Villarreal - waxa uu yahay waxan? gujis Ruush

gujis The - waa fasal gaar ah maraakiibta in ay awoodaan in ay quusin moolalka weyn oo muddo dheer ka yar biyaha. quusta Maanta waa hubka ugu weyn ee taatikada oo ka mid ah ciidamada badda ee qaranka kasta. Ay faa'iido weyn ee - qarsoodi. Taas ayaa ka dhigaysa quusta maarmaan in xaalad dagaal.

History of abuurka: bilowgii

Waayo, markii ugu horeysay on su'aasha ah waxa gujis ah, siiyey jawaab wax ku ool ah in ay Leonardo da Vinci. Waxa uu tilmaamay in ay ciidamada iyo faa'iidooyinka xeelad iyo wakhti dheer soo shaqeeyay on khariidad ee qalabka, laakiin ugu danbeyn oo dhan lagu daydo ay gubay, cabsi cawaaqib karin.

In 1578 saynisyahan Ingiriiska William Bourne in uu warbixinta ku xusan gujis ah, taas oo loo arkay isaga gacantiisa moolkeeda Badda Madow. Ku tilmaamay gujis ah - waxba ma aha sida U-doon ugu horeysay ee Greenland laga sameeyey maqaarka iyo haragga adhidibadeedka. Markabka hantiyeen taangiyada waaya'aragnimo, oo u dhaqmeen sida shooladda Navigator ah. gujis noocan oo kale ah ma aha, waayo muddo dheer hoos biyo, laakiin xitaa markaas tusay yaabaa natiijooyin la yaab leh.

mashruuca rasmiga ah si ay u dhisaan quusta waxaa loo sameeyey dadweynaha kaliya ee 1620. Ansixinta dhismaha siiyey Ingiriisi Korol Yakov I. naqshadaynta markabka quuska qaaday injineer Dutch K. Drebbel. Si dhakhso ah ayuu doonni fuulay ayaa si guul leh tijaabiyey ee London. Matoorada ugu horeysay markab quuska UK shaqeeyeen seebabka-powered ah. In Russia, fikradda ah abuurista raxan qarsoon bilaabay by Peter I. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, iyadoo uu dhintay mashruuca lagu dilay biqilka. In 1834, waxaa jiray oo dhan-biraha gujis ugu horeysay quuska. Its hindisa ahaa injineer Ruush K. Schilder. Rafaasad ayaa ku dhibtoonaya qalab. Imtixaanada waxa ay ahaayeen guulo, iyo bandhigista ugu horeysay quuska dunida ee gantaal uu ka dhacay dhamaadka sanadka.

Ciidamada Badda Mareykanka ayaa leexan way taagnaan kari waayeen. In 1850 wuxuu bilaabay mashruuca hoos jihada of L. Hunley. doonnidiina ayaa gacanta ka qol u gaar ah. motor ayaa loo isticmaalaa fur weyn in miiqeen badmaax qoyska. U fiirsasho dhex protrusions yar ee guryaha ka gudbay. In 1864, ilmihii ugu horeeyey Hunley degtay horjeeda markabka. Ka dibna, guulaha la mid ah ku faani karta of Russia iyo France.

Inta lagu jiro quusta World First ayaa qalabaysan naaftada iyo matoorrada korontada. In la dhigaayo jiil cusub oo quusta bilowday injineerada Ruush. Intii lagu guda jiray dagaalka sokeeye ee dagaalka ku lugta leh 600 weelasha badda qoto dheer, taas oo ugu danbeyn ku degtay 200 Maraakiibta iyo kuwa ku baabbi'inaya.

History of abuurka: marxalad cusub

By bilowgii dagaalkii labaad ee dunida quusta ugu ahaayeen on dheelitirka ee USSR ah (211 cutub). In kaalinta labaad istaagay Italy Cutubyo ka - 115 quusta. Next waa Maraykanka, France, Britain, Japan, ka dibna kaliya ee Germany 57 weel qoto-badda. Waxaa xusid mudan in gujis this waxaa loo tixgeliyaa inay unit dagaalka ugu weyn ee Navy lagu jiro dagaalka. Tan waxay cadeyneysaa xaqiiqda ah in Midowga Soofiyeeti predominated dushiisa badda iyo hoos ilaa iyo dhamaadka dagaalkii labaad ee dunida. Saarra ahaa gujis ah in degtay wadar ahaan in ka badan 400 markab oo cadowga. Iyadoo gujiska quusin kartaa ilaa 150 mitir, halka biyo dhowr saacadood. xawaaraha celcelis ahaan ahayd qiyaastii 6 kuus kuus. kacaanka A injineerinka quuska ayaa soo saaray cilmiga ah si fiican u yaqaan Walter. Wuxuu loogu talagalay jirka fududeeyey iyo engine ka hawlgala on hydrogenperoxid ah. Tani waxay awood u quusta ah in ay ka gudbaan kala ooday xawaaraha of 25 kuus kuus ah.

quusta maanta

gujis Modern - waa farsamo barwaaqadoodu la isticmaalayo dhirta ay nukliyeerka si loo soo saaro tamarta loo baahan yahay. Sidoo kale Koronto quusta waa batariyo, matoorada naaftada, matoorada Stirling oo kale unugyada shidaalka. Waqtigan xaadirka ah, unugyada dagaalka kuwanu waa raxan qani ku ah 33 dal.

