Waa maxay macnaha arrin ku shucaaca? Shucaaca: daahfurka Becquerel ee. Arrin ku shucaaca:-aragnimo ah ee Rutherford

Dhammaadkii 1895 ayaa markii ugu horeysay waxa uu u muuqday in saxaafadda macluumaadka buunbuuniyey oo ku saabsan furitaanka Conrad Roentgen ah nooca cusub ee shucaaca. alwaaxdii saqafka haysay kuwan cilmiga loo yaqaan X-rays si fudud u dhex maraan qalab kala duwan - qoryo, kartoonada, iyo waxyaabo kale in ay leeyihiin Doolaal for texture iftiinka qoraxda. helitaanka rays, kuwaas oo waa mid aad u faraxsan dunida sayniska. Iyo malaha waa sababtaa tan aan dunida waxaa isla markiiba ma dareentay kacaanka kale ee physics - in 1896 Anri Bekkerel helay arrin cusub, kuwaas oo shucaaca.

Shucaaca. Furitaanka of Becquerel

In mustaqbalka, si ay u soo saar ee Antoine Anri Bekkerel , wada jir ah ula haweenkooduba waxay Curie hesho Nobel Prize. Ka dib oo dhan, saynisyahano, kuwaas oo, sida laga soo xigtay Guddiga Nobel, furay shucaaca ee lama filaan ah. In uu dhalinyarada, Henry helay waxbarashada ugu wanaagsan ee ka shaqeeyeen sidii ku xigeen u Aleksandra Bekkerelya, aabbihiis. daabacaadan ugu horeeyay ee sayniska ee Anri Bekkerelya walaacsan baran heerkulka dusha dhulka ee. daahfurka ee shucaaca Antuanom Bekkerelem dhacay badan ka dib. Ka hor this, saynisyahan a ku hawlan cilmi ah arrin luminescence of kala fogaansho iftiin, nuugista ee kiristaalo nuurka. Last meelaha keenay doctorate Becquerel in physics. Later, Becquerel ogaaday in qayb ka mid ah shucaaca waa rays gaar ah, kaas oo ay dabeecadda waa mid aad la mid ah X-ray. Wuxuu ogaaday in haddii la isticmaalo ee tijaabo ah uranium, shucaaca waa awood badan.

Taariikhda helitaanka shucaaca: cilmi dheeraad ah

Mariya Kyuri sidoo kale ahaa arday ee Becquerel. Waxay ogaadeen in arrin ku shucaaca leedahay walax kale - thorium. Waagaas qofina ma ogayn, sida laga arday ifafaale ah ee shucaaca. Kulanka, xubno ka mid ah Academy Faransiis ee Sciences Becquerel sheegay inuu daahfurka la yaab leh.

Waxa uu u sheegay saynisyahano in kuwa rays in la furay iyaga, degna geli karin dusha kasta. In guryaha ay, waxay la mid ah X-ray yihiin. Degna, oo aan waxqabad kasta, shucaaca ka timaaddo walxaha qaar. Seynisyahanno ku helay in ay tahay caan ku walxaha kuwaas oo ka kooban waxaa ka mid uranium. Oo Becquerel yeedhay noocan ah ee shucaaca uranium.

Maxaa uu wali muujinayaa arrin ku shucaaca?

daahfurka ee shucaaca maray ku dhawaad hooska cilmi ah aqoonyahaniinta kale. Laakiin markaas rays waxaa loogu yeeraa shucaaca. Waxa la ogaaday in aan kaliya waa awood uranium shanqarta shucaaca ah ee noocan oo kale ah, guri la wadaago oo leh walxo kale. Dhab ahaantii, daahfurka oo intaasu waxay ahayd mid ka mid ah durkin in physics, maxaa yeelay, arrin ku shucaaca, helay by Becquerel, soo jeedisay in xuduntii eb uu leeyahay qaab-dhismeedka ah mid aad u adag.

Waxa xiiso leh in arrin ah in uu helay arrin shil, saynisyahan a waxaa la gudoonsiiyey Nobel Peace Prize ee la mid ah, kaas oo Curies helay shaqo dheer Titanic badan. Laakiin saynisyahano, kuwaas oo lagu abaalmariyey qiimaynta loo siman yahay. Nasiib darro oo dhan, shaqada noocan ah, waayo, saynisyahano aan jirin aan micne lahayn. In 1906, ku dhintay Per Kyuri, iyo Becquerel isaga ka badbaaday by laba sano oo kaliya, ka degay at da'da 57 sano.

Kacaanku sayniska ee physics

Arrinta, sida laga arday ifafaale ah ee shucaaca, furan muddo dheer. Daraasaddu waxay of this halxidhkii waxaa sii farmashiye dunida-caan laba guursaday - Mariey Sklodovskoy iyo Pierre Curie. Waxay si taxadir leh u bartay ifafaale cusub. Magaca "shucaaca" ayaa lagu casuumay in ay Mariey Kyuri-Sklodowska University.

