Waa maxay baaritaanka radiographic? Baaritaanka Radiographic of welds. Baaritaanka Radiographic: GOST

The salaysan gacanta shucaaca waa awooda of nuclei walxaha qaarkood (isotopes) cawisa si ay u sameeyaan ionizing shucaaca. In geeddi-socodka of fission nuclear waxaa saaray qayb ka hoose, oo la yidhaahdo shucaaca ama radiation ionizing. guryaha shucaaca ku xiran tahay nooca Qurub hoose timaada by xuduntii.

shucaaca ionizing Corpuscular

shucaaca Alpha u muuqataa ka dib burburkii ku nuclei culus ee helium. Qurub timaada waxay ka kooban yihiin labo ka mid ah protons iyo neutrons labada ciyaaryahan. Waxay leeyihiin tiro badan oo xawaare yar yahay. Waxa sababa sifooyinka ugu muhiimsan ee ay soocayaa: lays yar iyo tamar xoog badan.

shucaaca Neutron ka kooban yahay ka daadanayo neutron. Qurub ma haystaan lacag koronto u gaar ah. Kaliya marka neutrons ula falgalaan ah nuclei ka mid ah waxyaabaha lagu eedeeyay gubaa ka udhigo loo sameeyay, si hoos shucaaca neutron ahbaa shucaaca sare laaluusheen in shayga gubaa.

shucaaca Beta billaabay ka reactions gudahood bu'da unugga. Tani Isbadal of proton ah oo wuxuu galay neutron ama qeybsanaan ah. Xaaladdan oo kale, electrons waxaa timaada ama antiparticle - positrons. Qurub waxay leeyihiin tiro yar iyo xawaaraha ay aad u sarayso. Kartida ay u leeyihiin arrinta ionize waa yar yahay, sida Qurub Alfa la barbar dhigo.

Ionizing shucaaca la nooca galmada

shucaaca gamma waxaa la socda habka kor ku xusan dhaadheer Alfa iyo beta qayb ka suuska ee atamka isotope ah. daadanayo An warshadu hawada photon, taas oo shucaac ah electromagnetic. Sida iftiinka, shucaaca gamma leeyahay nooca la ruxruxo. Gamma safarka walxaha at xawaaraha iftiinka, siday u kala horreeyaan, waxay leeyihiin awood cabaar sare.

X-rays sidoo kale leeyahay sal in hirarka electromagnetic, sidaa daraadeed waxa uu aad uula mid tahay shucaac gamma. Sidoo kale loo yaqaan bremsstrahlung. cabaar Awoodda waxay ku xiran tahay mugga mid ah waxyaabaha la gubaa. Like ray ah fududaysteen baxo filim on baraha xun. Tani muujinta oo ka mid ah X-ray si weyn loo isticmaalaa in beeraha kala duwan ee warshadaha iyo daawo.

Habka Radiographic NDT inta badan waa gamma- used iyo X-shucaaca, kaas oo ay leeyihiin nooca electromagnetic la ruxruxo, iyo neutrons. Waayo, wax soo saarka ee shucaaca la isticmaalayo qalab gaar ah iyo qalabka.

mashiinada X-ray

X-rays waxaa la helay iyagoo isticmaalaya tuubooyinka X-ray. galaas ama dhululubo bir-dhoobada soldered, kaas oo hawada u daalay dardar dhaqdhaqaaqa electrons. On labada dhinac ee electrodes ku xiran ku daraa iyada oo lagu eedeeyay ka soo hor jeedda.

cathode The - muquuninta ah buuxieyey tungsten ah, oo agaasinta ku jirase aad khafiif ah oo electrons in anode ah. Arintaan waxaa inta badan laga sameeyey naxaas, waxa ay leedahay cut ah midda uugu xagal 40 ilaa 70 digrii. In xarunta waxa ay leedahay waslad khafiifa oo tungsten, wax-u anode diiradda la sameeyey. cathode waxaa bixisey inta jeer ee hadda ah talantaalli ah 50 Hz si ay u abuuraan kala duwan ka iman kara ee ulaha laga gelin lahaa. socodka electrons in dogob toos ah ku dhoco, saxan anode tungsten ah oo ka kaas oo qayb ka ah mooshin u xuub gaabis ah oo oscillations electromagnetic dhacaan. Sidaa darteed rays roentgen waxaa lagu magacaabaa Iscelin. control Radiographic waa inta badan loo isticmaalo X-rays.

