacaan, dimuqraadiyadda dhabta ah weli uma uu iman tuulada, iyo qeybsanaan. Sidaa darteed, lahaanshaha gaarka ah ee khayraadka beeraha waa in ay baajiso iibinta iyo inay ka mamnuucaan ay kala iibsiga si ay dawladaha hoose, kaas oo la qaybiyo doonaa "wanaagsan" oo dhan oo waafaqsan shuruudaha macaamiisha. All wada, waxaa la magacaabaa "bulsheed" ee dalka.

beeralayda

Waxa xiiso leh in by odhanaya tuulada il hantiwadaagga, xisbiga iska kacaan bulshada by dadka deegaanka ay si taxadir leh oo ku filan. yaroow ayaa marna runtii kala duwanaayeen qorista siyaasadeed oo gaar ah. Maxaa la filayn, kuwaas oo madaxda iyo xubnaha darajo iyo file ah ee ururka, ma aan ogayn nolosha tuuladu ahaa shisheeye iyaga. Socialist-kacaan "Naf buka" oo ka mid ah dadka la dulmay, oo, sida la rumeysan yahay in inta badan og sida loo sameeyo faraxsan, ka kheyroon isaga. Iyaga oo ka qaybgalaya shirar in waajibo inta lagu jiro mudada of Ruush koowaad ee Kacaanka, xoogaystay saameynta ay labada yaroow iyo deegaanka shaqada. Sida proletariat ah, ka dibna si ay u ahayd aragti ah ee muhiim ah. Guud ahaan, tiro ka mid ah shaqaalaha loo arkaa in ay amorphous, waana in dadaal weyn si ay u midoobaan.

argagixiso

Xisbiga Hantiwadaagga Kacaanka-ee Russia ayaa helay taageero sannaddii ay aasaaska. Wasiirka arrimaha gudaha Sipiagin toogteen Stepan Balmashev iyo abaabulay dilka G. Girshuni, oo hogaaminayey garabkii Ciidamada ee ururka. Markaas waxaa jirey weeraro badan oo argagixiso (ugu caansan oo iyaga ka mid ah waxaa loo arkaa isku day udavshiesya on S. A. Romanova, kaasoo adeer u ahaa Nicholas II iyo Plehve wasaaraha). Ka dib markii kacaanka, Xisbiga SRS Bidixda sii liiska xagg-dhibanayaasha ay ahaayeen madaxda badan oo Bolsheviks ah, kuwaasoo la waxaa jiray farqi weyn. Awoodda in ay abaabulaan falalka shakhsi ahaaneed ee argagixisada iyo aargoosi oo koox gaar ah oo leh AKP ee la tartami kari kasta oo ka mid ah xisbiyada siyaasadeed. SRS runtii reebay madaxa Cheka Petrograd ku Uritsky. Iyadoo la tixgelinayo dilkii ay warshad Michelson ah, sheekada waa caddayn, laakiin gabi ahaanba meesha ka saaray in ay ku lug ma noqon karo. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, miisaanka of cabsi mass iyaga ka hor Bolsheviks waxay ahaayeen fog. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, laga yaabee, haddii ay si xoog yimid ...

Azef

shakhsiyadda A halyeeyga. Yevno Azef keentay ururka xagjirka ah ayaa guuleeysteen xaqiijiyay, gacan saar la leeyihiin waaxda Baare ee Empire Ruush ah. Iyo ugu muhiimsan - in labada ka mid ah, si ka duwan in hadafka iyo ujeedooyinka, dhismayaasha, waxay ahaayeen kuwo aad u faraxsan. Azef ayaa abaabulay taxane ah oo weeraro argagaxiso oo wakiillo ka socda maamulka boqortooyada, laakiin adeeg qarsoon wareejiyay tiro badan oo ka tirsan. Kaliya ee 1908 ayaa bandhigi SRS uu. Kaas oo xisbiga Saf ay oggolaan doono in kastoo Khayaamo noocan oo kale ah? Guddiga Dhexe samatabbixiyey go'aankiisii - geeri. Azef dhowaa gacmaha uu saaxiibo hore, laakiin waxa uu u awoodin inuu iyaga Doqon oo ay maamulaan. waxaa Sidee uu sameeyey ma aha oo gebi ahaanba cad, laakiin runtu waxay tegaysaa in ilaa 1918 oo uu ku noolaa iyo ma dhiman ka sun, jebiyo ama rasaas ah, iyo cudur kalyaha ah, taas oo "kasbadeen" oo xabsi Berlin a.

Savinkov

Xisbiga Hantiwadaagga Kacaanka Social soo jiitay adventurers badan ee ku jirta ruuxa, kuwaas oo doonay dhibic ka mid ah codsiga ee dambiyada Talanov asaaska ay. Mid iyaga ka mid ahaa Boris Savinkov, kuwaas oo uu mustaqbalkiisa siyaasadeed bilaabay sida deeqsi ah, ka dibna ku biiray argagixisada. Xisbiga kacaan Bulshada u yimid sanad ka dib markii ay abuurka, wuxuu ahaa ku-xigeenka ugu horeysay Azefs, ka qaybgalay diyaarinta weeraro badan oo argagixiso, oo ay ku jiraan ugu resonant, lagu xukumay dil, ka carareen. Ka dib markii October Revolution la diriray Bolshevism. Sheegtay inuu yahay awoodda ugu sarreysa ee Russia, waxaan la Denikin shaqeeyay, ahaa aqoon u leh Churchill iyo Pilsudski. Savinkov ka go'an ismiidaamin ah kadib markii lagu xiray by KGB ee 1924.

