Waa maxay kala duwan ka angiosperms gymnosperms? The kala duwan ugu weyn ee

Gymnosperms (Latin Gymnospérmae.) Oo angiosperms, ama dhirta ubax (Magnoliophyta Laata.) - kuwani waa laba kooxood oo kala duwan oo ah boqortooyadii dhirta (Subkingdom dhirta sare), muuqashada israac ee horumar ah ee dabiiciga ah. Waxay door muhiim ah in hab-nololeedka ee caalamka, samaynta ay cover cagaaran.

qaar ka mid ah kooxahaas ay hadda si buuxda bakhtiyeen iyo kayd lafo waa category ah. Hadda on Earth waxaa jira holographic, iyo angiosperms. Waxaa jira kala duwanaansho muhiim ah in sifaha labada kooxood.

asal ahaan

The asal ahaan iyo da '- waa ugu weyn, wax badan oo kala duwan oo ka angiosperms gymnosperms. Gymnosperms - koox aad u hore ee noolaha dhirta. Waxay ka jira dunida muddada Devonian (Zaman Paleozoic), waxa ay ku saabsan 370 milyan oo sano ka hor. Waxaa la rumeysan yahay in ay wada ahaayeen wiilashii ferns abuur (Latin Pteridospermae.) - gabi ahaanba dhirta bakhtiyeen iyo daabacayaa badan oo waxaa inta badan laga helay korsiiya ah Devonian ee dambe iyo Early Cretaceous.

dhirta ubax, ama angiosperms muuqday 120-150 milyan oo sano ka hor, at soohdinta reer Jacka iyo Cretaceous (Mesozoic Era) oo degdeg lagu helay meel badan caalamka. Waxaa la rumeysan yahay in awowayaashood ahaayeen gymnosperms qadiimiga ah.

kala duwanaanshaha noocyada iyo qaababka nolosha

Gymnosperms wadar ahaan qiyaastii 1000 noocyada hadda jira ee dabiiciga ah. Xubnaha kale ee kooxda waxa ay kala yihiin gebi ahaanba bakhtiyeen, oo waxaa badanaa laga helaa by paleontologists qaab lafo. foomka nolosha - geedaha canbaha iyo ku xoortay, iyo geedo canab ah redkovstrechaemye. Waaxda gymnosperms wakiil fasalada dhowr ah:

1. Sagovnikovye: kaa dhaga cycad, Stanger oo dhogor, Boven et al.
2. Bennettitales Williamson nilsoniopteris (class gebi bakhtiyeen).
3. Gnetalians: horsetail Ephedra, mirabilis velivichiya.
4. Ginkgo: Ginkgo biloba.
5. Fiiqfiiqan: gran, qoryo beroosh ah, geed, geed rotem la yidhaahdo, oo kedar ah, iyo kuwa kale.

Si weyn u kala duwan ka badan - taasi waa waxa kala angiosperms ka gymnosperms. Angiosperms, waxaa jira qiyaastii 300 kun oo noocyada -. In ka badan nus ka mid ah dhirta ee caalamka oo dhan. Waxay ka jira foomka geedaha, ku xoortay, cows dilka ah oo sanadle ah, geedo canab ah. Ay kala soocidda waa mid aad u kala duwan oo adag, kuwaas oo:

• Class Monocots:

Qoysaska:

Badar, galley, miro, oo sarreen ah, iyo kuwa kale.

Liliaceae: ekaayeen ubax, Tulip, toonta, basasha, iwm

• Dicotyledons Class:

Qoysaska:

Solanaceae: baradho, tubaakada, solanum, Datura, Hyoscyamus et al.

Asteraceae: gabbaldayaha, Burot, løvetann, Yeruusaalem artichoke, iwm ..

Digiraha, iminka faaruq ah, noocay, digir, digir ah iyo kuwa kale.

Cruciferous: kaabajka, dabocase, dabocase, dabocase, iwm

Rosaceae: kacay, kacay, Rowan, Cherry et al.

xubnaha taranka

Farqiga ugu muhiimsan ee u dhexeeya angiosperms iyo gymnosperms - xubnaha taranka ee galmada. Kooxda hore waa ubax ee ugxan taas oo samaysa miraha (midho) iyo dheddiga kadib. Waxay ka kooban tahay stamens ah - xubnaha jinsiga lab, pistil - xubinta dumar galmada (ka horumariyaan doonaa midhaha), iyadoo dhafoorka Corolla, kafaalaqaade iyo peduncle ka. Ubaxa ku kala duwan yihiin qaabka, midabka iyo midabka ku xiran tahay nooca geedka.

In gymnosperms shaqo taas waxaa loo sameeyaa by baxsado a modified - buro in uu noqon karaa lab ama dhaddig, kaas oo si fudud u xukumaa ay size. Waa miisaaniyada ovules ay u horumariyaan, oo markii danbe la aasaasay abuur ah.

bacrinta

Geedi socodka ah ee labka iyo dheddiga - waa furaha, ka duwan angiosperms gymnosperms. In gymnosperms waa mid fudud ilaa xad. bacaha manka koriinkedu tartiib ah badar manka, ka dibna loo wareejiyo gametophyte dumar ah. Mid ka mid ah manida (gamete lab) impregnates kaliya hal ukun ah, oo korkoodana waxaa abuur ah. Geedi socodka baxa ee megasporangia ama ovules.

