The Ranjiilayaasha weyn Ruush

Tan iyo muddadaas Baabtiiska ee Russia, kuwaas oo u yimid dhamaadkii qarnigii X u, in guntiisa Church Orthodox horumartay tahay hanti ah oo gaar ah, loo yaqaan - iconography Ruush. Waxa ay ahayd tii ku dhawaad todobo qarniyo hadhay muhimka ah ee dhaqanka Ruush, oo kaliya inta lagu guda jiro boqortooyada Peter waxaan la riixay gees u rinjiyeynta cilmaani ah.

Leyliga muddo Mongoliyaan

Waxaa la og yahay in ay la socoto Orthodox rus ka Byzantium iyo guusha ee ay dhaqanka amaahatay, helay at kibir Kiev ee dhinaca horumarinta dheeraad ah. Haddii saxiixa ugu horeeya ee ka taagay meel macbudka Kiev Desyatinny waxaa loo sameeyaa by Prince Vladimir casuumay sayid dibada, si dhakhso Ranjiilayaasha Ruush muuqday Pereyaslavl, Chernigov, Smolensk, iyo magaalada, la odhan jiray Hooyada magaalooyinka Ruush. In la kala saaro oo ay shaqo ka walxood oo rinji by macalimiinta Byzantine, waa ay adag tahay, sababtoo ah ma aysan qaban in aqoonsi buuxda ee dugsiga qaran ee muddada pre-Mongol dheeraad ah.

Si aad u badbaaday shuqullada aad u yar oo toogasho lagu jiro xilliga this, laakiin xitaa iyaga ka mid ah waxaa jira masterpieces dhabta ah. duwanyihiin ugu waa icon labada-dhinac Novgorod "The Face Quduuska ah", uu qoray sayidkiisa aan la garanayn dhamaadka qarnigii XII ah, xagga dambe ee oo goobta "The Sujuud ah ee Laanqayrta ah." In ka badan sideed qarniyo, uu laayo daawadayaasha gudahood sawir iyo fujiyaan siman. Waqtigan xaadirka ah, icon waa in ururinta Tretyakov Gobolka Gallery. Photos of icon this furmay maqaalka.

Kale, shaqo aan ka yarayn caan ah oo ka mid ah muddada pre-Mongol, muujiyey at Museum Ruushka State ee St. Petersburg - waxay sidoo kale ay icon Novgorod, loo yaqaan "Angel of Golden timaha." Weji malaa'igeed oo kale, oo ka buuxa lyricism dareenka iyo qoto dheer ugu khiyaano, ka dhigaysa daawadayaasha aragti ah deji oo la caddeeyo. Awoodda uu u gudbiyo dareenka sida Ranjiilayaasha Ruush ee guud ahaanteed laga dhaxlaa macalimiinta Byzantine.

waqti rinjiyeynta icon ah harqood Mongol-Tatar

Duulaankii of Russia Batu Khan, bilaabaya muddada harqood Tatar-Mongol, si qoto dheer ay saameeyeen jidka nolosha ka mid ah gobolka oo dhan. Waxa aan ka soo baxsaday saamayntiisa iyo iconography Ruush. Inta badan, sameeyay xarumaha farshaxanka hore la qabtay oo dumay Horde ah, iyo kuwa ku maray qaddar guud, khibrad jeer adag, oo aan laakiin saameyn ku yeelan kartaa guud ahaan heerka farshaxanka shuqullada saaray iyaga oo ku.

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, xitaa in muddo adag this Ranjiilayaasha Ruush ay awoodaan si ay u abuuraan uu dugsiga u gaar ah rinjiyeynta, qaadan meel istaahila in taariikhda dhaqanka dunida. qaadista Gaarka ah waxaa lagu calaamadeeyay qeybtii labaad ee XIV iyo qarnigii XV ficil oo dhan. Muddadan ee Russia Waxa aan ka shaqeeyey Galaxy dhan ah fanaaniinta aad u fiican, wakiilka ugu caansan kuwaas oo ahaa Andrei Rublev, kaasoo ku dhashay kibir Moscow ku dhawaad 1360.

