Su'aasha Geological: waxa macdanta waa ka dhagaxyada kala duwan

Inta badan suugaanta sayniska caansan waxaa jira shuruudaha "macdanta" iyo "dhagax weyn". Dadka aan haysan waxbarashada gaarka ah, ma wadaagno fikradaha kuwan, erayadan gartay dhowaad isku macno. Tani waa si cad qaldan. Aan aragno waxa macdanta waa ka dhagaxyada kala duwan.

macdan

In si loo caddeeyo farqiga u dhexeeya macdanta dhagaxa, formation dabiici ah ka, ka fiirsan si faahfaahsan kasta. Sida laga soo xigtay shuruudaha ururka mineralogical Caalamiga ah in ay macdan ka mid ah cunnooyinka adkaha ah sameeyay oo uurkii dhulka ama meelaha ay ku haysatay oo sideeda oo kiimiko isku mid ah iyo qaab-dhismeedka crystalline.

Laakiin ma aha oo dhan macdanta waxaa dhab lakulmay qeexid. Tusaale ahaan, waxaa jira walxaha isagoo Halabuurka la mid ah kiimikada, laakiin ma sameeyaan daaqaddii crystal, wax-u macdanta amorphous (Opal). Atamka ee dhismayaasha sida ay yihiin kuwo aad u dhow kasta oo kale oo ma sameeyaan nidaamka ku amray. Sayidka ah xidhiidhka u dhexeeya atamka xoog ku filan. Dhismaha la koob barbar dhigi karaa.

dirka macdanta

Seynisyahanno wadar ahaan ku saabsan 2500 macdanta, kuwaas oo kala duwan oo u gaar ah. Sida laga soo xigtay xubno ka kiimikada qayb ka mid ah la xirrira, macdanta kala qaybsan yihiin kooxo dhowr ah:

• xubno Native - walax daaqaddii crystal oo ka kooban kaliya hal element kiimikada. Tusaale ahaan, baaruud, dahabka, platina. Dhab ahaantii Interesting: diamond iyo graphite - macdanta ay ku jiraan carbon oo keliya, laakiin qaab crystal kala duwan. Xaaladdan oo kale, diamond ah - Heerka ee xoogga iyo graphite, on lid ku ah, aad u jilicsan. Kooxdan waxaa ka mid ah oo ku saabsan 90 macdanta.
• Sulfides - macdanta, kuwaas oo kiristaalo ka kooban yihiin baaruud iyo biraha ama nonmetals. Tusaale ahaan, galena, sphalerite. Dhab ahaantii Interesting: pyrite macdanta wuxuu leeyahay magac labaad "nacas ee dahab ah." Tan waxa u sabab xaqiiqada ah in sida muuqata pyrite ee midabka iyo macdan iftiimi sida biraha qaali ah. Kooxdan waxaa ka mid ah oo ku saabsan 200 macdan.
• Sulfates - cusbada dabiiciga ah ee sulfuric acid. Tusaale ahaan, barite, jarosite, gypsum, anhydrite. Dhab ahaantii Interesting: barite - macdanta keliya in takhalusi karaa X-rays. Sidaa darteed, shaashadaha qolka X-ray waxay ka kooban yihiin macdanta iyo derbiyada lagu daboolay barite malaastaan. Kooxda ayaa ka mid ah oo ku saabsan 260 macdan.
• Halides - macdanta sameeyay isku dhafan ee qaybaha kala duwan kiimikada la halogens. Tusaale ahaan, fluorite, sylvite, halite. Dhab ahaantii Interesting: Emperor Roman ee Nero lahaa daciifnimo ah fluorite, gadashada alaabta bay ka samaysan jireen lacag badan. Kooxda ayaa ka mid ah 100 macdan.
• Phosphates - cusbo dabiiciga ah ee phosphoric acid. Tusaale ahaan, vivianite, iyo guduud, apatite. Dhab ahaantii Interesting: sumurud - jawharad ugu jecel Faaris. Qiimaha alaabta qaar ka mid ah in 3-4 jeer ka badan qiimaha oo dahab ah. In koox ka mid ah oo ku saabsan 350 macdan.
• Carbonates - dabiiciga ah milix ee carbonic acid. Tusaale ahaan, calcite, dolomite, magnesite. Dhab ahaantii Interesting: in silsiladda buurta Alps ka mid ah oo isdiyaarin kara, loo yaqaan Dolomites ah, sababtoo ah waxaa ka mid ah dhagaxa dolomite. Mountains ka yar iftiinka qoraxda waxay u jeedsadaan pink.
• Oxides - macdanta, aasaaseen xeryahooda biraha iyo oxides. Tusaale ahaan, Alexander, dhagaxmadow, Opal. Dhab ahaantii Interesting: Ametrine waa mid ka mid ah naadir bisha dunida. Its feature waa in tiradaasi dhagaxa qaaliga ah waa mid gaar ah, tusaale ahaan kasta oo cusub waa mid ka mid hore oo kala duwan. Kooxdu waxay leedahay 200 macdan.
• Silicates - kooxda ugu ballaaran ee macdanta oo ka mid ah Silicon, aluminium. Tusaale ahaan, iyo tobasiyos, plagioclase, serpentine. Dhab ahaantii xiiso leh waa in ka hor been abuurtay hortiisa saxan galaas geliyo in daaqadaha Miikaa ah.