Back ee 1990, hub ciidan NATO ee ka koobnaa 217 weelashii, oo ay ku jiraan SSBNs iyo SSN. Waqtigaas, Russia ahaa on dheelitirka ee yar yar 100 unug. In 2004, Ruushka amartay in Italy abuurista nooca yar gujis non-nuclear. Mashruuca ayaa la odhan jiray S1000. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, in 2014 waxaa la xayiray iyagoo raali ah. Maanta, mid ka mid ah maraakiibtooda quusta ugu dhaqsiyaha badan uguna oo isu arkaa in ay yihiin hydrogen. Tani weel fasalka U-212 qoto dheer, taas oo dhawaan uun bilaabay inuu la soo saaray ee Germany. doonyood oo noocan oo kale ah ku shaqeeyaan oo ku saleysan hydrogen, oon ku gaari karo dhaqdhaqaaqa noiseless ugu badnaan.

dirka quusta

Quusta loo qaybin karaa kooxo la eego qaybaha:

1. Sida laga soo xigtay nooca ilaha laga helo tamarta, tamarta nukliyarka, naaftada, uumi iyo gaaska, shidaalka, hydrogen.
2. Isticmaal: duwan, istiraatiiji ah, oo khaas ah.
3. size: aadin, dhexdhexaad ah, yar.
4. Sida laga soo xigtay nooca hubka: torpedoes, ballistic, gantaal, isku qasan.

unit ugu caansan waa gujis moolka nuclear. Noocan ah maraakiibtooda quusta leeyahay soocidda gaar ah:

1. SSBN - quusta nuclear hub ballistic.
2. PLARK - quusta nuclear la gantaalaha.
3. MPLATRK - badan loo toorbiidyo gujis gantaal, isha ugu muhiimsan ee tamarta kaas oo waa nuclear-ka nuclear.
4. DPLRK - quusta naaftada la gano iyo torpedoes.

From noocyada tijaabo noqon kartaa distinguished: a duulaya, baalal leh oo gujis webiga Anfaco.

Fundamentals of design

Quusta ka kooban yihiin 2 dhismayaasha: iftiin iyo raagaya. marka hore waa in markabka siin hagaagtay guryaha hydrodynamic iyo labaad - ilaalinta ee cadaadiska biyaha waaweyn. Patriots soo ururay oo ka ahama, si kastaba ha ahaatee, inta badan waxay dhacaan iyo Alloys titanium. On-gujiska ayaa taangiyada gaar ah waaya'aragnimo iyo gacan ku haynta goo. Darsatid waxaa lagu fuliyaa iyadoo la isticmaalayo hydroplanes ah. Banaanka oo ay go'aamiyeen barakaca oo biyo leh hawada tilmaantay Tifaftirayaasha ka taangiyada waaya'aragnimo. dhaqdhaqaaqa markabka keeni dhirta naaftada ama awoodda nuclear. quusta Small ay maamulaan on baytariyada iyo korontada. matoorrada naaftada gaarka ah loo isticmaalo ku amraya. In la isticmaalo sida a motor propellers.

noocyada kala duwan ee hubka

quusta Ujeedada waxay tahay si ay u fuliyaan hawlaha gaarka ah:

- burburinta maraakiibta,
- tirtiridda weelashii multi-ujeedada,
- burburinta walxaha istiraatiiji ah cadowga.

Iyada oo ku xidhan ujeedooyinka quusta dhigay noocyo ku haboon ee hubka, miinooyinka, torpedoes, gantaallo, madaafiic, korantada. Waayo, difaaca, doonniyo badan qoto-badda loo isticmaalo nidaamka difaaca hawada la qaadi karo.

gujis Ruush

Mid ka mid ah ugu danbeeyay la ansixiyay inta lagu guda jiro Fleet yimid quusta "Halibut". Dhismaha 24 cutub socday muddo 20 sano ah, tan iyo 1982-kii. Maanta, at asturidda quusta Ruush waa 18 "Halibut". Doonyood oo laga dhisay qaabka guud ee mashruuca 877. Maraakiibta-biyo gun dheer Kuwani noqday prototypes ee waxa loogu yeero "Varshavyanka". Sannadkii 2004 ayuu ku dhashay jiil cusub oo gujis, "Lada", ka shaqeeya rakibo elektrodizelnoy. Markabka ayaa waxaa loogu tala galay in la burburiyo wax diirada cadowga. Kuwani quusta Ruush u kobcay in heerka ugu hooseeya ee buuqa mahad. Sabab u tahay qiimaha sare ee mashruuca ayaa waxaa si deg deg ah ay burburtay.