Author ah aan dhiman "Trinity"

Qaaday nidarradeedii monastic magaca Andrew (magiciisa cilmaani ah oo aan la garaneyn) ee 1405, Masterka ka qayb rinjiyeynta ee Annunciation Cathedral ee Kremlin Moscow, ka dibna waseeqeeyay in Vladimir. shaqo oo baaxad weyn oo ka mid ah Andrei Rublev Kuwani waxay u adeegeen oo ay la socdaan laba fannaaniin kale oo caan ah - Theophanes Giriigga iyo Daniel Black, hadalka ku saabsan taas oo hoos laga wada hadli doono.

-Abuurka ah waxaa loo arkaa sayid sare ee rinjiyeynta ka icon Russian, kaas oo ahaa awoodin in ay gaaraan mid ka mid ah sayidyadiinna ah. shaqada ugu cad iyo ugu caansan waa "Trinity" - icon ee Rublev, lagu hayo Tretyakov ee Gallery ee Moscow.

Isticmaalka sheekada Old Testament, oo ku salaysan dhacdooyinka ku tilmaamay in cutubka 18 ee Bilowgii (Martigelinta Ibraahim), saaxir ah abuuraa halabuurka ah, waxa ay ka dhaqan oo dhan, ilaa hadda maray oo dhan analogues kale. Tagis aan loo baahnayn, in uu aragtida, qaybo sheeko ah, wuxuu diiradda dareenka siladda ee saddexda tirooyinka malaa'igaha, turjumaya Triipostasnogo Ilaah - muuqata taas oo ah Trinity Quduuska ah.

Image, turjumaya jacaylka rabaani ah

Rublev ee icon muujinaysaa midnimada saddex jidh rabaani ah. Taana waxaa lagu gaarayaa in in xal farcan salka ku riday goobo in ay u sameeyaan a Malaa'igta tiradaasi. midnimada noocan oo kale ah, taas oo qofka si gooni gooni ah loo qaaday tahay integrally sameeyay, in typifies jacayl sare oo u yeedhay Iisus Hristos. Sidaas darteed, "ayuu Trinity" - icon ee Rublev, ayaa noqday nooc ka mid ah hadal ah orientation ruuxiga ah ee kiristaanka oo dhan.

Andrei Rublev dhintay on October 17, 1428, dhibanaha oo ah cudurka in ka qarxay Moscow. Oo waxaa lagu aasay dhulka ee Andronikov keniisad ah, halkaas oo ay dhimasho gooyey uu shaqada rinjiyeynta ee Cathedral oo Badbaadiyeheenna ah. In 1988, go'aanka Golaha Deegaanka oo ka mid ah wadaad Church Orthodox Ruush Andrew (Rublev) waxaa ka mid ah quduusiinta canonized.

mentor ah ee sayid weyn

In taariikhda dhow iconography Ruush in Andrei Rublev waa uu casriga ah Daniel Chorny. Leyliga, ama halkii, frescoes iyaga by dhigay inta lagu guda jiro rinjiyeynta ee Cathedral male ah in Vladimir, si la mid ah qaababka iyo farshaxanka ay in xirfadlayaasha inta badan way ku adag tahay in la dhiso dhaca gaar ah.

Cilmi jiraan sababo in ay aaminsan yihiin in si wadajir ah fulinta amarada Rublev, Daniel noqday sayid sare iyo khibrad, malaha xataa mentor ah. Iyadoo ku saleysan, dhaleecayn u muuqdaan in ay u yeelaan isaga inay shuqullo kuwa taas oo saamayn ugu cad u arki karo dugsiga hore ee rinjiyeynta icon ee qarnigii XIV ah. The tusaale ugu duwanyihiin waa fresco ah "laabta Ibraahim", raagayaan ilaa maantadan la joogo in waseeqeeyay Cathedral ee Vladimir. Photo of mid ka mid ah jajabkii ah farshaxankiisa of katedraalka horreeyaa qaybtan ee maqaalka.