Gamma iyo neutron emitters

Ilo ku gamma shucaac - element a radioactive badanaa isotope of Cobalt, iridium ama cesium. In qalabka waxaa la dhigayaa in kaabsal galaas gaar ah.

emitters Neutron waxaa lagu sameeyaa qaab la mid ah, waxa loo isticmaalaa oo kaliya in tamarta ee ka daadanayo neutron ah.

raajada

Sida laga soo xigtay habka natiijada la ogaado in ay ku kala duwan yihiin radioscopic, radiometric oo gacanta ku radiographic. Habka ugu dambaysta waxaa lagu gartaa in natiijada garaafyada diiwaan film ama saxan. Baaritaanka Radiographic dhacdaa by codsanaya shucaaca si dhumucda shayga gacanta. In wax gacanta qalabka image hoos ku qoran u muuqataa on taas oo dhibco iyo nabrahoodii ka muuqan cilladaha suurto gal (godadka, daloolada, dildilaac) oo ka kooban hulalka leh hawada ka buuxiyeen, tan iyo ionization walxaha kala duwan marka cufnaanta gubaa inhomogeneously dhacdaa.

Waayo, ogaanshaha isticmaalka keli ah ee wax saxanka, filim, warqad X-ray ah.

Faa'iidooyinka Weld kormeerka hab radiographic iyo ceebaha ay

Marka hubinta tayada alxanka guud ahaan loo isticmaalo magnetic, radiographic iyo imtixaanka ultrasonic. In warshadaha saliida iyo gaaska ee meelaha gaar ahaan baadho welded goysyada biibiile. Waa in qaybaha kuwaas oo hab kormeerka radiographic waa kuwa ugu caansan sababtoo ah faa'iidooyinka oo muuqda ka badan hababka kale ee gacanta. Marka hore, waxaa loo arkaa ugu cad: on dhaanta ka arki kartaa koobi saxda ah ee gobolka gudaha ee arrinta la goobood oo ka mid ah cilladaha iyo dulmari ay.

Faa'iidada kale - sax ah u gaar ah. Marka qabashada Xiinka ama dheecaan-iridda gacanta waxaa had iyo jeer waa siday suuragal u ah ogaanshaha been ah ay sabab u doon xiriir la khaladaad Weld. Marka aan xiriir kormeerka radiographic waa suurto gal, ie, meelaha sinnayn ama adag maaha wax dhibaato ah.

Mar saddexaad, habka kuu ogolaanayaa inaad si loo xakameeyo kala duwan ee qalabka, oo ay ku jiraan non-magnetic.

Ugu dambeyntii, habka ku habboon yahay in loo isticmaalo ee cimilada xun iyo xaaladaha farsamo. Waxaa gacanta ku radiographic of dhuumaha saliidda iyo gaaska ayaa suuragal ah keliya. qalabka magnetic iyo ultrasound inta badan siiya ayna sabab u kul hoose ama muuqaalada dhismaha.

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxa uu leeyahay dhowr darrada:

• Habka kormeerka radiographic kalagoysyada welded ku salaysan isticmaalka qalabka qaali ah oo la isticmaalo;
• Waxay u baahan tahay shaqaalaha gaar ah u tababaran,
• La shaqaynta shucaaca radioactive waa khatar ku ah caafimaadka.

Diyaarinta xakamaynta

Diyaarinta. Sida emitters isticmaalo makiinadaha X-ray ama cillad gamma. Nadiifi dushiisa, kormeerka muuqaal ah, waayo, cilladaha isha la arki karo, sixitaanka ee maadooyinka kormeerka iyo ka hor bilowga kormeerka radiographic of welds sixitaanka. Hubi tayada qalabka.

Hubinta heerka dareenka. Meelaha bixiyey heerarka imtixaanka nuglaato:

• silig - in ay xir, dadab iyo in ay,
• grooving - ka fogaadaan xidhmaan, ma aha wax ka yar 0.5 cm, jihada grooves - dadab iyo in ay xidhmaan,
• Plate - ka fogaadaan kama tollayn ah oo ugu yaraan 0.5 cm ama kama tollayn ah oo ku saabsan tixraac calaamadaha sixitaanka waa in aanay noqon muuqda sawirka.

control

Technology, iyo wareeggeedii kormeerka radiographic of welds lagu horumariyo, ku saleysan oo dhumucdiisuna waxay, qaabka, sifooyinka design waxyaabaha gacanta, iyadoo la raacayo cayimidda. Masaafada ugu badnaan la ogolyahay ka wax gacanta si film radiographic - 150 mm.

xagal u dhexeeya jihada ray ah iyo mid caadi ah in uu filim waa in ay ahaataa in ka yar 45 °.

Masaafada ka ilaha shucaaca in ay dusha imtixaanka loo xisaabiyo sida uu faahfaahinta ee noocyada kala duwan ee welds iyo wax dhumucda.

Qiimeynta natiijada. Tayada imtixaanka radiographic ku xiran tahay qalabka loo isticmaalo. Marka la isticmaalayo film radiographic ka hor inta codsanaya Dufcaddii kasta waa in la baaraa waafaqsan beegyada uu u baahan yahay. Reagents for images processing sidoo kale baar ku habboon iyadoo la raacayo cayimidda. diyaarinta Film Xakamaynta iyo Management of images dhammeeyayna ay noqon waa meel gaar ah oo mugdi ah. images dhammeeyayna waa in ay ahaadaan cad, iyada oo aan loo baahnayn dhibco lakabka emulsion waa in aan la jebin. Images of heerarka iyo sumadaha Sidoo kale waa in si wanaagsan loo arki.