Ciidamada weerarka ugu weyn ee raxan Ruushka waa gujis nuclear "Pike-B". Mashruucu wuxuu qaatay muddo ka badan 20 sano ilaa 2004. quusta Maanta noocan ah ee hubaysan ee Ruush yahay 11 cutub. "Pike-B" waa inay awoodaan inay gaaraan xawaare 33 kuus kuus, Hawiyaha 600 m oo intuu navigation goboleedka 100 maalmood. Capacity - 73 dadka. Dhismaha hal unug ku kici khasnadda ku saabsan 785 Million. Doolar.

Sidoo kale Arsenal ee raxan yihiin quusta nuclear sida ee Russia, sida a "Shark", "hoomboro", "Barracuda", "Kalmar", "Antey" iyo kuwa kale.

gujis The newest

In the "Warszawianka" taxane ugu dhaqsaha badan ka buuxsameen waxyaalihii la unugyo cusub badda ee Ruushka. Tani waxay noqon doontaa gujis cusub "Krasnodar" iyo "Stary Oskol". Doonyaha iman doonaa adeegga ee qeybtii labaad ee 2015. guraan The weelal qoto-badda "Kolpino" iyo "The Novgorod Great", laakiin ay dhismaha la dhameystiro oo kaliya by dhamaadka 2016. Sidaas darteed, waxaa jiri doona 6 "Warszawianka" units design on sheet dheelitirka Badda Madow Fleet ee. Wakiilada ee taxanahan waxaa loogu talagalay in looga hortago weerarro cadowga, in uu yahay, si loo ilaaliyo saldhig ciidamada badda, isgaarsiinta, xeebta. Quusta "Varshavyanka" waxaa loola jeedaa nooca aamusan. shaqada Elektrodizelnom on engine ah.

Dhererka gujis ah waa 74 m, iyo width ah -. 10 m gaari quuska ay gaari karaan xawaare ka mid ah 20 kuus kuus. Immersion marinka - 300 nolosha dabaasha m -. Ilaa 45 maalmood.

gujis oo maqan iyo godan

Tan iyo 1940, quusta ka dibna laga badiyay ee moolka dheer badaha iyo moolalka. Sababaha this ahaayeen ayna duleella u design iyo recaps gefaf, iyo qarsoodi ah soo horjeeda hawlgallada mileteri.

Ka dib markii World Labaad qiyaasay unugyada gujis maqan. In ka badan 50-ka sano ee la soo dhaafay, injineero ayaa gaadhay heerkii ugu sarreeyay. Tan iyo bilowgii 1950 gujis ah looma tixgeliyo halis u ah nolosha markabka, iyo wax kasta oo xiriir la cadowga si degdeg ah go'an saldhig milatari. Taasi waa sababta in labaatankii sano ee la soo dhaafay, sidaas darteed wax yar laga badiyay quusta. Markabka ugu caansan maqan waxaa loo arkaa "Caqrabbiim" (USA), ee "Dakar" (Israa'iil) iyo "qoraya" (France). Waxaa xusid mudan in dhammaan saddexda gujis godan ku burburtay duruufo dahsoon ee koorsada of 2 toddobaad ee 1968. Wararka ku saabsan oo dhan saddex masiibooyinka gudbiyo shay aan la aqoonsan, ka dib markii xiriir la leh kan xidhiidhka la shaqaalihii markabka ayaa la weligiis badiyay.

Guud ahaan, in ka badan 60 sano ee la soo dhaafay waxa ay si rasmi ah diiwaan 8 quusta nuclear godan, oo ay ku jiraan lix Ruush ah iyo laba American. Midkii kowaad wuxuu u markabka "Thresher" (USA), on board of kaas oo waxaa jiray 129 oo qof. Shilka ayaa dhacay iyada oo sababtu tahay weerarkii cadowgu 1963. markabka oo dhan ayaa la dilay.

Waxaa ugu cajiib ah oo naxdin leh waa qaddar ee gujiska "Kursk". In xagaagii 2000 ay sabab u tahay qaraxa of toorbiidyo ee qol koowaad ee markabka si hoose ee badda Barents dhex tiimbaday. Sidaas darteed, 118 qof ayaa lagu dilay.