Dhintay Daniil Chorny, sida Andrei Rublev, iyadoo ay sabab u belaayo ku soo degtay 1528, oo waxaa lagu aasay isaga ku xigtayna in Andronik keniisad. Labada fanaaniinta ayaa tegey badan oo ardayda ah ee kaasoo ay u abuuray farshaxankiisa iyo Dakatu, u adeegay sidii lagu daydo waayo, shuqulladiisa oo mustaqbalka.

rinjiile Ruush asal Byzantine

No tusaale yar duwanyihiin of iconography muddada this uma shaqayn karo sidii shaqo ah Feofana Greka. Wuxuu ku dhashay 1340 in Byzantium (meeshuu ka yimid naanaysta), wuxuu bartay qarsoon ee farshaxanka, barashada ka sayid aqoonsan of Constantinople iyo Chalcedon.

Imaatinka Russia hore u sameeyay rinjiile ah, oo wuxuu degay Novgorod, Theophane bilaabay waji cusub oo uu xirfadiisa la rinjiyeynta in uu u soo degin inuu times our ee Church of isbeddelid sida ku jirta. Dhowro waxa ku jira, iyo kabarta saaxir ah iyagoo muujinayay Masiix Pantocrator, aynu ka soo farcannay ah, nebiyada ahaa, iyo sidoo kale tiro ka mid ah goobaha Kitaabka Qudduuska ah.

Habka uu farshaxanka waxa lagu gartaa noolaanshaha sare, iyo sidoo kale isugu darey dhameystirtay, ayaa la aqoonsaday by saffarro, iyo kuwa raacsan ee sayidkii muuqday. Tan waxaa si cad u cadaynaysay rijiyeeyay kiniisadda waseeqeeyay iyo Fedor ku Stratelita sameeyey isla muddadaas, fannaaniinta kale, laakiin wuxuu la hadhay ee Aayaadkanaga oo Cad Cad of saamaynta sayidkooda rinjiyeynta Byzantine.

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, in hal-abuur guud ahaanteed ay Feofana Greka shaaca ka qaaday in Moscow, halkaas oo uu ku dhaqaaqay in 1390 sano, isagoo ku noolaa oo soo shaqeeyay in muddo ah in Nizhny Novgorod. In sayidkiisa caasimada ahayd tii u doonanayd oo keliya ma aha kuwo macbudyo dhaca rinji iyo guryaha muwaadiniinta hodan, laakiin sidoo kale abuurista walxood iyo naqshadeynta buugga.

Waxaa la rumeysan yahay in hoos uu hoggaanka, Kremlin ee rinji dhowr kaniisado lagu qaaday, oo ay ku jiraan Church of the dhalatay oo ka mid ah Virgin, Arhangela Mihaila iyo Annunciation ah. Its qoray ayaa waxa sabab u ah Abuuridda of tiro ka mid ah astaanta caanka - ". Male ah oo ka mid ah Hooyo Ilaah" "The isbeddelid Rabbiga" (photos ee qaybtan ka mid ah maqaalka), "icon Don oo ka mid ah Hooyo Ilaah" iyo Out Master Life ee 1410.

sayid aqbalana hufan ee la soo dhaafay

Wareege ee dhaqanka iyo farshaxanka aasaasay by Andrei Rublev iyo saffarro uu, u noqday ahaayeen Diyonusiyos ki - rinjiile, icon waxaa toogasho ah, waayo, kiniisadda cathedral of male ah oo ka mid ah barakaysan Virgin Mary Joseph Volokolamsk keniisad, iyo sidoo kale frescoes iyo iconostasis Ferapontov keniisad, weligiis meeshii khasnaddu tiil dhaqanka Ruush.

