Waa maxay chloroplast ah? Chloroplasts: dhismaha iyo shaqada

flora The - mid ka mid ah ilaha ugu waaweyn ee caalamka. Waa in ay ka flora dunida mahad waxaa jira ogsijiin, kaas oo ku neefsadaan, cuntada ayaa database weyn kaas oo ay dhammaan nolosha ku xiran. Geedaha waa mid gaar ah in ay bedeli karaan kiimiko ah imanba galay walxaha organic.

Waxay taas samayn by yahay ee photosynthesis. Hawlgalkani waxa muhiim ah meel organelles warshad gaar ah, chloroplasts. The element yar run ahaantii ay hubisaa in jiritaanka oo dhan nolosha caalamka. By habka, waa maxay chloroplast ah?

Qeexidda aasaasiga ah ee

Sidaas yeedhay dhismeedka gaar ah, taas oo ay jiraan geedi socodka ee photosynthesis, kuwaas oo loogu talagalay in lagu qabanaya dioxide kaarboon iyo formation of carbohydrates qaarkood. The by-soo saarka waa oxygen. Tani ifafaalaha organelles oo dherer ah, oo gaarey 2-4 mm ee width, dhererkooduna u imanayaa inuu 5.10 microns. In noocyada qaar ka mid ah algae cagaaran mararka qaarkood laga helay kooxda chloroplasts kordhiyay by 50 mm!

algae waxa kale oo uu noqon karaa mid feature kale: cell oo dhan ay leeyihiin kaliya hal organelle noocyada this. In unugyada dhirta sare sida caadiga ah ayaa u dhexeeya 10-30 chloroplasts. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, in ay dhacdo, la kulmi kartaa ka reeban dhalaalaya. Sidaas darteed, unugyada palisade ee sigaarka caadiga ah ayaa 1,000 chloroplasts per cell. Waa maxay chloroplasts ah? Photosynthesis - in ay ugu weyn, laakiin ma doorka kaliya. Si aad si cad u fahmaan muhiimadda ay leedahay in nolosha geedka, waxaa muhiim ah in la ogaado dhinacyo badan oo ay ka soo jeedo iyo horumarinta. Intaas oo dhan waxaa sii tilmaamay in this article.

asalka ah ee chloroplast ah

Sidaas daraaddeed, waxa chloroplast ah, waxaan bartay. Iyo sida organelles, kuwaas oo ka dhacay? Sidee dhirta muuqatay sida qalab gaar ah in badasha carbon dioxide iyo biyo adag xeryahooda organic?

Currently, ka mid ah cilmibaadhe oo ka jirta view of asal ahaan endosymbiotic of organelles kuwan, sida ay dhacdo madax banaan ee unugyada dhirta waa arrin shaki. Well ogaadaan in planus ah - khaasatan ah algae iyo fangaska. algae Unicellular waqti isku mid ah ayaa ku nool unugyada likaha. Haddaba saynisyahano aaminsan yihiin in wakhtiyadii hore cyanobacteria photosynthetic ka dhex galay unugyada dhirta, ka dibna laga badiyay qaar ka mid ah "madax-bannaanida", wareejinta inta badan hiddawadayaasha ee xuduntii.

Laakiin ay feature ugu muhiimsan waa organelle cusub ceshan buuxda. Waxaa kaliya oo ku saabsan geedi socodka ee photosynthesis. In kastoo, qalab loo baahan yahay si ay u qabtaan habkan, waxa la aasaasay gacanta labada bu'da unugga iyo chloroplast laftiisa. Sidaas darteed, kala qeybinta organelles kuwan, iyo talaabooyin kale oo la xidhiidha fulinta macluumaadka hidaha ee DNA waxaa ay gacanta ku yaruna.