Waayo, saynisyahano badan sabab u ah cilmi ahaa karin sawirka jir ah oo dunida. Ka dib waxaa la rumeysan yahay in la eb waa hal iyo qaybin karo qabka walxaha a. Waa maxay macnaha arrin ku shucaaca, dhab ahaantii? First of dhan, waxa uu muujinayaa reer xamarku ee aragtida ah ee atamka qaybin karo. view Tani jiray tan iyo wakhtigii culimada Giriigga ee hore. Indeed, magaca "atom" ee loo tarjumay ka Giriigga ah sida "qaybin karo". Sidaas shucaaca ay caddayn dhismeedka qaaradda adag oo xudunta u muujinaysaa in la eb uu leeyahay qaab-dhismeedka ah mid aad u adag. In suuska ee xubno cusub u qoondaysaa noocyo kala duwan oo shucaac: Alfa, beta iyo shucaaca gamma.

xiisaha Rutherford ee dhibaatada shucaaca

Mid ka mid ah tabaruca ugu weyn in aqoonta shucaaca la soo saarin by saynisyahano Ernest Rutherford. Wuxuu ku dhashay 1871 in qoyska beeraha New Zealand. In 1896, daahfurka Rutherford ayaa noqday kuwa loo yaqaan cilmiga Ingiriisi. "The ifafaale of shucaaca, helay by Becquerel, waxay muujinaysaa in la eb ee waxa loo qaybin karaa qaybaha," - postulate tani waa si xiiso Rutherford dhallinyarada, in mar hore in 1899 la daabacay shuqulkiisa first on uranium oo ay conductivity korontada. Daraasadani waxay ahayd bilowgii daraasadda of Rutherford transformations nuclear iyo helitaanka xuduntii qaaradda.

Daraasaddu waxay of gudaha eb ah

In 1911, Rutherford waa mid ka mid ah daahfurtay ugu fiican loo sameeyey in warkiisii dunida oo dhan uu. Seynisyahanno xuduntii qaaradda la helay. Rutherford sameeyey male ah in la eb ee ku jiri kara xuduntii wanaagsan eedeeyay, iyo waxa la hareereeyey by qayb ka mid ah lacag ka soo hor jeedda. Rutherford xisaabiyaa qayb iskuna qiyaasay oo u duulay eb ee la soo dhaafay. model cusub ee cilmiga la aqbalay by bulshada sayniska ka shakisan yihiin. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxay noqotay aasaas u ah aragtida casriga ah ee qaab-dhismeedka qaaradda.

ansixinta kama danbaysta ah ee la xiqiijiyay in Rutherford ee

saynisyahan The si fiican bartay shucaaca sida Ifafaale jirka ah. Sidaas darteed, ayuu sahamiyey oo sideeda oo adag iyo qaab-dhismeedka uranium ka helay aad si xoog leh u nuugo rays ah. Ay Rutherford yeedhay rays Alfa. Qubarada ayaa sidoo kale la furay wax ka yar barareyso kor rays, kuwaas oo uu ugu yeedhay beta-rays.

In wuxuu qoray, cilmi sii wadaan inay bartaan imtixaanka in shuqullada Curies ah arrin ku shucaaca ka hor. Experience Rutherford ayaa muujisay in shucaaca ee qaaradda waxaa la isku dayaa in la socoto hab doorinta kiimiko oo ah walaxda. In baadhitaan uu sameeyay iyadoo la kaashanaysa farmashiyaha a Soddy, in 1903, Rutherford ugu dambeyntii xaqiijiyay inuu fikrad. Wuxuu diyaariyey sharciga suuska shucaaca, iyo midabeeyo silsilad of falgalka kiimikada in walxaha sida uranium, radium iyo thorium.

Maxay ahayd waayo-aragnimo ah ee Rutherford?

Saynisyahanka gelin waayo-aragnimo ah ee kala firidhsan of Qurub Alfa. Ay ku jirase aad waa in iyada oo daaha khafiif ah oo dahab ah bireed noqotay. Rutherford doortay dahab sabab la'aan, waxaa si hufan wax this ahaa mid aad u dabacsan, iyo sababtoo ah waxaa suurto gal ahayd in la helo oo dhumucdiisuna waxay daaha of ool ah mid la eb ah. Inta lagu guda jiro tijaabo ah, Rutherford helay galku. Qaar ka mid ah qurubyada alfa ku dhex maray bireed, sameynta isku dari kara shaashadda.

Qaar kale waxaa lagu duubay oo kaliya on screens dhinaca. cilmi hore ayaa muujiyay, in ay amarka u wanaagsan gudahood la eb ee inta badan ku yaalaan ay asaasiga ah, ee waajibka ku ah ubucda iyo atamka kala duwan oo kala duwan ayaa dura weyn. arrin A taas oo walax kiimiko ah isagoo awood weyn degna shanqarta cabaar ah qayb ka ah waxaa loo bixiyey ifafaale of shucaaca dabiiciga ah. Hadda waxa la og yahay, sida laga arday ifafaale ah ee shucaaca. Waxa la ogaaday in xuduntii eb ee cilmiga la siiyey awood u leeyahay inuu iska sii muuq.

Fission reaction silsilad

Rutherford ayaa sidoo kale shaaca ka qaaday qaar ka mid ah qaababka suuska shucaaca. Tusaale ahaan, marka qaybsan nuclei culus, laga yaabaa inuu dhaco la formation of dhowr neutrons free. Sidaas daraaddeed waxaa loo abaabuli karaa cilmiga loo yaqaan reaction silsilad fission. Marka neutrons free dacaayad in dhexdhexaad ah taas oo ka kooban xubno ka culus ka cadhaysiinina neutrons cusub. Haddii deegaankan waxa lagu gartaa content sare ah neutrons, geeddi-socodka waa sida gebiyo. Marka tirada neutrons waa ku filnayn, ka dibna reaction silsiladda si tartiib tartiib ah converges eber. qalab uu ku jiray dareen nuclear sida ay taageerto hab aan dabiici ahayn, loo yaqaan warshadan nuclear.