In ubax dhacdaa si kala duwan. Halkan waxaa jira a unugyada labka iyo dheddiga double waa maxay angiosperms ka duwan gymnosperms. Si kooban, habka this ayaa lagu tilmaamay by Moon saynisyahano Ruush Navashin ee 1898. Waxa soo baxa sida soo socota: gudaha badar manka Gagaab ugxan laba shahwada fertilizes hal ukun oo ka kaas oo farcankiisa ka yeesho, kii labaadna wuxuu ahaa - unug dhexe, la siiyo endosperm kaca - siin ee nafaqooyinka in ilmaha caloosha ku.

Waxbarashada uurjiifka

iyo dheddiga kadib, dhirta ubax foomka miraha - waxa angiosperms kala duwan ka gymnosperms. miro la formation abuur dhacdaa gudahood derbiga ugxan modified. Laakiin mararka qaarkood in ay ka qayb qaataan dhismaha perianth, stamens iyo buro, waxa ay ku xiran tahay nooca geedka. Wakhtigan, dhaq-dhaqaaqa walxaha macdanta iyo organic ee geedka waxaa si toos ah xagga midhaha in baabi'in karaa unugyo kale. Fruit, iyo sidoo kale ka kooban noocyada ee angiosperms, lagu gartaa noocyo kala duwan oo noocyo.

Gymnosperms angiosperms ka duwan la'aanta ah ee midhaha. miraha ay yihiin si cad u saaray yaqaano kala daataa iyo waxba loo hayaa. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxay leeyihiin qalabka gaar ah oo u oggolaan qaybiyey in ka badan masaafo dheer.

faafidda

Habka abuur faafinta - xaalad muhiim ah ku kala duwan yihiin angiosperms gymnosperms. Kooxda ugu horreeysay ee this waa jidka keliya - iyadoo la kaashanayo dabaysha. Sidaa darteed, abuurka ah waxaa la siiyaa appendages, appendages iyo qaab-dhismeedka garabka-qaabeeya membranous. Dhaqdhaqaaqa hawada awood u faafiyaan miraha sida masaafo badan ka badan waxaa bixiya ballaarinta aagga geedka a.

Siyaabo angiosperms si ay u faafiyaan abuurka u badan yihiin kala duwan. Tani waxay dhacdaa iyadoo ay kaalmo ka mid ah dabaysha, cayayaanka, shimbiraha, nuujiya, iyo dadka. abuurka qaar waxa ay ku wadhfin kareen, koritaan in dhegi karaan dharka ama xayawaanka dhogorta iyo si ay u safraan masaafo dheer. Midhaha ugu badan waxay leeyihiin saxarka udgoon hadda nasoo, la cuni karo, waayo, dadka iyo xayawaanka, kaas oo sidoo kale ay hubisaa in qaybinta abuurka.

Dhismaha unugyada qabashada

Qalabka nidaamka tabinta - waa wax ka duwan ka angiosperms gymnosperms. In dhirta ka weyn dhaqdhaqaaqa oo biyo ah iyo nafaqooyin si unugyada ma aha daran. The guuro dareere si tartiib ah iyada oo loo marayo tracheids - tuubooyinka godan leh oo ay derbiyo qaro weyn oo baffles dalool Woody. Waxay qayb ka mid ah xylem yihiin, iyo in la siiyo ah socodka dheecaan sii weynaydba - oo xididdada ka si ay caleemaha. Tracheids yihiin si cad u arki karo marka iyaga ka fiirsaneysa microscope ka yar.

nidaamka tabinta of angiosperms waa ka kaamilsan. Dhirta Kuwan waxaa loo beddelaa tracheids weelal. Tani waa tube aad u dheer (qaar ka mid ah geedo canab ah ay ka gaaraan tobanaan mitir), kaas oo socodka dheecaan wanaajiyey iyo nafaqo. Habkaani kordhinayaan in la dhiso Dabcan firfircoon ka ah geedi socodka badan oo muhiim ah nafsaaniga ah ee warshadda: formation of chlorophyll, photosynthesis, Neefta.

faa'iidooyinka evolutionary

Gymnosperms jira on Earth aad uga dheer ka angiosperms. Laakiin, inkastoo taasi, iyagu ma ay gaari kala duwan ee noocyada iyo noocyo hanti dhirta ubax yar. Waa maxay farqiga u angiosperms ka gymnosperms ah? Waa maxay faa'iidooyinka ayaa u ogolaaday inay qaataan meel adag dunida dhirta ee caalamka ka? Waxaa jira mar mar qaar ka mid ah in ay u qaabeeya, kuwaas oo:

• muuqaalka kore ee ubaxa soo jiidasho leh si ay cayayaanka, dhirta waxaa loo ogol yahay in la kordhiyo fursadaha pollination;
• pollinating kala duwan ee fursadaha;
• ovule ugxan ka hortagaa dhaawac;
• bacrinta double awood embriyaha farcanka si aad u hesho cunto ku filan ay horumarka;
• miro hadda nasoo bixisaa ammaanka ku yaalla gudaha farcankii;
• sidii loo kordhin lahaa abuur qaybinta;
• kala duwanaanshaha noocyada nolosha (dhirta, cawska, ay duurka) kuu ogolaanaya in aad dad ka niches dhawrista weyn;
• nidaamka vascular waxaa xoogaystay weelashii shidaa geedi socodka nafsaaniga ah ee u shaqeeyo warshad badan oo muhiim ah.

The kala duwan ugu weyn. warbixin kooban

Sidaas daraaddeed, waxa ka angiosperms gymnosperms kala duwan? Si kooban u kala duwan ugu weyn ee labada koox waxa lagu muujiyey Shaxanka.

Baxday in hab evolutionary, qalabka, sida ilaalinta farcanka, iyo dheddiga double, pollination by cayayaanka, iyo sidoo kale habka tabinta badan oo horumarsan angiosperms ogol yahay mashquulin meel adag dunida in flora dunida.