caddayn

Xad dhawaan, la xiqiijiyay in asal ah prokaryotic ah ah walxahaasi mid aan jirin aad u caanka ah ee bulshada sayniska, dad badan waxa loo arkaa "amateurs been." Laakiin ka dib markii falanqayn qoto-dheer ee isku xigxiga nucleotide in DNA ee chloroplasts ku ah, oo intaasu waxay ahayd malo xaqiijin cajiib ah ayaa la qabtay. Waxaa soo baxay in dhismayaasha, kuwaas oo aad ugu eg yihiin, xitaa si dhow ula xiriira, DNA oo ka mid ah unugyada bakteeriyada. Sayidka, isku xigxiga oo la mid ah ayaa laga helay cyanobacteria free-nool. Gaar ahaan, waxay ku cadaatay in ay hiddo-aad u la mid ah ATP-synthesizing adag, iyo sidoo kale in ay "qalab" ee qoraal iyo turjumidda.

Dhiirrigeliyeyaasha oo qeexaya bilowga akhriska ee macluumaad hidde ka DNA iyo nucleotide terminal isku xigxigta, in ka mas'uul ah in ay joojin yihiin, sida abaabulan ee image ee bakteeriyo ah. Dabcan, balaayiin sano transformations evolutionary ay awoodaan in ay isbedelo badan ay u chloroplast ka dhigi, laakiin isku xigxiga ee hiddo chloroplast hadhay gabi ahaanba iska beddelin. Oo waa - caddeynta murmi karin buuxa in chloroplasts iyo dhab ahaantii hal mar lahaa awoowe a prokaryotic. Waxaa laga yaabaa in ay ahayd jidhka, kaas oo sidoo kale ka dhacay cyanobacteria casriga ah.

horumarinta Chloroplast of proplastids

"Adult" organelle horumarisa ka proplastids. Tani waa yar, organelle gebi midab, uu leeyahay oo kaliya a microns dhowr dhexroor. Waxaa la hareereeyey by cufan xuub laba lakab ah, taas oo ka kooban giraan ah ee DNA gaar ah si chloroplast ah. nidaamka xuub Inner kuwan "awowayaashiis," Ma aha in organelles. Sababo la size aad u yar oo ay waxbarasho waa mid aad u adag, laakiin sababta oo ah xogta ku saabsan horumarinta waa mid aad u yar yahay.

Waxaa la og yahay in ay jiraan dhawr protoplastid sida in xuduntii xoolaha iyo dhirta in ukun kasta. Inta lagu guda jiro horumarinta SNMna, waxay u qaybsan yihiin iyo wareejiyay unugyada kale. Way fududahay in la hubiyo: midtahay hidde in ay yihiin bartey xiran plastids waxaa lagu kala qaado oo kaliya iyada oo khadka hooyada.

The protoplastidy xuub hoose inta lagu guda jiro horumarinta laftu galay organelle ah. Dhismayaasha, kuwaas oo u koraan xuub thylakoid, kuwaas oo masuul ka ah formation of Prix Grand iyo lamellae ee organelle stroma ah. In dhamaystiran protopastida gudcur uu bilaabo inuu u beddesho galay maamaan ah chloroplast ah (etioplast). organoid Tani hoose lagu gartaa in in ay gudahood waa qaab-dhismeedka crystal arrin adag. Marka on caleen ah warshad uu helo iftiinka, waxaa gabi ahaanba la burburiyay. Intaas ka dib, formation of dhismeedka "dhaqameed" gudaha ee chloroplast ah, kaas oo la sameeyay sida thylakoids waqti iyo lamellae.

Khilaaf dhirta noqde dukaanka

cell kasta waxa ku jira dhawr meristemalnoy proplastids sida (tiradoodu kala duwan taas oo ku xidhan noocyada dhirta iyo arrimo kale). Marka unugyada this hoose uu bilaabo inuu u beddesho galay xaashi, organelles barametereka waxaa loo beddelaa chloroplasts. Sidaas daraaddeed, ayaa dhameystirtay korriimadooda, caleemo sarreen dhallinyarada leeyihiin chloroplasts in xaddiga 100-150 unugyada. Wax yar ka dhib badan waa kiiska in la ixtiraamo dhirta kuwa awood u raasamaal noqde.