Waxaa la og yahay in Diyonusiyos ki, in la barbardhigo inta badan Ranjiilayaasha guriga, ma ahaa wadaad ah. Amarada intooda badan oo uu la sameeyay iyo wiilashiisii, Vladimir iyo Theodosius. Waxa uu ka badbaaday wax badan oo shuqullada fulinayaan artist qudhiisu ama midkood isaga by iskaashi. The ugu caansan iyaga ka mid ah waa astaanta - "Baabtiisku Masiixa", "The Hodegetria Virgin" (photo soo socda), "Abtarsiimada Jahannamo", iyo sidoo kale tiro ka mid ah shaqooyin kale.

Years of naftiisa aan si wanaagsan loo habeeyey, waxaa la ogsoon yahay oo kaliya in odayga uu ku dhashay ku dhawaad 1444, iyo taariikhda dhimashada waxaa la odhan jiray ku dhowaad 1502-1508 sano. Laakiin uu gacan ka ma aha oo kaliya in Russia laakiin sidoo kale ee dhaqanka ee dunida waa sidaas u weyn in go'aanka UNESCO 2002 ayaa lagu dhawaaqay in ay Year of ahaayeen Diyonusiyos ki.

Ranjiilayaasha Ruush ee qarnigii 17aad. Simon Ushakov

qeybinta kasta oo taariikhda galay muddo ifbaxa meel farshaxanka ama hoos u dhac, waa mid aad u shuruud, sababtoo ah xitaa in muddo ah markii aan calaamadeeyay ah ee shuqulladiisa weyn, dabcan, la aasaasay shuruud u ah abuurista mustaqbalkooda.

Waxaa si cad loo arki karaa sida qaababka nolosha bulshada iyo ruuxiga ah ee Russia ee qarnigii XVI ka dar dar geliyay in la beddelo, dhalin noocyo cusub farshaxanka farshaxanka wanaagsan qarnigii soo socda.

Dabcan, shakhsiyadda ugu duwanyihiin iyo asalka hal abuur leh ee qarnigii XVII ahaa rinjiile caasimada Simon Ushakov (1626 - 1686). Si degdeg ah qasday qarsoon ee xirfad, mar hore isaga oo ku jira da'da laba iyo labaatan ahaa kiraystay sida artist ah Chamber Silver Eebaha amarka, halkaas oo uu shaqo ahaa in la sameeyo Dakatu for soo saaridda ee maacuunta kaniisadda iyo raaxo.

Intaa waxaa dheer, in ninkii dhallinyarada ahaa rinji calammo, seefqaad ah maps, Abuurtay isku sharraxdid, waayo, daabac iyo qabtaan shaqo oo badan sida. Oo wuxuu lahaa inuu sidoo kale qori image ee macbudyo kala duwan iyo guryaha gaarka loo leeyahay. Waqti ka, waa goobta this of abuurka waxay u keeneen magac iyo sharaf.

Ka dib kala iibsiga ee shaqaalaha maqsinka (1656), Simon Ushakov ayaa si adag u degtay sida fanaaniinta badan loo aqoonsan yahay ee uu waqti. No rinjiile kale Moscow lahaa warkiisii sida, oo waxaa lagu ma aha sida fadilay by raalli boqornimada. Tani waxay oggolaan inuu sii noolaado nolol sharaf iyo barwaaqo.