Gershuni

Grigoriy Andreevich Gershuni ahaa mid ka mid ah xubnaha ugu firfircoon ee garabkii Ciidamada ee Xisbiga Hantiwadaagga Kacaanka ah. Waxa uu si toos ah qaab falalka argagixisada ka dhanka ah Wasiirka Sipiagin, isku dayaan in ay dilka taliyaha Harkova Obolenskogo iyo falalka kale oo badan oo loogu talagalay in lagu gaaro barwaaqo qaranka. Meel walba ayuu soo shaqeeyay - ka Ufa iyo Samara in Geneva - shuqulka urur iyo isuduwidda oo ka mid ah wareegyada dhulka hoostiisa maxaliga ah. In 1900, uu la xiray, laakiin Gershuni u suurtagashay in ay ka fogaadaan rigoore ah, sida uu, u dhexaysay anshaxa xisbiga, aad bay beeniyey inay wax lug ah ku dhismeedka qarsoodi ah. Laakiinse halkaas waxaa joogay failure ah, wuuna raacay xukunka ee 1904 ee Kiev: link. Baxso keentay Gregory A. ku noolaa Paris, halkaas oo uu ugu dhakhsaha badan u dhintay. Waxay ahayd artist ah oo run ah argagixisada. niyad jab ugu muhiimsan ee uu noloshiisa ahaa khiyaanay Azefs ah.

Xisbiga ee Dagaalkii Sokeeye

Obolshevichivanie Soofiyeedku nimo, sida ay-Socialist kacaan, kiimikaysan, iyo hababka aan daacad ahayn tabinta ugu horseeday bixitaanka wakiilada xisbiga ay. hawlo dheeraad ah ahaayeen goosgoos ah. SRS The galay isbahaysi ku meel gaar ah la caddaan, casaan ah, iyo labada dhinac ay fahmaan in iskaashiga waxaa loo Yeedhiyaa by kaliya danaha siyaasadeed ee muddada gaaban. Markuu helay aqlabiyad ee Golaha Wakiillada, xisbiga ku guuldareystay inuu soo xerogeliyo guusha. In 1919, Bolsheviks ah, ka fiirsaneysa inay qiimaha-aragnimo ah ee urur argagixiso, ayaa go'aansaday in ay sharciyeeyaa howlaha ay ka dhulalka ay ka taliyaan, laakiin talaabadan ayaa saamayn lahayn on xoogga ka mid ah anti-Soviet. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, SRS jeer ku dhawaaqay darsigii a on waxqabadka, taageerada mid ka mid ah xisbiyada tartamaya. In 1922, xubno ka mid ah AKP gebi ahaanba "qaawan" sida colka kacaanka, oo waxay bilaabeen in ay dabargoynta dhamaystiran oo dhulka oo dhan Russia Soofiyeeti.

In la masaafuriyey

The AKP wafdiga ajnabiga dheer soo baxay ka hor guuldaradii dhabta ah ee xisbiga ee 1918. Qaab dhismeedka Tani ma ay ansixiyeen golaha dhexe, laakiin, si kastaba ha ahaatee, jiraye ee Stockholm. Ka dib markii ganaax Qolyihii Russia ee Hijrooday ee ku jiray ku dhowaad dhammaan oo ka mid ah dadka ka badbaaday iyo xubnaha haray ee xisbiga ee waaweyn. Waxay yihiin inta badan ee Prague, Berlin iyo Paris. Wuxuu madax shaqada unugyada shisheeye, Victor Chernov, kuwaas oo ka cararay dibadda ee 1920. Waxa intaa dheer in "Kacaanka Russia", oo lagu daabacay masaafuriyey iyo xilliyeedyada kale ( "Waayo, dadka!", "Notes Modern"), taas oo ka tarjumaysa fikradda ugu muhiimsan in qabsadey dhulka hoostiisa hore ee dhawaan la diriray exploiters ah. By dhamaadka 30-ka, ay xaqiiqsadeen in baahida loo qabo in dib u soo celinta shuuciyad.

End of xisbiga SF-Kacaanka

Dagaalka oo la KGB ee SRS badbaaday noqday mawduuca tixaha iyo filimaan badan oo farshaxanka. Guud ahaan, qaabka wax soo saarka, kuwaas oo u dhigma dhab, in kastoo quudin ku margado. Dhab ahaantii, dhaqdhaqaaqa SR by bartamihii 20-mada ahaa meyd siyaasadeed, gebi ahaanba aan dhib lahayn in ay Bolsheviks ah. Inside Soviet Russia SRS (hore) naxariis darro ah lagu qabto, iyo views mararka qaarkood bulshada-kacaan xitaa loo aaneeyey inay dadka, marna ha u wadaagaan. Hawlgalka ayaa guul xerogeliso ah xubnaha gaar Iyadaa Xisbiga ee Midowga Soofiyeeti ayaa loogu tala galay in ay wax ka barato aargoosi ka badan mustaqbalka gudbiyay weli gaadhista kale ururada anti-Soviet dhulka hoostiisa. In meel of dekedda SRS ee ugu dhakhsaha badan qaatay Trotskyites, Zinoviev, Bukharinites, Martovites iyo Bolsheviks kale hore, wuxuu noqday lama filaan ah disagreeable. Laakiin taasi waa sheeko kale ...