Waxay ururtay stock of carbohydrate ee plastids ah, kuwaas oo loo yaqaan amyloplasts. Laakiin sida organelles kuwanu waa mawduuca yahay qoraalkan? Ka dib markii baradho ah tubers aan ku lug photosynthesis! Ha ii sharaxo this si faahfaahsan.

Waxaan ogaaday in chloroplast ah, kadis ah daaha xidhiidhka ka dhexeeya organelle la dhismeedka of noolaha prokaryotic. Halkan xaaladdu waa la mid ah, saynisyahano ayaa muddo dheer lagu ogaaday in amyloplasts sida chloroplasts ku jira sax ah DNA isku mid ah, oo loo sameeyay ee hufan protoplastid isku. Sidaas awgeed, waa in loo tixgaliyo in arrin isku mid ah. Dhab ahaantii Amyloplasts waa in la tixgeliyaa sida nooc gaar ah chloroplast.

Sida la aasaasay amyloplasts?

Waxaad sawiri kartaa isbarbardhig u dhexeeya unugyada protoplastidami iyo stem. Si fudud u gelin, amyloplasts barta qaar ka mid ah ay bilaabaan in ay horumariyaan hab xoogaa ka duwan. Qubarada, si kastaba ha ahaatee, ka barteen wax xiiso leh: waxay ku guulaysteen inay gaaraan raanta labada dhinac ee chloroplasts ee caleemaha baradho in amyloplasts (iyo qeybsanaan ku xigeenka). Canonicity tusaale ahaan, loo yaqaan si walba oo dhigta dugsiga - tubers baradho in green light.

Macluumaad kale oo ku saabsan jidadka kaladuwan ee organelles kuwan

Waxaan ognahay in inta lagu jiro fulan ee miraha yaanyo, tufaax iyo qaar ka mid ah dhirta kale (iyo caleemaha geedaha, iyo geedo yaryar oo ku xoortay geedihii dayrta) waa habka of "nabaad" marka chloroplasts ee unugyada dhirta waxaa loo beddelaa chromoplasts. organelles waxa ku jira in ay Halabuurka of pigments, carotenoids.

Wareejinta waxaa la xidhiidhaa xaqiiqada ah in xaaladaha qaarkood waxaa waa u baabba 'dhamaystiran oo thylakoids, ka dibna keensataa urur kala duwan organelle gudaha. Waxaa halkan waa in aan dib ugu soo laabto su'aasha in ay bilaabeen in ay wada hadlaan bilowga maqaalka: saamaynta xuduntii ee horumarka ah ee chloroplasts. Taasi waa, by borotiinada gaar ah kuwaas oo ku dhexsameeysmo cytoplasm unugyada, organelle bilaaba nidaamka sixitaanka.

Dhismaha chloroplast ah

Ka dib markii la hadlaya oo ku saabsan asalka iyo horumarinta chloroplasts, waa in faahfaahin ay qaab-dhismeedka. The more sidaas sababtoo ah waa mid aad u xiiso iyo qalmaa dood oo kala duwan.

Qaab-dhismeedka aasaasiga ah waxay ka kooban tahay laba lipoprotein xuub chloroplast, gudaha iyo dibadda. Oo dhumucdiisuna waxay of kasta wuxuu ku saabsan yahay 7 nm, masaafada u dhexeeya iyaga - 20-30 nm. Sida ay dhacdo of noocyada kale lakabka hoose plastid qaab gaar ah, taag hoosta organelle. In chloroplasts baaluq waxaa kaliya laba nooc oo xuubka "maroojinta". foomka hore ee lamellae ee stroma ah, kii labaadna wuxuu ahaa - xuub thylakoid.