Si loo qiimeeyo natiijada cabirka socodka size ee cilladaha ku ogaan isticmaalaya foom gaar ah, waynaysoyaal, taliyayaasha.

Sida laga soo xigtay natiijooyinkii la socodka ah, go'aan ah oo ku saabsan ansax, dayactirka ama diidmada, taas oo ka dhigtay in joornaalada foomka of ntd aasaasay.

Isticmaalka qalabka filmless

Maanta, technology digital waxaa sii kordheysa daro wax soo saarka warshadaha, oo ay ku jiraan in hab radiographic imtixaanka non-burbur. Waxaa jira horumar badan asalka ah ee shirkadaha guryaha.

Marka hab processing xogta digital inta lagu guda jiro radiographic isticmaalaa saxan dabacsan isticmaali karo ee looxa ama fosfooraska sameeyey. X-rays dhici on saxanka, oo korkoodana waxaa laser la marsiiyey, iyo sanamkii waxaa loo baddalaa on kormeeraha. Marka meel saxan gacanta qorshaha analogously qalabka filimka.

Habkani waxa uu leeyahay tiro ka mid ah faa'iidooyinka cad marka la barbar dhigo raajada filim:

• Ma jirto baahi in geeddi-socodka dheer ee qalabka processing filimada iyo qol gaar ah, taas aawadeed;
• uma baahna in ay si joogto ah u iibsadaan filimada iyo reagents iyada;
• habka gaadhista qaadataa waqti yar;
• bixinta si degdeg ah tayada image digital,
• archiving degdeg ah iyo kaydinta xogta warbaahinta elektarooniga ah,
• awood u leh inay u isticmaalaan saxan badan;
• shucaaca tamarta ee gacanta lagu yarayn karaa ilaa kala badh, iyo si qoto dheer ee wax lays kordhay.

Taasi waa, waxaa jira kayd ah kharashka waqtiga iyo hoos u heer-gaadhista, iyo halkan halista in shaqaalaha.

Badbaadada inta lagu jiro baaritaanka radiographic

In si loo yareeyo saameynta xun ee rays shucaaca ku saabsan caafimaadka ee qofka shaqaalaha ah looga baahan yahay inay si adag u hoggaansamaan tallaabooyin ammaanka hirgelinta dhammaan marxaladaha imtixaanka radiographic kalagoysyada welded. xeerarka aasaasiga ah amniga:

• qalabka oo dhan waa in maridda, waxay leeyihiin waraaqo lagama maarmaan ah, qaab ka - heerka loo baahan yahay ee tababarka;
• aaga ay of control Ha u ogolaan dadka aan la xiriira soo-saarka;
• emitter inta lagu jiro hawlgalka, shaqaale ah waa in uu ku yaalaa dhinaca ka soo horjeeda dhinaca shucaaca waa aan ka yarayn 20 m ,
• il shucaaca waa in lagu qalabeeyaa gaashaan ka ilaaliya, taas oo ka hortagtaa kala firidhsan of rays in meel bannaan oo leh,
• Ha ku sii zone ee suurto gal ah xad-gaadhista shucaaca muddo dheer,
• heerka shucaaca ee degaanka helo dadka waa in si joogto ah loola socdo iyadoo la isticmaalayo dosimeters;
• goobta waa in lagu qalabeeyaa leh hab difaac saamaynta cabaar ee shucaaca, sida gogosha iyo hogaanka.

Caddaymaha iyo dukumentiyada farsamo, GOST

imtixaanka Radiographic kalagoysyada welded waxaa lagu fuliyaa sida ay GOST 3242-79. waraaqaha muhiimka ah ee imtixaanka radiographic - GOST 7512-82, MDR 38.18.020-95. Cabbirka ka mid ah calaamadaha sixitaanka waa in la waafajiyaa GOST 15843-79. Nooca iyo xooggii ilaha shucaaca la soo xulay oo ku xiran dhumucda iyo cufnaanta mid ah waxyaabaha la gubaa sida ay GOST 20426-82.

dareen Class iyo nooca caadiga ah waxaa nidaaminaya by GOST 23055-78 iyo GOST 7512-82. processing ee images radiographic waxaa lagu fuliyaa sida ay GOST 8433-81.

Marka la ilaha shucaaca ka shaqeeya waa in ay hagaan qodobada sharciga Federaalka "On Safety ilayska ee dadweynaha", JV 2.6.1.2612-10 "sanitary Xeerarka aasaasiga ah ee Badbaadada Shucaaca", SanPiN 2.6.1.2523-09.