Haddaba, si aad u aragto kala duwan oo kala soocaya dhagaxyada iyo macdan, waxa aanu sharixi fikradda guud ee horyaalka ugu horeysay.

dhagaxyada

macdanta qolof The Earth ee aan helay mararka go'doon. Sida caadiga ah, sarkhaansan yihiin arrimo dibadeed, waxay isu geeyo dhagaxyadii foomka. Sayidka, macdanta waa dhagaxa in ay tahay ah block dhismaha muhiim ka duwan. Laakiin ma aha oo dhan macdanta ay ku lug formation of dhagaxyada. Sidaa darteed, saynisyahano u qaybi dhagax weyn-sameynta (inta badan silicates) iyo kordhiyo.

Qoondaynta dhagaxyada

Waayo, faham dheeraad ah oo nadiif ah waxa macdanta waa ka dhagaxyada kala duwan, waxaan kuu sharxi formation of dambaysta ah. Haseyeeshee kala saaro saddex kooxood dhagaxyada on jidka ay asal ahaan:

• Magma sameeyey by magma ku effusion dhulka ama ka sii dhumuc weyn dushiisa (marno). Waxay yihiin noocyada hoose, taas oo ku keento saamayn kala duwan deegaanka sameeyay sirdoonka laba kooxood oo ka harsan. Tusaale ahaan, dhagax adag, basalt, gabbro.
• Metamorphic sameeyey by tectonic dhaqdhaqaaqa qolof dhulka ee. Taas macnaheedu waxa weeye in korsiiya iyo dhagaxyada magmatic mar labaad wada joogeen in Earth ee dhumuc weyn oo halkaas ku sarkhaansan yihiin heerkulka sare iyo cadaadiska loo beddelaa eyda cusub. Tusaale ahaan, gneiss, schist, marmar ah.
• Saamiga dhagaxyada aasan xisaabiyo 10% oo keliya. Waxaa loo sameeyay iyada oo sababtu tahay tallaabo dabayl magmatites biyo u amro on dusha dhulka ee. Tusaale ahaan, eluvium, talus, alluvium.

Aasaasidda dhagaxyada iyo macdan - si dhow ula xiriira. Waxaan ogaado waxa macdan yihiin dhagaxii weynaa ka duwan, oo aan si kalsooni leh u odhan kartaa in kuwan qaybood oo ka mid ah dhulka udubyadiisa waa wada xiriira.