Lamellae iyo thylakoids

Waa in la ogaadaa in uu jiro xiriir ka cad in uu leeyahay xuub chloroplast la qaababka la mid ah gudaha organelle ah. Xaqiiqada ah in qaar ka mid ah xeryihii ay kordhin karaa mid ka mid derbiga kale (sida in mitochondria ah). Sidaas lamellae sameyn karaan nooc ka mid ah "bac" ama silsilad jahaysteen. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, inta badan dhismayaasha, kuwaas oo loo qoondeeyey waxa isku midka ah midba midka kale oo aan la xiriira midba midka kale.

Ha illoobin in ay wali jiraan gudaha xuub chloroplast iyo thylakoids ah. Waa "bacaha" xiran ee loo qoondeeyey in xidhmooyin. Sida kiiska hore, labada derbi ee saabka dhexeeya leeyahay dherer ah 20-30 nm. The baararka ka mid ah "bacaha" waxaa la yiraahdaa fool. column kasta waxay noqon kartaa ilaa 50 thylakoids, iyo mararka qaarkood waxaa jira xitaa more. Tan iyo "size" caadiga ah ee u saar sida gaadho 0.5 m, waxay mararka qaarkood waxaa lagu ogaan karaa by microscopy iftiinka caadiga ah.

Tirada guud ee wejigooda, oo ku jira ka chloroplasts dhirta sare, waxaa laga yaabaa in ilaa 40-60. thylakoid kasta si dhagan in kale in xuubka ay dibadda u sameeyaan hal diyaarad. oo dhumucdiisuna waxay daaha ee wadajirka ah waxaa laga yaabaa in ilaa 2 nm. Ogsoonow in dhismayaasha la mid ah, kuwaas oo loo sameeyay ku xiga si uu midba midka kale iyo thylakoids lamellae, arrin aan caadi ahayn.

Meelaha of xiriir sida lakabka ah, oo mararka qaar lagu gaarey isku 2 nm ah. Sayidka, chloroplasts (ee dhismaha iyo shaqada taas oo ah mid aad u adag) ma aha qaab mabda'a kaliya, nooc ka mid ah "state gudahood xaalad '. In qaar ka mid ah dhinacyada, qaab-dhismeedka organelles, kuwaas oo aan ka yar adag tahay in qaab-dhismeedka gacanta oo dhan!

Grana yihiin kuwo isku xiran, iyadoo la kaashanayo lamella ah. Laakiin thylakoids saabka, kaas oo ay u sameeyaan xidhmooyin, had iyo jeer la xidhay oo aan la bannaan ee intermembrane xiriiraan. Sida aad arki karto, qaab dhismeedka chloroplast waa arrin adag.

Maxay yihiin pigments waxaa laga yaabaa in la joogo in chloroplasts ah?

In la jira waxaa laga yaabaa in stroma chloroplast of kasta? Waxaa jira taagoo DNA oo kala duwan iyo ribosomes badan. In amyloplasts lagu shubo stroma ee badar istaarijka. Iyadoo la raacayo, chromoplasts waxaa jira pigments. Dabcan, waxaa jira pigments kala duwan ee chloroplasts ah, laakiin kuwa ugu badan waa chlorophyll. Waxa uu si degdeg ah u qaybsan dhawr nooc:

• Group A (buluug-cagaaran). Waxay dhacdaa in 70% ee kiisaska laga helay chloroplasts dhirta sare iyo algae.
• Group B (huruud ah-cagaaran). hartay 30% ayaa sidoo kale laga helay dhirta sare iyo noocyada algae.
• Groups C, D iyo E waa yara naadir ah. Waa la heli karaa ee chloroplasts ee noocyada qaar ka mid ah dhirta hoose iyo algae.