In kasta oo xaqiiqda ah in Ranjiilayaasha Ruush ah ayaa loo baahan yahay si ay u qoraan shaqadooda oo keliya lagu daydo qadiimiga ah, Ushakov si ammaan ah loo isticmaalo ee darey oo ka mid ah xubno ka gaarka ah ee rinjiyeynta Western, taas oo markii baarka oo dhan u muuqday in tirada weyn ee Russia. Joogitaanka ku saleysan dhaqanka hooyo Ruush-Byzantine, laakiin waqti isku mid ah hal-abuur su'alaha si loo gaaro sayid Yurub, artist ayaa abuuray cusub, ee loo yaqaan style fryazhskie ah waxaa sii horumariyo shaqada Ranjiilayaasha xilliga dambe. Maqaalkani waxa uu ka kooban yahay sawir uu icon caan ah "Cashadii Ugu Dambaysay", uu qoray sayidkii ee 1685 waayo Dormition Cathedral reer Lavra Trinity-taliye Sergiyos Bawlos.

sayidkiisii u fiican ee rinjiyeynta fresco

qeybtii labaad ee qarnigii XVII by shaqo ee sayidkiisa kale oo weyn calaamadeeyay ah - Gury Nikitin. Wuxuu ku dhashay Kostroma, ineey ee hore 1620 ee, uu ka da 'yar oo uu ku bartay ranjiyeynta ahaa. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waayo-aragnimo dhab ah helay sayidkiisa laylis ee Moscow, halkaas oo in 1653, wada jir ah ula kooxda ee dalkiisa ku hawlan rinjiyaynta tiro ka mid ah kuwo macbudyo dhaca caasimadda.

Gury Nikitin, kuwaas oo shaqada waa ka duwan yahay sanad kasta si kaamil weyn oo dhan, ayaa waxaa ugu horrayn loo yaqaan Master of rinjiyeynta fresco. Waxaan ka badbaaday farshaxankiisa badan ku sameeyey iyo Biyac Kaniisadaha, iyo Kaniisadda shaqsi ee Moscow, Yaroslavl, Kostroma, Pereslavl iyo Suzdal.

Muuqaalka caan ku frescoes sameeyey saaxir ah oo ku saabsan maadooyinka Kitaabka Qudduuska ah, waa ay dhadhan midabka dabaal iyo qaninimo ah calaamadda, taas oo at nolosha artist ee inta badan dhaleeceeyay secularization ee farshaxanka, waa inuu reorient dhibaatooyinka ay dunida halaabin. Intaa waxaa dheer, natiijada uu baaritaan hal abuur noqday farsamo gaar ah farshaxanka, ogolaanaya sayidkii in la abuuro in darey oo ahaa saamaynta da'ayeen aan caadi ahayn. In taariikhda tahay, ayuu ka hoos magaca "formula Gury Nikitin" tegey. rinjiile caan ku dhintay 1691.

Hal-abuurka Feodora Zubova

Ugu dambeyntii, hadalka ku saabsan iconography qarnigii XVII ah, in aan ku xuso magaca sayidkiisa kale oo weyn - waa Theodore Zubov (1646-1689). wuxuu ku dhashay magaalada Smolensk, waxay ahayd in hore 1650 ayaa, weli dhallinyaro ah ayuu u dhaqaaqay Great Ustyug, halkaas oo mid ka mid ah kaniisadaha rinji icon ah "Waji Quduuska ah", isla markiiba la aasaasay oo uu sumcad sida artist a baaluq.

Waqti ka, warkiisuna waxaa si ballaaran loo faafin Russia oo dhan, in artist la yeeray Moscow oo ku biiray shaqaalaha Ranjiilayaasha maqsinka, halkaas oo uu u adeegi jireen muddo ka badan afartan sano ka dib. dhimashada Simon Ushakov Ka dib, oo sannado badan oo madax ka ah ee sayid waxaa laga soo ururiyey, Feodor Zubov uu ka dhigtay. Waxaa ka mid ah shaqooyin kale oo ka mid ah odayga uu helay a sumcad icon gaar ah "apostolate", taas oo dhameystiraya warqad sawir ah. qaaraan A istaahilo in horumarinta farshaxanka Ruush leeyihiin Zubov iyo wiilashiisii - Ivan iyo Alex, ayaa noqotay in da'da Peter ka mid ah engravers fiican maxaliga ah.