In seaweeds cas iyo brown ee chloroplasts sidaas ma aha dhif waxay noqon karaan kuwo aad u kala duduwan formaldehyde organic. algae Qaar ka mid ah sidoo kale guud ahaan ka kooban yahay ku dhowaad dhammaan oo ka mid ah chloroplasts pigments jira.

Shaqooyinka chloroplasts

Dabcan, ay shaqada ugu weyn waa in loogu badalo tamarta iftiinka galay qaybaha organic. Sam photosynthesis meel Prix Grand la qaybgalka tooska ah ee chlorophyll. Waxaa nuuga tamarta qoraxda, waxaa wareejinta tamarta oo ka mid ah electrons faraxsanahay. Arintaan, isagoo ay stock xad-dhaaf ah, ku siin dheeraad tamarta kaasoo loo isticmaalo kala daatay biyaha iyo Avv ee ATP. Marka biyo la aasaasay oxygen suuska iyo hydrogen. First, sida aynu hore u soo sheegnay, waa byproduct ah oo ku qarisay meel ku wareegsan, iyo hydrogen waxa uu la xidhiidhaa protein gaar ah, ferredoxin.

Mar kale ayuu oxidized ag marayo wakiilka hydrogen yareeyo, oo loo soo gaabiyo ee NADP Kiimikada noole. Iyadoo la raacayo, qaabka hoos - NADP-H2. Si fudud u gelin, in geeddi-socodka ah ee photosynthesis la sii daayay ka dib markii walxaha: ATP, NADP-H2 iyo byproduct ah ee foomka of ogsijiin.

doorka Energy ee ATP

ATP The keentay waa mid aad u muhiim ah, sida uu yahay "batari" ugu weyn ee tamarta kaas oo u dhaco si baahiyaha kala duwan ee gacanta. NADP-H2 ka kooban reductant, hydrogen, iyo xarunta tani waa awood si fudud u siinayo haddii loo baahdo. Si fudud u gelin, waa kiimiko wax ku ool ah yaraynta wakiilka waa: in geeddi-socodka ah ee photosynthesis, waxaa jira tiro bixineysaa jawaabo aan u fudud ma dhici kartaa.

Dheeraad ah, haddii ay dhacdo waxaa iman ensaymes chloroplast howlgala mugdi ah oo Gran waa hydrogen ee ATP reductant iyo tamarta chloroplast loo isticmaalo si ay u bilaabaan ereygu wuxuu ahaa ee tiro ka mid ah walxaha organic. Tan iyo photosynthesis qaadataa meel ku hoos jira xaalad nalal wanaagsan, xeryahooda ururtay waxaa loo isticmaalaa baahida dhirta isu mugdi ah.

Waxaad suurad wanaagsan oo in dhihi karaa in geedi socodkan waxa weeye in la eego qaar ka mid ah muuqataa ka shakido sida neefta ah. Maxaa ka photosynthesis kala isaga? Shaxda caawin doonaan inaad fahamto su'aashan.

dekedda caadiga ah	photosynthesis	neefta
marka ay jiraan	Kaliya inta lagu jiro maalinta, marka qoraxda	Waqti kasta
halkaas oo soo baxa	Unugyada ka kooban chlorophyll	Dhamaan unugyada nool
oxygen	qoondaynta	qaadashada
CO2	qaadashada	qoondaynta
walxaha organic	Avv, cholesterol qayb	qaybsama kaliya
tamarta	nuugo	taribuunka

Taasi waa waxa ka neefsashada photosynthesis kala duwan. Shaxda si cad u muujinaysaa khilaafkooda waaweyn.

Qaar ka mid ah "gedisan"

Inta badan falcelinta xiga qaadataa meel midig waxaa ku stroma chloroplast ah. Jidka mustaqbalka ka mid ah xeryahooda ku dhexsameeysmo jirka waa ka duwan yahay. Tusaale ahaan, sonkor fudud oo degdeg ah oo ka baxsan organelles ku ururto qaybaha kale ee unugyada ee foomka of polysaccharides, ugu horrayn - noqde. In chloroplasts ay dhacdo sida dhigaalka ee dufanka iyo raasamaal horudhac ah barametereka ay, taas oo ka dibna waa wax soo saarka si ay unugyada kale ee degaanka.

Waa in si cad loo fahmo in dhammaan reactions ereygu u baahan xaddi weyn ee tamarta. Her kaliya il waa weli isku photosynthesis. Tani waa nidaam in inta badan u baahan tahay si ka badan tamarta in ay si aad u hesho by baabbi'innay walxaha sameeyay sida natiijada hore Avv! Sidaas darteed, inta badan tamarta kaas oo la helay in ay dabcan, waxaa ku baxay fulinta hannaanka a of falgalka kiimikada gudaha unugyada geedka.

Boqolkiiba gaar ah waxaa ka mid ah oo kaliya ayaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu toosiyo soo saarka ee kuwa walxaha organic in warshadda qaadato in ay koritaanka iyo horumarka u gaar ah oo wax kasta oo dib u dhac qaab baruurta ama carbohydrates.

haddii chloroplasts waa ma guurto ah?

Waxaa la rumeysan yahay in organelles gacanta, oo ay ku jiraan chloroplasts (qaab-dhismeedka iyo shaqada oo waan u Caddaynay rinji) waa si adag oo hal meel. Tani ma aha sidaas. Chloroplasts socon kartaa qafis. Sayidka, iftiinka ku dhalaaleen ay u muuqdaan in mashquulin meel u dhow kooxda ugu ciinwaanka ah ee gacanta, hoos jira xaalad ah dhexdhexaad ah oo ay iftiinka ugu hooseeyo dooran kartaa qaar ka mid ah meel dhexe, taas oo ay suurogal tahay in "qabsado" qoraxda ugu. Tani waxay ifafaale loo yaqaan "phototaxis".

Like mitochondria, chloroplasts waa organelles arrin goboleedka. Waxay leeyihiin ribosomes iyaga u gaar ah, waxay ku dhexsameeysmo jirka tiro ka mid ah borotiinka aadka u gaar ah oo waxa kaliya ee loo isticmaalo iyaga by. xitaa waxaa looga kaxeynayo enzyme gaar ah, kuwaas oo la soo saaray ee subaga gaar ah looga baahan yahay dhismaha xuubka lamellar. Dhab ahaan baan u hadlay ku saabsan asalka prokaryotic of organelles kuwan, laakiin waa in lagu daro in culimada qaar ka mid ah waxay aaminsan yihiin wiilashii chloroplasts qotoda dheer ee qaar ka mid ah noolaha dulinka, oo hore u noqday symbionts, ka dibna si buuxda u noqdaan kuwo qayb muhiim ah oo gacanta.

taasoo la micno ah chloroplasts

Wixii dhirta, Waa wax iska cad - a Avv tamarta iyo qalabka, kuwaasi oo loo isticmaalo by dhirta unugyada. Laakiin photosynthesis - nidaam u keenaya raasamaal joogta ah ee arrinta organic oo heer caalami ah. Of carbon dioxide, biyaha iyo iftiinka qoraxda chloroplasts synthesize kartaa tiro badan oo ah xeryahooda macromolecular adag. awoodda Tani waa sifo oo keliya iyaga, iyo ninka fog waa ka soo noqnoqda, habka this giisa.

All dabdhaliyayaasha on dusha sare ee dhulkeenna ku leedahay jiritaankeeda in this organelles yar in laga helo waxyaalaha moolka dheer oo unugyada geedka. iyaga oo aan, aan ay geedi socodka socda ee photosynthesis on Earth ma noqon doono nolosha ah ee daliilka ay casriga ah.

Waxaan rajaynayaa in aad ka barteen this article in chloroplast yahay iyo waxa ay kaalin ee jirka geedka.